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PubMed1990

[Prevalence rate of severely retarded children in Tokyo].

Prevalence rate of severely retarded children aged 6-14 years was studied in Tokyo. The definition of severely retarded children was those who neither walk nor have their IQs over 35. We visited total of 60 institutions and schools for retarded children in and around Tokyo. Because of the school system in Tokyo that enrolls all children regardless of their disabilities, case finding was exhaustive. The number of severely retarded identified was 830. The prevalence rate was 0.68/1,000 on April 1, 1988. We conclude that the prevalence rate of severe retardation is modestly lower than the rates previously reported from other areas of Japan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Review of quality control program for clinical microbiology developed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government].

UNLABELLED: There are limitations or disadvantages in previous nation wide external quality control (QC) programs. Therefore, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the Tokyo Medical Association (TMA) initiated the first regional annual external QC program in 1982. The QC results in chemistry, hematology and immunology have shown rapid improvement. By contrast, some serious problems in microbiology have been revealed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Tokyo Metropolitan external QC programs consist of so-called "open" and "blind" surveys. Simulated specimens were prepared for open and blind surveys and all laboratories were asked to examine the specimens using routine procedures. All participants were required to report not only their test results such as codes for computer analysis, but also to describe the process. Written answers included the following subjects, procedures, culture characteristics and others: number and type of selective media, incubation conditions, colonial morphology, microscopic and biochemical characteristics of the microorganisms, etc. The survey reports on the identification of some kinds of pathologic organism were inaccurate. Discrepancies between the number of media used for routine procedures and the number used in open survey were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Previous nationwide external QC programs using frozen-dried organisms have been valuable in promoting general improvement in clinical microbiology in Japan, but they have revealed only gross errors. Our 10-year experience has convinced us that additional important information is obtained when using simulated specimens for open and blind surveys. The turnaround time and other aspects of the reporting of results should be monitored. Due to possible legal ramifications of QC surveys, laboratories are now more afraid of making errors than before. The continuing education of laboratory personnel is essential.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

[Medical care of AIDS patients by hospitals in Tokyo].

An anonymous questionnaire survey was performed in 1991 in all 749 hospitals in Tokyo, by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government's Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Research Team, to collect information relating to hospital services for persons with AIDS or HIV infection. The response rate was 61%. The following results were obtained: 1) Sixty-five hospitals (14%) had seen persons with AIDS or HIV infection. Hospitals with a greater number of beds had more experience in seeing persons with AIDS or HIV infection. Thirty-four hospitals (7%) provided outpatient services for patients with AIDS or HIV infection, and 30 hospitals (7%) had the facilities for inpatients. Three hundred forty-seven hospitals (78%) were capable of HIV antibody tests. Ninety-one hospitals (20%) had organized training courses for hospital workers to prevent HIV infection. Two hundred eight hospitals (46%) expressed preference that persons with AIDS or HIV infection be treated at public (non-private) hospitals. 2) The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that a hospital's acceptance of persons with AIDS or HIV infection for diagnosis or treatment was significantly related to past experience in seeing persons with AIDS or HIV infection, availability of an examination room that protects privacy of patients, presence of a department of internal medicine, and awareness of the availability of special AIDS counselor dispatch services by the Tokyo metropolitan government.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Infection with GB virus C, hepatitis C and B viruses in 1,044 cases autopsied at the Medical Examiner's Office in Tokyo.

Markers of GB virus C (GBV-C), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) were sought in sera from 1,044 cases autopsied at the Medical Examiner's Office, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. GBV-C RNA was detected in 35 (3%) cases at a frequency significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in blood donors in Tokyo (4 of 448 or 1%). Three genotypes of GBV-C provisionally designated G1, G2 and G3 were determined by selective amplification with type-specific primers, and G3 (Asian type) was detected in 31 (89%), G2 (European/American type represented by the prototype hepatitis G virus) in three (9%) and G1 (West African type represented by the prototype GBV-C) in one (3%). Antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) was detected in 116 (11%) cases and accompanied by HCV RNA in 88. HCV genotypes were I/1a in one (1%), II/1b in 55 (63%), III/2a in 17 (19%) and IV/2b in 13 (15%). Antibodies to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected in 335 (32%) cases and hepatitis B surface antigen in 14 (1%). Subtypes were determined in 12 of them, adw was found in seven (58%), adr in four (33%) and adyr in one (8%). GBV-C RNA was detected significantly more frequently (P< 0.01) in the cases with liver disease (9 of 70 or 13%) than in those with the other causes of death (26 of 974 or 3%). Anti-HCV was more frequent in the cases with GBV-C RNA than in those without it (15 of 35 or 43% vs. 101 of 1,009 or 10%, P< 0.001). These results indicate that infection with GBV-C as well as HCV was common, while infection with HBV was not common in the Medical Examiner's autopsy cases in Tokyo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Horizontal and vertical distribution of estrogenic activities in sediments and waters from Tokyo Bay, Japan.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity (e.g., alkylphenols) have been detected in coastal Japan. We aimed to determine estrogenic activity in extracts of river water, seawater, sediments, and sediment cores from Tokyo Bay by in vitro gene expression assay. Fifty-one of 57 extracts had some estrogenic activity. E2 equivalents (ng E2 equivalents per gram dry weight or per liter above the limit of detection) in river water samples ranged from 0.70 to 4.01 ng/L; in seawater samples from 0.34 to 2.52 ng/L; and in surface sediments from 2.07 to 12.1 ng/g. The relationship between salinity and estrogenic activity in water samples suggested that fresh water is one source of environmental estrogens in Tokyo Bay. Fractionation of sediment extracts showed that the highest estrogenic activity was observed in the midpolar fraction. The observed activities were compared with activities mediated by known concentrations of nonylphenol, bisphenol-A, estrone, and 17beta-estradiol. In sediment collected near the sewage treatment plants, the estrogenic activity of the midpolar fraction could be explained about 34% by nonylphenol and estrone contained in this fraction. Core sediment measurements detected estrogenic activity from as far back as the 1960s. The regulations on the industrial wastewater in early 1970s would be one of the main reasons for the lower estrogenic activity in the upper section of the sediment core. The high estrogenic activities as measured in water and sediment samples from Tokyo might be restricted to certain coastal areas.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed2005

Correlation coefficients between the dioxin levels in mother's milk and the distances to the nearest waste incinerator which was the largest source of dioxins from each mother's place of residence in Tokyo, Japan.

BACKGROUND: To observe the relationship between the PCDD/F and Co-PCB levels in samples of human breast milk and nearby waste incinerators in Tokyo, Japan. METHODS: Breast milk was taken from 240 mothers residing in Tokyo, Japan to measure and analyze the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs; 14 congeners), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs; 15 congeners), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs; 12 congeners) contained in the fat. Individual milk samples (about 50 ml) were obtained from the mothers 30 days after delivery, between the months of June and September in 1999 and 2000. A map of Tokyo was used to measure the distances between each mother's place of residence and the closest public and industrial waste incinerators. RESULTS: The distances to the nearest waste incinerators bore no apparent correlations with the congeners of PCDD/Fs and Co-PCBs. The distances were also uncorrelated with the mean toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) of PCDD/Fs (the sum of PCDDs and PCDFs), Co-PCBs, and the total PCDD/Fs and Co-PCBs. CONCLUSIONS: Although waste incinerators were the largest source of dioxins in Japan at the time of the study, the dioxins levels of mother's milk bore no apparent relationships with the distances between the mothers' domiciles and the nearest waste incinerators. In this study, several meaningful factors were not taken into account, namely, the wind direction, the level of dioxin emitted from each incinerator, the level of environmental pollution of dioxins, and the average time the mothers stayed at home each day. A full understanding of these points awaits future studies.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Three-dimensional distributions of sewage markers in Tokyo Bay water--fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs).

Three-dimensional distributions of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs: more specifically, DSBP and DAS1), which are sewage-derived water-soluble markers, were observed in Tokyo Bay water through multi-layer sampling of water at 20 locations. In summer, FWAs predominated in the surface layers, with trace but significant concentration of FWAs in bottom water due to stratification of seawater. In winter, on the other hand, FWAs were extensively mixed into the bottom layers because of the vertical mixing of seawater. In the surface layer, FWA concentrations and the DSBP/DAS1 ratio (the concentration ratio of DSBP to DAS1) were lower in summer than in winter, suggesting more efficient photodegradation of FWAs in euphotic zones during the summer due to stronger solar radiation. Horizontally, FWAs were widely distributed over the surface layer of Tokyo Bay. Surface water with DSBP concentrations above 50ng/L, corresponding to <200 times dilution of sewage effluent, was found to have spread up to 10km from the coastline. In addition, an offshore decline in FWA concentrations was observed, showing a half-distance of 10-20km. The decrease was caused by dilution by seawater of fresh water containing FWAs. The eastern part of the bay was different with respect to surface layers, with higher concentrations seen in northeastern parts. Furthermore, dispersion of combined sewer overflow (CSO)-derived water mass was observed in Tokyo Bay after heavy rain.

Benzenesulfonates↗
PubMed2003

Phylogenetic analysis of Beggiatoa spp. from organic rich sediment of Tokyo Bay, Japan.

Nitrate-accumulating filamentous bacteria from organic rich sediment of Tokyo Bay, morphologically similar to Beggiatoa species, were phylogenetically analyzed. From several sites in Tokyo Bay, Beggiatoa-like bacteria were collected. Each sample contained narrower or wider type (10 and 30 microns, respectively) of trichomes. With the nested PCR using specific primers for Beggiatoa, fragments of 16S rRNA gene were amplified and then subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Sequencing and the following phylogenetic analysis indicated that they are related to large Beggiatoa species. The wider type was related to uncultured Beggiatoa clones of other geographical localities and distinct from the narrower type in Tokyo Bay. Among the narrower types, a sample from a tidal flat was genetically distinct from the sample from sites of 10 and 20 m water depth. These narrower types form a new branch in Beggiatoa/Thioploca cluster. The result of phylogenetic analysis was in accordance with the previous studies that indicate possession of nitrate-accumulation capability is congruent with phylogeny based on 16S rRNA sequences.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of photochemical pollution in summer and winter using a photochemical box model in the center of Tokyo, Japan.

In order to give an effective and rapid analysis of the photochemical pollution and information for emission control strategies, a photochemical box model (PBM) was applied to one moderate summer episode, 11 July 1996, and one typical winter episode, 3 December 1996, in the center of Tokyo, Japan. The box model gave a good prediction of the photochemical pollution with minimal investment. As expected, the peak ozone in summer is higher than in winter. The NOx concentrations in winter are higher than those in summer. In summer, NO and NO2 have one peak in the morning. In winter, NO and NO2 show two peaks during the day. Three model runs including no reactions, a zero ozone boundary condition and dark reactions were conducted to understand the photochemical processes. The effects of emission reduction on the formation of the photochemical pollution in the center of Tokyo have been studied. The results show that the reduction of NMHC emission can decrease the ozone, however, the reduction of NOx emission can increase the ozone. It can be concluded that if the NOx emission are reduced, the reduction of NMHC should be more emphasized in order to decrease the ozone concentration in the center of Tokyo, Japan, especially the reduction of the NMHC from stationary source emission.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2001

Distribution and behavior of nonylphenol, octylphenol, and nonylphenol monoethoxylate in Tokyo metropolitan area: their association with aquatic particles and sedimentary distributions.

Distributions of alkylphenols (APs) [i.e., nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP)], and nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) in wastewater effluents, river water, and riverine and bay sediments in the Tokyo metropolitan area were demonstrated. During sewage treatments, NP and OP were efficiently removed from the sewage effluents through activated sludge treatments. Greater removal for NP (93% on average) than OP (84% on average) was consistent with their partitioning behavior to particles in primary and secondary effluents. NP concentrations in the river water samples ranged from 0.051 to 1.08 microg/L with higher concentrations in summer and spring than in colder seasons. In the river water samples, approximately 20% of NP was found in the particulate phase. Organic carbon-normalized apparent partition coefficients (K'OC) for NP (10(5.22 +/- 0.38)) and OP (10(4.65 +/- 0.42)) were 1 order of magnitude higher than those expected from their octanol-water partition coefficients (K(OW)), indicating strong affinity of APs to aquatic particles. Among NP isomers, no significant differences in their K'OC values were suggested. This is consistent with surprisingly uniform isomer peak profiles among the technical standard and all the environmental samples analyzed. NP and OP were widely distributed in the river sediments in Tokyo, and relatively high concentrations (0.5-13.0 microg/g dry) of NP were observed in a long reach (approximately 10 km) in the Sumidagawa River. In situ production of APs in the river sediment was suggested. Seaward decreasing trend in APs concentration was observed from the estuary to the Tokyo Bay. APs were well preserved in a sediment core collected from the bay. The profile shows subsurface maximum of AP concentrations in the layer deposited around the mid-1970s. The recent decrease in AP concentrations can be attributed to the legal regulation of industrial wastewater in the early 1970s.

Cities↗
PubMed2000

Public attitudes towards the mentally ill: a cross-cultural study between Bali and Tokyo.

The present study investigates the differences in public attitudes towards the mentally ill in Bali (Indonesia) and Tokyo (Japan), the former being a non-industrialized society and the latter an industrialized society in Asia. Seventy-seven residents of Bali and 66 residents from Tokyo were examined by a devaluation-discrimination measure and a self-assessment questionnaire to gauge their reactions to five imaginary case study vignettes consisting of three cases of schizophrenia, one case of a depressive episode, and one case of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Balinese respondents had significantly lower devaluation-discrimination measure scores, indicating a more favorable global attitude towards persons with a history of psychiatric treatment than did respondents in Tokyo. However, the extent to which people were prejudicial against mental patients in the two societies varied with the kinds of mental disorders, with Balinese having a more positive attitude to schizophrenics but more negative to depressive and obsessive-compulsive patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Recurrence of primary superficial bladder cancer treated with prophylactic intravesical Tokyo 172 bacillus Calmette-Guérin: a long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Long-term results after transurethral resection (TUR) and prophylactic intravesical Tokyo 172 bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy for primary superficial bladder cancer were analyzed by multivariate analysis, and factors affecting the recurrence of bladder tumors after this therapy were examined. METHODS: One-hundred and forty-one consecutive patients with primary superficial bladder cancer who consulted the Department of Urology at Wakayama Medical College and affiliated hospitals between May 1985 and May 1990 were studied. Tokyo strain BCG was given intravesically (80 mg in 40 ml saline) weekly for 6 weeks. RESULTS: The 5-year cumulative recurrence-free rate by the Kaplan-Meier method was 0.702 in 141 patients with primary superficial bladder cancer. The 5-year recurrence-free function using the proportional hazard model was 0.743. Using the Cox proportional hazard model, variables that significantly contributed to recurrence after intravesical BCG included female sex, tumor size less than 1 cm in diameter, and T1 tumor stage. Patient age, tumor type, multiplicity, tumor grade, and concomitant carcinoma in situ did not contribute to recurrence. CONCLUSION: Long-term results showed that prophylactic intravesical Tokyo strain BCG after TUR for primary superficial bladder cancer is also effective in preventing the recurrence of bladder cancer, and the biologic behavior of superficial bladder cancer other than stage T1 tumor may be altered after intravesical BCG.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Indoor air pollution by alkylphenols in Tokyo.

UNLABELLED: The purposes of this study were to develop an analytical method for airborne alkylphenols (APs) using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-SIM method and to investigate airborne C4-C9 APs pollution in houses, offices, and outdoor points in Tokyo. In addition, to identify APs emission sources in a newly built house, migration tests of APs from interior surfaces to solid extraction disks were performed. Air samples were collected from houses, offices, and outdoor points. The recovery of APs from air samples was increased by addition of ascorbic acid to the filters. 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were detected in both indoor and outdoor air. Their concentrations and detection frequencies were higher in indoor air than outdoor air. The maximum levels of 4-t-BP, 4-t-OP, and 4-NP in indoor were 387, 45.7, and 680 ng/m(3), respectively. 4-t-BP and 4-NP were detected with high frequencies (more than 97%) in indoor air samples. The concentrations of 4-t-BP, 4-t-OP, and 4-NP in indoor air were significantly correlated with room temperature (P < 0.01), and tended to be higher in newly built houses. The migration rates of APs from the floor, wall, and ceiling in the newly built house were higher in polyvinyl chloride coverings than in other materials. Practical Implications Alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) are widely used surfactants in both industrial and domestic detergents. When these detergents are released into the environment, APE are biodegraded to the smaller chain ethoxylates and alkylphenols (APs). There are many reports about APs in aquatic environments because of their estrogenic effect on wildlife. In building materials, APs are used as antioxidant for polymer resins such as wall or floor coverings. Although APs has a lower vapor pressure, these agents are released into indoor air from the surface of polymer resins. This study surveyed concentrations of airborne AP in indoor air and outdoor air in Tokyo. In addition, to identify APs emission sources in a newly built house, migration tests of APs from interior surfaces to solid extraction disks were performed. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) are widely used surfactants in both industrial and domestic detergents. When these detergents are released into the environment, APE are biodegraded to the smaller chain ethoxylates and alkylphenols (APs). There are many reports about APs in aquatic environments because of their estrogenic effect on wildlife. In building materials, APs are used as antioxidant for polymer resins such as wall or floor coverings. Although APs has a lower vapor pressure, these agents are released into indoor air from the surface of polymer resins. This study surveyed concentrations of airborne AP in indoor air and outdoor air in Tokyo. In addition, to identify APs emission sources in a newly built house, migration tests of APs from interior surfaces to solid extraction disks were performed.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2004

Paragonimus ohirai metacercariae in crabs collected along the Arakawa River in Tokyo, Japan.

Brackish water crabs infected with Paragonimus ohirai metacercariae have been reported in various regions in Japan. However, infected crabs have not been identified in Tokyo. We therefore collected the crab, Chiromantes dehaani, between August 2002 and July 2003 from 12 locations along the Arakawa River that flows through Tokyo. Of the 922 captured crabs, 177 (19%) from 6 locations were infected with Paragonimus metacercariae. The prevalence of metacercariae at these 6 locations ranged from 5 to 89%. The number of metacercariae per infected crab ranged from 1 to 190, with an average of 13.1. The morphological features of the metacercariae and of adult worms recovered from test rats infected with metacercariae showed that the metacercariae in the infected crabs were P. ohirai Miyazaki, 1939. The ITS2 sequence data support this conclusion. This paper is the first description of P. ohirai infection of crabs in Tokyo.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Histologic changes in thyroid glands from great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) in Tokyo Bay, Japan: possible association with environmental contaminants.

We compared morphologic changes in thyroid glands of great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from the Tokyo Bay and Lake Biwa areas in Japan with presence of residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs). Prominent morphologic changes in thyroid glands included increased density of small follicles and increased number of epithelial cells surrounding follicular lumens. The extent of morphologic changes in the thyroid gland was higher in cormorants captured from Tokyo Bay than in those captured from Lake Biwa. Increased thyroid change in cormorants from the Tokyo Bay area was associated with significantly higher levels of PCDFs and Co-PCBs. Thus, we suggest that morphologic changes in thyroid glands from the cormorants are associated with increased levels of dioxin contamination in Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The disputes in the Nippon Medical School Foundation and the coming into being of the Tokyo Medical School].

The Nippon Medical School Foundation was an institution that developed after the closing of the Saiseigakusha Medical School, inheriting the spirit of the latter. During the period extending from 1912 to May 1916, the Ministry of education remained reluctant to approve of the Foundation as a Ministry-designated institution. Actively lobbying the Ministry were people such as Tatsukichi Irisawa, a member of the "Meiji Society of Medicine", a partisan clique of the University of Tokyo Medical School. Meanwhile within the Foundation itself, an internal strife took place between the Directors Kenzo Isobe and Taketaro Takizawa, which brought about its disintegration and collapse from within. Some four hundred and fifty students lodged their petition for official approval, sealed with blood, to the School authorities and to the Ministry. Having their petition for approval rejected, all these four hundred and fifty odd students withdrew from the School and founded within the building of the Tokyo Physics School a 'Tokyo Medical Training School'. Some forty students who did not withdraw, in collaboration with members of the teaching staff, re-established the Nippon Medical School Foundation.

Foundations↗
PubMed1995

[Various institutes and the private Tokyo Medical School and Nihon Medical School, following the closing of Saiseigakusha].

The private Saiseigakusha medical school was suddenly ordered closed on August 30, 1903, under pressure from the Ministry of Education and the Tokyo University Akamon faction (Meiiji Ikai). The more than 700 remaining medical students at Saiseigakusha were astonished and despondent to see the road to learning closed to them. However, Shigenori Sonoda, leader of the medical students, and four others sent out a manifesto to the more than 700 former Saiseigakusha students, calling them to assemble at the Hongo Central Hall. There they formed the Doso Igaku Koshukai ("Classmates' Medical Institute"), and resolved to continue their studies. Former Saiseigakusha lecturer Kiyotada Ishikawa and three others helped with this institute ("Tokyo Medical school"), and moved to 59 Sendagi-machi, Hongo. In April of 1910, the Tokyo Igakkou merged with the private Nippon Igakkou ("Japan Medical School"), to become the present Nippon Ika Daigaku ("Nippon Medical College").

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1992

A deletional frameshift mutation of the beta-spectrin gene associated with elliptocytosis in spectrin Tokyo (beta 220/216).

A novel spectrin variant carrying a truncated beta-chain and designated Spectrin Tokyo (beta 220/216) is presented. It was associated with elliptocytosis and moderate uncompensated hemolysis. The dimer self-association was reduced. An increase of the alpha I 74-Kd fragment was detected upon partial trypsin digestion. Analysis of cDNA and genomic DNA showed a 1-base deletion in codon 2059 (GCC AGC-->GCA GCT; Ala-Ser-->Ala-Ala) that belongs to exon X of spectrin beta-gene. A missense sequence extended down to (new) codon 2075. Serine 2060, a potential phosphorylation site, was replaced by alanine. The shortened beta-chain failed to undergo phosphorylation in vitro. Spectrin Tokyo shared the same stop codon, overlapping normal codons 2076 and 2077 (CTG AAA), as Spectrin Nice (beta 220/216), which is caused by a dinucleotide insertion in codon 2046 and contains 2076 amino acids. However, for some reason, Spectrin Tokyo had a lower incorporation level into the membrane than Spectrin Nice.

Base Sequence↗