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PubMed2001

The correlation between sustainable development and home hygiene.

Hygiene refers to the science of the establishment and maintenance of (human) health. In everyday life, hygiene is closely associated with good housekeeping. This article will focus on home hygiene in relation to cleaning, on microorganisms, and on sustainable development of domestic technology. In domestic cleaning there are two beneficial effects: the aesthetic aspects of cleanness and the removal of microorganisms. In cleaning science substantial attention is paid to the interrelation between cleaning and removal of microorganisms. It appears that the parameters of the cleaning process and the detergent properties play a significant role in this interrelation. Changing technology to reduce the environmental impact of household cleaning not only influences the household activities and the functional performance of the cleaning processes but also has an impact on the level of hygiene. Results are presented of research in which the hygiene has been evaluated in relation to such changes. One option recently studied to reduce the environmental impact of households is the reduction of water consumption by water reuse. In such concepts water is used in successive steps for various processes before it is drained. The potential impact of such systems and of the use of rain water on the level of home hygiene is discussed.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2005

Potentials for win-win alliances among animal agriculture and forest products industries: application of the principles of industrial ecology and sustainable development.

Commercial forests in many parts of the world are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrient-deficient forests often exist in close proximity to large animal feeding operations, meat processing and other food, textile, or other biomass-processing plants, and municipal waste treatment facilities. Many of these facilities produce large surpluses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter as gaseous ammonia, urea, uric acid, phosphorus compounds, bacterial sludges, and partially treated municipal wastewaters. These co-existing and substantial nutrient deficiencies and surpluses offer ready-made opportunities for discovery, demonstration, and commercial development of science-based, technology-facilitated, environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially acceptable "win-win alliances" among these major industries based on the principles of industrial ecology and sustainable development. The major challenge is to discover practical means to capture the surplus nutrients and put them to work in forest stands from which value-added products can be produced and sold at a profit.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health sector reform: making health development sustainable.

Health sector reform is underway or under consideration.in countries throughout the world and at all levels of income. This paper presents an overview of key concepts and approaches to health sector reform in developing countries. Reform implies sustained, purposeful, and fundamental changes in the health sector. While it is difficult to define precisely what constitutes a true reform, there is widespread consensus that reform is a process of change involving the what, who, and how of health sector action. Health is increasingly included as an important goal of national development. It can make development more sustainable. The paper outlines some general and specific health sector reform strategies that can contribute to sustainable development for countries at all levels of income, although the strategies will differ in content and emphasis. Health sector reform should be based on an holistic view of the health sector. The paper presents two frameworks to aid in reform design: one highlighting the linkages between different institutional actors in the health sector; the second addressing linkages across different functional areas of reform action. In order to develop and carry out reform, information and analysis is needed. A variety of practical tools now available for this purpose are discussed, encompassing all the different areas of action. While tool development should continue, reform proponents already have much to work with. Given global interest, the importance of health sector reform in development strategies, and significant existing knowledge and experience, country level analysis and action should proceed vigorously.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1995

Global bioethics: converting sustainable development to global survival.

Millions of people in various parts of the world and within each country are presently surviving in categories described as "mere," "miserable," "idealistic," "irresponsible," and "acceptable." The term "acceptable survival" is proposed as a bioethical goal of global survival, looking beyond the 21st century to the year 3000 and beyond. The frequently used alternative term is "sustainable development," but in most contexts this is an economic concept and does not imply any moral or ethical constraints, except where these are spelled out. Acceptable survival, broadly defined, means acceptable to a universal sense of what is morally right and good and what will continue in the long term. The expanding dominant, but irresponsible, world culture is not an acceptable type of development because it cannot survive in the long term.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1991

A toxicological perspective on ecosystem characteristics to track sustainable development. VII. Ecosystem health.

"Ecosystem health," an emerging science paralleling human and veterinary medicine, has as its goals the systematic diagnosis and treatment of stressed ecosystems. Ecosystems are stressed by physical factors such as boat traffic, biological factors such as introduction of an exotic species, and chemical factors such as pH change. Even if these classes of stressors affect the same trophic levels, the resulting ecosystem disease states have different etiologies because the stress is introduced and propagated by different mechanisms. This paper presents a toxicological perspective on ecosystem sustainability. I discuss how classical toxicological concepts have to be modified when the experimental unit is an ecosystem. When exposures are high, effects are acute and are often measurable (e.g., fish kill). However, when exposures are low and chronic, effects are often hard to separate from the background. Evidence of high risk for lack of sustainable development is the exceeding of ecosystem "threshold criteria."

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2006

Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes for sustainable development.

Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) is a kind of technology that integrates solvent and salt dissociation. It can realize salt conversion without second salt pollution or provide H+ and OH-/alkoxide ions in situ without salt introduction. Thus, it inherently possesses economical and environmental benefits. Moreover, its technological compatibility gives rise to new functions when it couples with other technologies, such as complexion, ion exchange, extraction, and adsorption. In view of the above peculiarities, EDBM has found many interesting applications in chemistry, food processing, biochemical industries, and environmental protection. However, its development has been restricted by such factors as lack of recognition of its contribution to industrial ecology, high membrane cost, insufficient research investment, and scarce operation experience. This paper compiles an introduction to this technology from the perspective of industrial ecology and conducts an extensive examination into EDBM applications. Its purpose is to gather synergic strength from academia, industry, and government to perfect EDBM for sustainable development.

Dialysis↗
PubMed2001

An ecosystem-based understanding and analysis for SENCE toward sustainable development.

There is a need to find a comprehensive approach focusing on the conflicts between economical growth and environmental protection. Chinese scholars advocate a comprehensive ecosystem viewpoint named social-economic-natural complex ecosystem(SENCE). The kernel of the concept lies in the hierarchical structure of SENCE, through which methods from ecological network can be useful to the compound system. The author gives a schema depicting its structure, following a model analysis to help understand the reliance of economy on ecosystem. It is obvious that more actions should be done to strive for sustainable development.

China↗
PubMed2006

Targeted sustainable development: 15 years of government and community intervention on the St. Lawrence River.

From 1988 to 2003, the St. Lawrence Action Plan, a Canada - Quebec cooperation agreement on the St. Lawrence River, helped to mobilize a still-growing number of stakeholders in the conservation and protection of this great river and generated tangible results in a number of areas of intervention. The successes enjoyed in the area of industrial, agricultural and urban clean-up, in protecting plant and animal species and their habitats, and in acquiring new knowledge on the state and trends of the ecosystem reflect the sustained efforts of government and non-government partners over the course of those 15 years. The committed involvement of local communities provides assurance of the sustainable development of this vast ecosystem.

Community Networks↗
PubMed2002

Sustainable development of water services industry.

The world population is expected to increase up to 8 billion by 2015. Most of the cities in the world are scattered around the fresh water resources. These cities and villages have their own interests and they constitute a power order. Therefore, we have been trying to harmonize these cities and villages in the usage of fresh water resources and the discharging of wastewater as well, by using an engineering means of water treatment. However, fresh water resources, which are essential to our lives, have a constant amount of circulation with a period of one week to ten days. The science and technology of the water environment should recognize the limit of fresh water resources for the sustainable development of society, because the water service industries are the essential infrastructure of the community. In order to implement an appropriate risk management it is necessary to identify the goal of environmental management considering the social, natural and economical conditions. The energy-dependent technologies should be reconsidered to consume less energy and undertake more resource conservation engineering. Water science and technology cannot supply all the answers, therefore more comprehensive water management systems should be developed by other sectors, such as the food production industry.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2001

[Studies on investigation and utilization of medicinal plant resources for sustainable development in Guizhou, China].

OBJECTIVE: To gain a clear idea of the resources of medicinal plants and their pharmaceutical identification in Guizhou, China, and to conserve, develop, and uilize them effectively. METHOD: Investigation on the spot with a statistical analysis. The technical route is "Investigation and identification-->Conservation and development-->Method, technology and ways for protection, propagation and utilization-->GAP cultivated pilot and assessment of medicinal materials and their products-->Comprehensive evaluation and results". RESULT: According to the incomplete statistics, there are 3924 varieties of medicinal materials from plants, accounting for 91.47% of the total in Guizhou. Among them there are 275 families, 1384 genera and 2987 species of vascular bundle plants, accounting for 43.1% of all species. There are 200 species of pteridophyta and 2802 spermatophyta. CONCLUSION: Investigation of wild medicine species has been proceeded, as well as introduction and research of their propagation techniques and production. Guizhou is rich in medicinal plant resources. However, their species and population are reducing progressively. Effective measures must be taken to protect the germ plasma resources and put them into rational uses for the utilization and sustainable development. Rare and endemic medicine species must be introduced for conservation, propagation and realization of GAP pilot cultivation. Resources must be used in an economical way and products must be made with a high technological content.

China↗
PubMed1998

Developing sustainable systems for nematode management.

Early researchers identified key concepts and developed tactics for multiple-option management of nematodes. Although the emphasis on integrated pest management over the past three decades has promoted strategies and tactics for nematode management, comprehensive studies on the related soil biology-ecology are relatively recent. Traditional management tactics include host resistance (where available), cultural tactics such as rotation with nonhosts, sanitation and avoidance, and destruction of residual crop roots, and the judicious use of nematicides. There have been advances in biological control of nematodes, but field-scale exploitation of this tactic remains to be realized. New technologies and resources are currently becoming central to the development of sustainable systems for nematode-pest-crop management: molecular diagnostics for nematode identification, genetic engineering for host resistance, and the elucidation and application of soil biology for general integrated cropping systems. The latter strategy includes the use of nematode-pest antagonistic cover crops, animal wastes, and limited tillage practices that favor growth-promoting rhizobacteria, earthworms, predatory mites, and other beneficial organisms while suppressing parasitic nematodes and other plant pathogens. Certain rhizobacteria may induce systemic host resistance to nematodes and, in some instances, to foliage pathogens. The systems focusing on soil biology hold great promise for sustainable crop-nematode management, but only a few research programs are currently involved in this labor-intensive endeavor.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Sustainable development and quality health care.

On the occasion of Development Week in Canada, Dr. Remi Sogunro spoke in February, 1994, about the many achievements of quality primary health care and PLAN's strategy to achieve sustainability. In one generation, under-5 mortality has been cut by a third. Deaths from measles has been reduced from 2.5 million to 1 million a year. Skeletal deformities from polio also have been reduced from 1/2 million to less than 140,000. Despite all this, there is much more to be attained. 35,000 children under 5 die from preventable diseases every day in developing countries. The health community is working hard to address these silent emergencies. PLAN International's primary health care program targets the poor and undeserved populations where diseases are prevalent. The main focus of PLAN's programs are mothers and children who are most vulnerable to disease. Key interventions that PLAN gives priority to are childhood and maternal immunization programs, including pre- and post-natal care for mothers. Other interventions under PLAN's comprehensive primary health care program include: control of diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections, growth monitoring, nutrition and control of STDs and HIV/AIDS infection, water and sanitation, family planning information and educational services, and rehabilitation of the handicapped. "Go in search of people, begin with what they know, build on what they have," goes a Chinese proverb. This also summarizes PLAN's guiding principle for achieving sustainable development: the importance of investing in people. PLAN's programs in the field build partnerships and empower communities. PLAN's emphasis on institution-building and capacity-building with local institutions is an important part of organizational strategy to ensure sustained development.

Achievement↗