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PubMed1999

Contribution of thyroid gland ultrasound for screening of patients with suspected subclinical thyroid gland disorders.

Thyroid gland ultrasonography is recommended in patients with nonspecific clinical symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, amnesic symptoms, depression, bradycardia, abnormal myocardial contractility, increased diastolic pressure, hypercholesterolemia, menstrual abnormalities, infertility, fibrocystic breast disease, anxiety, insomnia, tachycardia, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis. Subclinical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism can cause any of the above mentioned symptoms. Diffusely decreased, decreased and inhomogenous thyroid gland echogenicity requires laboratory examination. Thyroid gland ultrasonography is recommended also in patients with type I. diabetes mellitus and vitiligo because of increased incidence of thyroid disorders in these patients. Clinical observation of patients treated with Lithium, Amiodaron or Interferon is also recommended. (Tab. 2, Fig. 6, Ref. 18.)

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of sulfonamide on the pituitary-thyroid gland. 1. Morphological changes of thyroid gland and variation in plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Morphological changes of the thyroid gland on light and electron microscopy as well as concomitant variation in plasma T3 and T4 levels after oral treatment with sulfonamide at a dose of 2 g/kg for 30 consecutive days were examined in male Wistar rats. Several rats were treated with the same dose by the same route for 15 days and then put to the restoration experiment for 15 days. Plasma T3 and T4 levels significantly decreased as compared with the control in the period from the 1st day to the 30th day of the administration. A significant increase in thyroid weight was seen from the 15th day. On the 30th day, the weight was at last about eight times as heavy as that of the control. Histologically, hyperplasia of the follicles which were lined with high columnar cells was observed. The epithelial cells showed considerable pleomorphism and colloid was virtually absent at this time. As early as on the 3rd or 5th day, the follicular cells were high-columnar in shape on electron microscopy and there was an increase in rough-surface endoplasmic reticulum, the cisternae of which were dilated. Swelling of mitochondria and the absence of colloid were also noted. There were no secretory granules in the cytoplasm and numerous long microvilli projected into the lumens. On the 30th day, the follicular cells became remarkably high-columnar and had small and ovoid nuclei at their base. In the restoration study, numerous dense secretory granules and colloid droplet profiles appeared in the cytoplasm.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Sensitivity of thyroid gland growth to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in rats treated with antithyroid drugs.

Antithyroid drugs and phenobarbital (PB) have been shown to promote thyroid tumors in rats. It has been proposed that increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) mediates the thyroid tumor-promoting effect of antithyroid drugs and PB, and is increased because of decreased thyroxine (T4) concentration. However, PB is much less effective than antithyroid drugs at increasing TSH. It has been proposed that small increases in serum TSH produced by PB treatment is sufficient to promote thyroid tumors. However, the level to which TSH must be increased to stimulate the thyroid gland has not been reported. Therefore, we have examined the effect of increasing serum TSH concentration on thyroid growth by measuring thyroid gland weight and thyroid follicular cell proliferation. Serum TSH concentrations were increased by feeding rats various concentrations of propylthiouracil (PTU) or methimazole (MMI) for 21 days. Serum total T4, free T4, total T3 (triiodothyronine), free T3, and TSH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Thyroid follicular cell proliferation was measured by autoradiography and expressed as a labeling index (LI). PTU and MMI treatments reduced total and free T4 more than 95% by day 21, whereas total and free T3 were reduced 60%. TSH, thyroid follicular cell proliferation and thyroid weight were increased 560%, 1400%, and 200%, respectively, by day 21. TSH was significantly correlated with thyroid weight and LI. Moderate increases in serum TSH of between 10 and 20 ng/ml increased the number of proliferating thyroid follicular cells, but had no effect on thyroid weight. These results support that small increases in serum TSH can be sufficient to stimulate thyroid follicular cell proliferation. Furthermore, thyroid follicular cell proliferation may be more useful than thyroid weight alone for assessing alterations in thyroid growth in rats treated with chemicals that produce only small to moderate increases in serum TSH.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Immunomorphological transformation of the thyroid gland in autoimmune thyroiditis].

In parallel immunochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological studies of blood sera and biopsies of the thyroid gland tissue the autoimmune nature of thyroiditis was proved in 11 female patients. The detected antithyroid autoantibody was classified as complement-dependent immunoglobulin. Immunocytochemical data are presented confirming the histiocytic derivation of macrophages and non-epithelial nature of B- and C-cells. Transformation of colloid and cells ans metabollsm of monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) permit the judgement on the duration of autoimmune thyroiditis. The diffuse lymphoid variant is typical of the first 5 years, and focal fibrinolymphoid variant-for later peroids of autoimmune thyroiditis.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Sex dimorphism in the thyroid gland. I. Morphometric studies on the thyroid gland of intact adult male and female rats.

Morphometric studies were performed on thyroid glands of intact adult male and female rats. Thyroid follicular cells are markedly higher in the male rats than in the females during estrus. The volume fraction of the epithelium is larger but the fraction of colloid is less in males than in females. Also epithelium/colloid ratio is higher in male than in female rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Studies on quantitative morphology. XII. Distribution of thyroid gland compartments in an activated rabbit thyroid gland.

A series of longitudinally cut step sections with a distance of 50 microns of a rabbit thyroid gland was measured by point counting for the relative tissue elements colloid, epithelium, and interstitium. Furthermore, the ratio epithelium:colloid was computed, which was somewhat high, indicating an activated stage. Higher colloid data were found in the outer regions and insignificantly lower epithelium values. Neither the volume data nor the distribution of the structure elements show any difference between both of the lobes. The degree of heterogeneity was comparably low, but only about 30% of all data for the relative colloid percentages or for the ratios are enclosed in a range of +/- 5% in relation to the most accurate value from all hits all over the gland, and about 20% of the ratio data are crossing the +/- 20% borderlines. It was calculated that measuring of not more than 5 sections with approximately equal distances with a very few 10(3) hits yields values of an acceptable accuracy for all parameters and this with a reasonable time expense.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Sex dimorphism in the thyroid gland. III. Morphometric studies on the rat thyroid gland in the course of postnatal ontogenesis.

At weekly intervals between 21 and 84 days of postnatal ontogenesis, on the thyroid glands of male and female rats morphometric studies were performed. The rate of body growth was similar in male and female rats between 21 and 42 days. Thereafter male rats are heavier than females. There were no differences in composition of particular histologic components studied in the thyroids of male and female rats between 21 and 35 days. From day 42 the volume fraction of colloid is lower in the male than female gland. Also from day 49 of postnatal ontogenesis the follicular cells are taller in male than in female thyroid gland. After reaching puberty in the female thyroid gland a gradual lowering of the volume fraction of epithelium and an increase in volume fraction of colloid are observed. Due to these changes epithelium/colloid ratio in female rats markedly declines between 42 and 84 days of postnatal ontogenesis while in the male rats this ratio is higher and does not show such a distinct decline.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of in utero and lactational ammonium perchlorate exposure on thyroid gland histology and thyroid and sex hormones in developing deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) through postnatal day 21.

Thyroid gland hormone levels and histology and sex hormone levels in developing deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were measured following in utero and lactational exposure to ammonium perchlorate (AP), a component of rocket fuel and a thyroid toxicant. Breeding pairs were dosed continuously with 0, 1 nM, 1 micro M, or 1 mM concentrations of AP in drinking water from the time of cohabitation until pups from the third litter were weaned. Pups from the second litter were used for evaluation in this study. The active (colloid-containing) thyroid follicle number per unit area was significantly different between treatment groups. The 1-nM and 1-mM treatment groups had significantly fewer active follicles per unit area than did controls. The 1-mM treatment group also had significantly fewer active follicles than the 1- micro M and the 1-nM treatment groups. Total T(4) concentrations were significantly increased in the 1-nM and 1- micro M groups compared to the controls. No significant difference was observed in total T(3) concentrations. None of the 1-mM plasma had concentrations of total testosterone above the detection limit, and only one of the 1- micro M samples was above the detection limit of the assay. All estradiol concentrations were below the detection limits of the assay. In contrast to the situation in adult rodents, it appears that AP increases thyroid hormone production in developing deer mice and produces variable effects with increasing concentrations.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

[Surgical treatment of thyroid gland diseases].

Thyroid gland surgery is a treatment of choice for morphological changes of the gland, although patients with some functional problems, indicated from endocrynologist, underwent surgery. The goal is to analyze retrospectively patients with thyroid gland diseases according to incidence and surgery. We analyzed surgically treated patients with thyroid gland disease at ENT clinic in Sarajevo in last 5 years. There were 339 patients, 312 (92%) were patients with benign diseases, and 17 (8%) patients with malignant disease. Malignant diseases of thyroid gland were treated in two acts and benign forms in one act. Injury of recurrent nerve was not encountered, neither was postoperative hypoparathyroidism.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Sex dimorphism in the thyroid gland. IV. Cytologic aspects of sex dimorphism in the rat thyroid gland.

This study was designed to explain whether the sex-dependent differences in the structure of the thyroid gland of adult male and female rats depend on quantitative or qualitative changes in the thyroid follicular cells. Absolute thyroid gland weight was similar in male and female rats, but its relative weight was markedly higher in females however. Volume fractions of epithelium and stroma were higher and that of colloid lower in male than in female rats and the epithelium/colloid ratio was higher in the males. Also absolute the volumes (in mm3) of epithelium and stroma were higher in the males; the thyroid gland of females contained more colloid. The average volume of a thyroid follicular cell, estimated by stereology, was higher in males than in females, although the thyroid gland contained similar numbers of follicular cells in both sexes. Also, thyroid glands from both male and female rats contained a similar DNA quantity. Results of the present study show that the sex dimorphism in the rat thyroid depends upon a difference in the mean volume of thyroid follicular cells, with males having larger cells than females. However, in both sexes the thyroid gland contains a similar quantity of these cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Modulation of prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha, I2 content and synthesis by thyrotropin in cultured porcine thyroid cells and intact rat thyroid glands.

Porcine thyroid gland contains prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2 alpha and prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) (measured as an end metabolite, 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha) and it contains more prostaglandin I2 than prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha. Cultured porcine thyroid cells contain prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha and I2. When cultured in the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid cells contain more prostaglandin I2 than prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha but when cultured in its absence, they contain more prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha than prostaglandin I2. Thyroid cells synthesize prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha and I2; when cultured in the presence of TSH, they synthesize more prostaglandin I2 than prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha but when cultured in its absence, they synthesize more prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha than prostaglandin I2. When cultured in the presence of TSH, thyroid cells take up iodide and organify it but when cultured in its absence, they do not take up iodide. When cultured in the presence of TSH, thyroid cells synthesize prostaglandin I2 and take up iodide, indicating that in the physiological conditions, prostaglandin I2 plays a more important role than prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha. Rat thyroid gland contains prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha and I2. Endogenous increase in serum TSH through goitrogen treatment and exogenous TSH administration augment prostaglandin I2 contents and depress prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha contents. Suppression of endogenous TSH by thyroxine treatment depresses prostaglandin I2 contents and augments prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha contents. Chronic exposure to TSH augments prostaglandin I2 synthesis and depresses prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha syntheses but chronic nonexposure to TSH depresses prostaglandin I2 synthesis and augments prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha synthesis in in vivo rat thyroid glands and in vitro cultured porcine thyroid cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Submandibular ectopic thyroid gland.

Ectopic thyroid glands are generally a rare entity appearing mostly in the cervical midline (90% of the cases) and even more rarely in other anatomical sites (10%). We present the case of an ectopic submandibular thyroid gland. An 81-year-old woman was referred to our department with a history of right-sided submandibular swelling. Preoperative FNA revealed benign ectopic thyroid tissue. The patient was submitted to resection of the mass. Histological examination of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis. A substitution treatment with thyroxin was initiated postoperatively, as this was the only functional thyroid tissue. Review of the literature revealed 18 similar cases. Physicians should be aware of the possibility that a submandibular swelling could be an ectopic thyroid gland. This entity poses specific diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Thorough preoperative diagnostics and resection of the ectopic tissue guarantee a good outcome.

Aged, 80 and over↗