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PubMed1990

Semen characteristics of asymptomatic males affected by Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted anaerobic parasite which causes vaginitis and cervicitis. The present study was carried out to determine the incidence of Trichomonas infection in semen samples of asymptomatic men and also to understand the changes of semen characteristics in the infected individuals before treatment and after treatment with metronidazole (Flagyl, 400 mg x 3x a day for 10 days). The semen obtained from 1131 men was examined for different characteristics and Trichomonas were detected in wet smear preparations in 50 cases (4.42%). The characteristics of semen in them was compared with 52 normal semen samples. Statistical analysis showed that the seminal fluid viscosity and percentage particulate debris was increased significantly in the infected group (P less than 0.001). There was no significant change in the pH of semen. Spermatozoan motility and morphologically normal forms were decreased significantly (P less than 0.001), spermatozoan viability was altered, and there was a significant change in membrane integrity (P less than 0.001) as indicated by the hypoosmotic swelling test. The significant improvement in semen characteristics were seen in 25 cases after a single course of treatment. Therefore, it is possible that in some cases, the infertility seen in asymptomatic individuals may be due to infection by Trichomonas.

Female↗
PubMed1984

A freeze-fracture electron microscope study of Trichomonas vaginalis Donné and Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller).

Two strains of Trichomonas vaginalis, JH162A , with low pathogenicity, and Balt 44, with high pathogenicity, as well as one highly pathogenic strain, KV-1, of Tritrichomonas foetus were studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The protoplasmic faces ( PFs ) of the cell membranes of all three strains of both species had similar numbers of intramembranous particles (IMPs); however, the particles in the external faces (EFs) of these membranes were least abundant in Trichomonas vaginalis strain Balt 44 and most numerous in those of strain JH162A of this species. In Tritrichomonas foetus strain KV-1 the number of IMPs in the EF was close to but somewhat lower than that in the mild strain of the human urogenital trichomonad . In both species, the anterior, but not the recurrent, flagella had rosette-like formations, consisting of approximately 9 to 12 IMPs on both the PFs and EFs. The numbers and distribution of the rosettes appeared to vary among different flagella and in different areas of individual flagella of a single organism belonging to either species. The freeze-fracture electron micrographs provided a more complete understanding of the fine structure of undulating membranes of Trichomonadinae , as represented by Trichomonas vaginalis, and of Tritrichomonadinae (the Tritrichomonas augusta -type), as exemplified by Tritrichomonas foetus, than was gained from previous transmission and scanning electron microscope studies. Typically three longitudinal rows of IMPs on the PF of the recurrent flagellum of Trichomonas vaginalis were noted in the area of attachment of this flagellum to the undulating membrane. The functional aspects of the various structures and differences between certain organelles revealed in the two trichomonad species by the freeze-fracture method are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Efficacy of new 5-nitroimidazoles against metronidazole-susceptible and -resistant Giardia, Trichomonas, and Entamoeba spp.

The efficacies of 12 5-nitroimidazole compounds and 1 previously described lactam-substituted nitroimidazole with antiparasitic activity, synthesized via SRN1 and subsequent reactions, were assayed against the protozoan parasites Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. Two metronidazole-sensitive lines and two metronidazole-resistant lines of Giardia and one line each of metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant Trichomonas were tested. All except one of the compounds were as effective or more effective than metronidazole against Giardia and Trichomonas, but none was as effective overall as the previously described 2-lactam-substituted 5-nitroimidazole. None of the compounds was markedly more effective than metronidazole against Entamoeba. Significant cross-resistance between most of the drugs tested and metronidazole was evident among metronidazole-resistant lines of Giardia and Trichomonas. However, some drugs were lethal to metronidazole-resistant Giardia and had minimum lethal concentrations similar to that of metronidazole for drug-susceptible parasites. This study emphasizes the potential in developing new nitroimidazole drugs which are more effective than metronidazole and which may prove to be useful clinical alternatives to metronidazole.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Preparation and identification of anti-Trichomonas vaginalis monoclonal antibodies].

Hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (McAb) directed against Trichomonas vaginalis have been produced by fusing NSI myeloma cells with spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with Trichomonas vaginalis. IFA technique was used to test the binding activity of four McAbs produced. The McAb belonged to the IgG subtypes IgG1 (2A2, 2A4 McAb), IgG3 (2H9 McAb) and IgG 2b (2A12 McAb). Three McAbs, designated 2A2, 2A4, 2A12, reacted with a surface membrane component of live Trichomonas vaginalis. One (2A12) of them produced complement-dependent cytolysis of the parasites. Others (2A2,2A4) produced complement-independent cytotoxicity of the parasites. 2H9 McAb which reacted with the nucleus of the organisms did not agglutinate the parasites. The four McAbs which did not have cross reaction with some protozoa of Zoomastigophorea species were specific antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis. (Figs. 1-3).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women in Havana City by an immunologic latex agglutination test.

We aimed to estimate the prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis in immunocompetent pregnant women living in Havana City, Cuba, with or without symptoms of vaginitis, using a sample of 640 women from 6 Gyneco-obstetrics hospitals, which represents 2.5% of total yearly pregnant women. Diagnosis was made using a new latex agglutination kit (Newvagin C-Kure, La Habana, Cuba). Clinical sensitivity and specificity of this assay were validated against culture method, with 467 and 489 clinical specimens for Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis, respectively. Results showed that the kit clinical sensitivity was 100% for Candida albicans and 86.7% for Trichomonas vaginalis compared with a clinical specificity of 93.3% for Candida albicans and 95.1% for Trichomonas vaginalis by culture. The prevalence of candidiasis was determined to be 42.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8%); the prevalence of trichomoniasis was 9.84% (95% CI 2.3%). In our sample, 48.7% of the women tested negative with respect to both candidiasis and trichomoniasis. Only 6.41% of the cases yielded inconclusive results. The test has high sensitivity, and our results indicate a relatively high prevalence of both infections. However, a significant difference (P < .001) was also observed in candidiasis and trichomoniasis prevalence among hospitals corresponding to the quantity of women with clinical vaginitis. No difference was observed between diabetics and nondiabetics, probably due to the special care of diabetic pregnant women. We conclude that the method is useful for this kind of vaginitis prevalence study and that candidiasis and trichomoniasis prevalences in pregnant women of Havana are 38.5% to 46.2 % (95% CI) and 7.5% to 12.1% (95% CI), respectively.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1985

[Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of gases produced by Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro].

Five strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were independently inoculated into Cysteine-Peptone-Liver infusion-Maltose medium (CPLM medium), and gases in the culture bottle were qualitatively analysed at five days after the inoculation by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methane, ethane and carbon dioxide were commonly found in the gases produced during the culture of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Carbon monoxide was also found in the gases from 4 of 5 strains. Small amount of both ethylene and propane was also noted in 3 of 5 strains. These gaseous molecules were supposed to be produced by Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro, presumably by the catabolism of amino acids. It was also suggested that these gases, including methane, ethane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ethylene and propane, were responsible for the foamy discharge found in the vagina of patients with Trichomonas vaginalis.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1981

Cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood monocytes against Trichomonas vaginalis.

Human peripheral blood monocytes were purified by adherence on microexudate-coated plastic and detached by exposure to 1 mM ethylenediamine tetracetic acid. Lysis of Trichomonas vaginalis was measured as release of 3H-thymidine from prelabelled protozoa after 48 hr of incubation. Human blood monocytes had appreciable levels of spontaneous cytotoxicity against Trichomonas vaginalis at effector-to-target cell ratios ranging from 3:1 to 25:1. Cytotoxicity was expressed with fetal bovine serum and human AB serum. Unseparated mononuclear cells, containing 10-25% monocytes as assessed by staining with non-specific esterase, were significantly cytotoxic against Trichomonas vaginalis but cytolysis levels were lower than those of purified monocytes. Lymphoid cells depleted of adherent cells by repeated incubations on plastic (less than 2% esterase-positive cells) had little cytotoxicity against these protozoa. In vitro exposure to silica natural 40-75% inhibition of the cytotoxic capacity of monocytic preparations. The natural cytotoxic capacity of human monocytes against Trichomonas vaginalis could represent one line of resistance against these protozoa.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Gas chromatographic studies on propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid in culture fluid of Trichomonas vaginalis].

Trichomonas vaginalis was inoculated into Cysteine-Peptone-Liver infusion-Maltose medium (CPLM medium), and serial changes in short-chain fatty acids in the culture fluid were studied by gas chromatography. A significant increase in the amount of propionic acid and iso-valeric acid was found in the culture fluids obtained at 72 or 120 hours after inoculation of Trichomonas vaginalis. These short-chain fatty acids are considered to be produced in vitro during the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in the CPLM medium, presumably by the catabolism of amino acids. Recent in vitro studies on viral oncology have shown that propionic acid or iso-valeric acid had a promoter-like activity and/or promoter-enhancing effect. Accordingly, the present findings suggest that Trichomonas vaginalis is, at least in part, responsible for the promotion of cervical cancer or vaginal cancer.

Butyrates↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of different cytostatic agents and antibiotics on the biology of Trichomonas in vitro].

The purpose of these examinations was an attempt to elucidate the influence of some cytostatic preparations (Fluorouracil, Triaziquone (Treminon), Mechlorethaminee Oxide Hydrochloride (Mitomen), Methotroxate, Mitomycins, Cyclophosphamide (Endoxan), Mechlorethamin (Nitrogranulogen) and antibiotics (Penicillin, Streptomycin, Aureomycin, Nystatin) on formation of the multinuclear forms of Trichomonas under the conditions of culture on artificial medium and to investigate the cidal and static effects of chosen cytostatics and antibiotics of different species of Trichomonas in vitro. It was found that Mechlorethamine (Nitrogranulogen) and Mitomycins have distinct influence on formation of the multinuclear forms of Trichomonas in culture. Similar effects were observed in the antibiotic group with aureomycin only if applied pure or combined with other antibiotic drugs. In addition, it was shown that Triaziquone (Treminon) exerts the strongest effects on the examined species of Trichomonas.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

[Effect of Cladonia alpestris on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro].

In this paper, an experimental research is reported on the effect of water extract of Cladonia alpestris and S-(-) usnic acid on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. The results showed that both the water extract of Cladonia alpestris and S-(-)usnic acid exhibited a strong effect against Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. As the time of action of the agents was prolonged, the mortality of Trichomonas vaginalis increased. For S-(-) usnic acid, 0.4 mg/ml was the lowest effective concentration against Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. No remarkable differences were found in the effect of the S-(-)usnic acid and metronidazole at concentrations of 0.4 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anti-Trichomonas activity of metronidazole in the presence of immunobiological preparations].

The minimal doses of metronidazole, capable of the irreversible immobilization of Trichomonas in the presence of one antiprotozoan preparation and after the addition of recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF), recombinant gamma-interferon and complex immunoglobulin preparation (CIP) into the culture medium, were determined on 4 T.vaginalis isolates, obtained on day 2 after the inoculation of material from the mucous membrane of the urogenital organs of patients (incubation at 37 degrees C). After 12-hour incubation of Trichomonas with immunobiological preparations their sensitivity to metronidazole increased 2-fold. After the simultaneous introduction of TNF, gamma-interferon and CIP into the culture medium, the sensitivity of Trichomonas to the action of metronidazole increased 5- to 7-fold. The introduction of an additional dose of TNF into the culture medium, but without CIP led to the preservation of the motility in a small number of these microorganisms. The use of human albumin instead of CIP at the same concentration (15 g/l) in the presence of TNF and gamma-interferon ensured the complete immobilization of Trichomonas in all isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Molecular typing of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by HSP70 restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Subtyping isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis is an essential tool for understanding the epidemiology of this common sexually-transmitted disease. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis employing a probe from the heat-inducible cytoplasmic HSP70 gene family hybridized with EcoR I-digested genomic DNA was used in the molecular typing of Trichomonas isolates. Analysis of five American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) reference strains and 31 Jackson, Mississippi, isolates from six male and 21 female patients, revealed 10 distinct RFLP pattern subtypes of Trichomonas. The subtypes were temporally stable and cosmopolitan. The RFLP profiles seen in Maryland, Ohio, Massachusetts, and New York ATCC strains were identical to those of some Mississippi isolates, even though the samples were isolated 10-35 years apart. There was no correlation between metronidazole resistance and RFLP subtype with resistant isolates from eight patients distributed among six different subtypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Use of spun urine to enhance detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent women.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection is traditionally performed by microscopic examination of vaginal fluid. Although this technique is relatively insensitive compared with culture, it is widely used because of its lower cost and immediate results. OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of microscopic examination of spun urine as a means of increasing the sensitivity of microscopic diagnosis of T. vaginalis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study performed in a hospital-based adolescent clinic. SUBJECTS: Female patients enrolled between July 1995 and August 1996 into a larger study evaluating diagnosis of vaginal infections (N = 686). To be included, subjects had to have a positive culture for T. vaginalis (n = 97); those who did not have a spun urine examination were excluded (n = 22). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Microscopic examination of vaginal fluid and spun urine for presence of motile trichomonads. Using a positive Trichomonas culture as the reference standard, the sensitivity of vaginal fluid alone was compared with vaginal fluid plus spun urine. The McNemar test for paired samples was used to test the statistical significance of the difference in sensitivities. RESULTS: Ninety-seven subjects had culture results positive for Trichomonas. Of these, 75 (77%) had a spun urine examination performed. Subjects were aged 13 to 22 years and all were African American. Seventy-three percent of the infections were detected by vaginal fluid specimen, 64% by spun urine, and 85% by either vaginal specimen or spun urine. The difference in sensitivity between vaginal specimen alone and vaginal specimen plus spun urine was 12% (95% confidence interval, 3%-21%; P<.005). Nine patients who would not have been diagnosed by examination of vaginal fluid alone were diagnosed with the addition of spun urine examination. CONCLUSION: Microscopic examination of a spun urine specimen performed in conjunction with microscopic examination of a vaginal fluid specimen improves the detection rate of T. vaginalis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A comparative study of genotoxic effects in the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis infection: metronidazole or nalidixic acid.

We performed a prospective randomized study to compare the potential genotoxic effects of metronidazole and nalidixic acid which they are used in the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. 20 patients with Trichomonas vaginalis infections participated in this study. 14 patients with vaginal trichomoniasis were treated with therapeutic doses of metronidazole 250 mg 3 times/d and six patients were treated with nalidixic acid 400 mg twice a day for 10 d. The genotoxic potential of a variety of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents can be evaluated by sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) test as a rapid cytogenetic test. An increased number of exchanges in lymphocytes reflects the influence of mutagens. No significant difference was observed in the SCE frequency of metronidazole treated patient however, a statistically significant increase (P<0.05) after nalidixic acid treatment could be described. We conclude that in spite of wide use of nalidixic acid for Trichomonas vaginalis infection, because of its potential genotoxic effect its usage must be individualized especially for pregnant women and small babies.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The emergency department diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginitis.

Trichomonas vaginalis is a common cause of vaginitis in emergency department patient populations. While the diagnosis of this condition is usually on the basis of wet-mount microscope slide preparations, other diagnostic technology exists. We studied the accuracy of the traditional wet-mount technique as compared with detection using direct immunofluorescence and culture techniques in ED patients with the presenting complaint of vaginal discharge. Of 157 patients evaluated, the wet-mount technique detected 27 cases of Trichomonas, compared with 35 cases diagnosed by direct immunofluorescence and 52 cases detected by culture. This represents a false-negative rate for the wet-mount technique of 51%; the false-negative rates for direct immunofluorescence and culture technique were 36% and 5%, respectively. Our study suggests that the wet-mount technique is relatively insensitive in the detection of Trichomonas vaginitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Trichomonas tenax in pulmonary and pleural diseases].

INTRODUCTION: Trichomonas is a protozoan rarely incriminated in pulmonary or pleural disorders. CASE: An 84-year-old man, under treatment for chronic lymphoid leukemia with hypogammaglobulinemia, was hospitalized for respiratory distress and fever due to bilateral pulmonary and pleural disorders. Direct examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed a flagella protozoan identified as Trichomonas tenax. DISCUSSION: Although Trichomonas is rare in pulmonary disorders, when it occurs, T. tenax appears to be the most common species. Treatment with metronidazole was effective.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed2003

High rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: implications for screening and urethritis management.

Trichomonas is a cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU); however, studies of its prevalence in men have been hampered by the lack of sensitive diagnostics. DNA amplification allows for reappraisal of the extent of infection in men. Men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic were tested for trichomonas, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. The prevalence of these pathogens was 17%, 19.6%, and 17.7% respectively. In men with NGU, 19.9% were infected with trichomonas. These data have implications for treatment of NGU and control of trichomoniasis.

Alabama↗
PubMed1976

May Trichomonas vaginalis provoke conjunctivitis?

In the world literature we have found descriptions of five cases of Trichomonas vaginalis in the conjunctiva. Conjunctival swabs taken from 122 patients with conjunctivitis or keratitis revealed no flagellate micro-organisms on phase-contrast microscopy and culture. Neither did conjunctival swabs from 272 newborn infants, in spite of the fact that 3.7 per cent of their mothers had Trichomonas in the vagina. Trichomonas vaginalis is hardly likely to be responsible for conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗