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PubMed2006

Inter-specific synchrony of two contrasting ungulates: wild boar (Sus scrofa) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).

Very few studies on ungulates address issues of inter-specific synchrony in population responses to environmental variation such as climate. Depending on whether annual variation in performance of ungulate populations is driven by direct or indirect (trophic) interactions, very different predictions regarding the pattern of inter-specific synchrony can be derived. We compared annual autumn body mass variation in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Poland over the period 1982-2002, and related this to variation in winter and summer climate and plant phenological development [the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from satellites]. Roe deer fawns (approximately 1.3 kg increase from year 1982 to 2002) and yearlings both increased markedly in mass over years. There was also an increase for wild boar mass over years (approximately 4.2 kg increase for piglets from 1982 to 2002). Despite our failure to link annual body mass to spring or winter conditions or the NDVI, the body mass of roe deer and wild boar fluctuated in synchrony. As this was a field roe deer population, and since wild boar is an omnivore, we suggest this may be linked to annual variation and trends in crop structure (mainly rye). We urge future studies to take advantage of studying multiple species in order to gain further insight into processes of how climate affect ungulate populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Meiotic chromosome behaviour reflects levels of sequence divergence in Sus scrofa domestica satellite DNA.

We present a general model for the evolution of chromosome-specific satellite DNA subfamilies. Sus scrofa domestica has a bimodal karyotype with two autosomal subsets of 12 meta-/submetacentric (Mc) and 6 acrocentric (Ac) chromosome types (Mc and Ac "subgenomes"). We show that the centromeric heterochromatin is characterised by two distinct satellite DNA families designed Mc1 and Ac2. Mc1 is a diverse satellite family of the Mc subgenome of which certain members with a 100 bp repeat unit are found to occur at the pericentromeric regions of each Mc autosome, while others are chromosome-specific, e.g. clone Mc pAv1.5, a higher order repeat variant, which hybridises specifically to chromosome 1. Ac2 is a homogeneous satellite occurring at the subterminal pericentromeric regions of all Ac autosomes. DNA sequence analyses showed that all clones investigated are built up from a 14 bp repeat unit which is highly conserved. In situ hybridisation to meiotic pachytene nuclei revealed a distinct spatial arrangement of the Ac2 centromeric satellite.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term monitoring of classical swine fever in wild boar (Sus scrofa sp.) using serological data.

In the European Community, epizootics of classical swine fever (CSF) in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) are compulsorily monitored because transmission may occur between wild boars and domestic pigs, causing heavy economic losses to the pork industry. The estimation of incidence in populations of wild boars is generally based on viroprevalence. However, viral isolation becomes rare when the incidence is low because the virus cannot be detected for more than a few weeks following infection. On the contrary, seroprevalence is detectable at low incidence levels, because antibodies can be detected for the lifetime of the infected animal. We thus attempted to analyse the long-term evolution of CSF incidence using serological data. The data came from France, where CSF had been monitored from 1992 to 2002, and where the virus has not been detected since 1997. We assumed that the overall seroprevalence would estimate the proportion of immune wild boars, that seroprevalence in juveniles would approximate incidence and that seroprevalence in different age classes would show the evolution of incidence in a given cohort. Spatial and temporal trends of incidence and seroprevalence were explored using logistic modelling and the spatial trend was analysed using polynomial regression. In 1992, incidence peaked in the northern area. After 1993, incidence decreased but remained the highest in the northern area. After 2000, no seropositive juvenile was observed, suggesting the extinction of the epizootic. Our results support the reliability of serological monitoring since it allowed a longer detection of viral transmission and provided more information on the spatio-temporal evolution of incidence than did viral isolation. We advocate that the highest persistence of infection in northeastern France is not independent from infection persistence in Reinland-Pfalz (Germany). Such persistence may be due to favourable local conditions and/or the social organisation of wild boars.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) chromosome identification and suggested nomenclature.

Various banding techniques have been used for chromosome analysis in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). The techniques used in karyotype analysis were Q-banding by (CMA)2S, trypsin-G-banding, BrdU-Acridine-Orange R-Banding and C-banding. Sequential staining techniques of quinacrine-Giemsa were used to record the length of each chromosome and determine arm ratios. Sequential Quinacrine-Giemsa-Ag-AS treatment was used to locate the nucleolar organizer (NOR) on specific chromosomes. A G-C specific fluorochrome was used for reverse fluorescent banding and to differentiate certain chromosome regions which may contain G + C rich DNA. Unequivocal identification of all individual autosomes and sex-chromosomes in the porcine complement is now possible. The X-chromosome of the species has a banding pattern similar to the human X-chromosome. A nomenclature system similar to that used for human chromosomes is proposed for the G-banded and Q-banded karyotype of the domestic pig. The results of C-banding and olivomycin fluorescent banding suggest that at least three types of heterochromatin are contained in the porcine genome.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Relative age of proviral porcine endogenous retrovirus sequences in Sus scrofa based on the molecular clock hypothesis.

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) are discussed as putative infectious agents in xenotransplantation. PERV classes A, B, and C harbor different envelope proteins. Two different types of long terminal repeat (LTR) structures exist, of which both are present only in PERV-A. One type of LTR contains a distinct repeat structure in U3, while the other is repeatless, conferring a lower level of transcriptional activity. Since the different LTR structures are distributed unequally among the proviruses and, apparently, PERV is the only virus harboring two different LTR structures, we were interested in determining which LTR is the ancestor. Replication-competent viruses can still be found today, suggesting an evolutionary recent origin. Our studies revealed that the age of PERV is at most 7.6 x 10(6) years, whereas the repeatless LTR type evolved approximately 3.4 x 10(6) years ago, being the phylogenetically younger structure. The age determined for PERV correlates with the time of separation between pigs (Suidae, Sus scrofa) and their closest relatives, American-born peccaries (Tayassuidae, Pecari tajacu), 7.4 x 10(6) years ago.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Brainstem cells of origin of the cervical vagus and cardiopulmonary nerves in the neonatal pig (Sus scrofa).

The distribution of the cells of origin of the cervical vagus and cardiopulmonary nerves has been studied in neonatal piglets (Sus scrofa) ranging in age from 1 to 60 days. Cardiopulmonary nerves were identified physiologically and anatomically prior to injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the nerves. Following injection of HRP into the cervical vagus nerve retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV), the nucleus of the solitary tract, the nucleus ambiguus (NA), ventrolateral to the NA and in an intermediate zone between the DMV and the NA. Two unique clusters of neurons were also retrogradely labeled after injections into the vagus nerve. One group was located lateral to the most caudal levels of the DMV and extended as far caudally as the C1 spinal segment. The second distinctive group was located ventrolateral to the nucleus ambiguus in a cell column identified as the ventrolateral nucleus ambiguus (VLNA). After injections of HRP into cardiopulmonary nerves, the majority of neurons were found in the VLNA and the distinct clusters of neurons in this cell column were particularly heavily labeled. Small numbers of cells were labeled in the DMV and NA and none were labeled in the solitary nucleus after cardiopulmonary nerve injections. There were no apparent age-related differences in the degree or distribution of retrograde labeling. The distribution of neurons in the medulla oblongata projecting into cardiopulmonary nerves in the piglet is similar to that described in other species, i.e., the nucleus ambiguus, particularly its ventrolateral cell column, is the primary site of cardiomotor neurons. In addition, in the piglet there is a morphologically distinct cluster of cells related to the heart, and possibly the lungs, which does not appear to be present in other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Interfollicular smooth muscle in the skin of the domesticated pig (Sus scrofa).

An interfollicular smooth muscle that spans the triad of hair follicles has been identified in the skin of the domesticated pig (Sus scrofa). This muscle has been previously noted by other investigators and identified as an arrector pili muscle. However, it cannot be interpreted as such for the following reasons: 1) It lies opposite the arrector pili muscle on the follicle; 2) the orientation of its fibers is perpendicular to those of the arrector pili; 3) the two muscles are not continuous; their attachments are different; and 4) contraction of the interfollicular muscle would have little effect on erection of the hairs. Based on structural evidence, it is postulated that upon contraction the muscle draws the base of the three aligned follicles together into a triangular conformation. In so doing, it may rotate the outer two follicles of the triad. Its specific functional role is unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Undernutrition in relation to changed tissue composition in wild boar (Sus scrofa).

The effect of long term dietary restriction on the composition of liver, kidney, and several muscles was studied in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in order to evaluate the tissue protein content as an indicator for the nutritional status. Extreme undernutrition was associated with a relatively large weight reduction in liver and kidney. In liver and kidney, total protein content and the protein/DNA ratio were reduced through a reduction in both cell number and cell size. The lower protein/DNA ratios and the increased DNA concentration in the muscle of food restricted animals suggested only a reduction of cell size. The response to undernutrition varied considerably between two muscles. It was concluded that the DNA concentrations and the protein/DNA ratio in several tissues provides an additional tool for assessing nutritional status in living or shot wild boar.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of Rickettsia spp. in Dermacentor marginatus ticks removed from game pigs (Sus scrofa) in southern France.

During the months of October and November 2000 a total of 70 Dermacentor marginatus ticks were removed from different game pigs Sus scrofa in southern France and investigated by PCR using primers derived from the citrate synthase (gltA) and the outer membrane protein (OmpB) genes of rickettsiae. Based on sequence analysis of 1,150 bp fragment of gltA, Rickettsia slovaca was identified in 11 ticks (15.7%). These results confirm that Rickettsia slovaca, an emerging pathogen is highly prevalent in Dermacentor marginatus ticks in France. Moreover, a new Rickettsia genotype was detected in one specimen (1.4%). The pathogenic role of this new rickettsia has yet to be demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A comparative study of biochemical and immunological properties of triosephosphate isomerase from Taenia solium and Sus scrofa.

We produced the Taenia solium triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) in Escherichia coli and compared its biochemical and immunological properties with those of the commercial TPI from Sus scrofa. Taenia solium TPI is a homodimer composed of two 27-kDa monomers, with a specific activity of 5,683 U/mg and a Km value of 0.758, and S. scrofa TPI is also dimeric with similar monomeric molecular weight, specific activity of 4,227 U/mg, and a Km value of 0.51. The catalytic parameters for the isomerization of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, affinity between TPI monomers, and kinetic thermal denaturation and inactivation were similar for both enzymes. Anti-T. solium TPI antibodies cross-react weakly with Schistosoma mansoni TPI but do not cross-react with S. scrofa, human, or protozoan TPIs. These antibodies inhibited T. solium TPI activity but did not affect S. scrofa enzymatic activity. Immunizations with 1 microg of the T. solium TPI reduced 52% of cysticerci in a mouse-Taenia crassiceps model 1 mo after challenge. Our findings show that T. solium and S. scrofa TPIs possess similar biochemical and enzymatic properties but do not share immunological properties because anti-T. solium TPI antibodies did not recognize S. scrofa TPI. Inhibition of enzyme activity by anti-TPI antibodies suggests that they can be used as inhibitors of the enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Immunocytological study of the chronology of pituitary cytogenesis in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) with special reference to the functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis.

This paper reports an immunofluorescent study of the pituitary in the fetal pig (Sus scrofa). Fifteen antisera were used against most of the hormones present in the pituitary. Five types of hypophysial endocrine cells were observed in the anterior and intermediate lobes. We determined the sequential appearance of these various cell types in the fetus. The first hormones found at 33 days were ACTH, beta-MSH, beta- and gamma-LPH and alpha- and beta-endorphin; alpha-MSH appeared at 40 days and STH at 45 days. The glycoprotein hormones, LH (45 days), TSH (50 days) and FSH (60 days), appeared between 45 and 60 days. The density and staining of the gonadotropes increased up to 80 days, at which time they reached values similar to those of the adult. Prolactin was not found until 80 days. An anti-LHRH antiserum was used to study LHRH neuron differentiation between 30 and 70 days of pregnancy. The first immunoreactive perikaryons were found at 40 days but the immunoreactive fibers did not reach the median eminence until about 60 days. However, we observed differentiated capillary loops in the palisade layer of the median eminence only in the 70-day fetus. These results when compared with actual data on the differentiation of the reproductive function in the pig fetus permitted us to define an overall pattern of the differentiation and functioning of the fetal neuroendocrine hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal system in the porcine species. This pattern includes, (i) autodifferentiation and autofunctioning of the gonads and (ii) autodifferentiation of the pituitary with (iii) later assumption by the hypothalamus followed by a phase during which the whole reproductive system functions.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Morphometric characterization of the airway and vascular systems of the lung of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa: comparison of the airway, arterial and venous systems.

The bronchial system (BS), the pulmonary artery (PA) and the pulmonary vein (PV) of the lung of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa were simultaneously cast with silicone rubber and studied. Asymmetrical dichotomous bifurcation preponderated in the tree-like arrangement of the three conducting systems. Lengths and diameters of the various generations were measured. At the extremities of the BS and the PA, alveoli and blood capillaries related very closely. In the cranial and middle lobes of the right and left lungs, topographically, the PA and the PV closely followed the BS, but in the accessory and the caudal (diaphragmatic) lobes, only the PA accompanied the BS: the PV run intersegmentally. Certain similarities and differences were observed between the diameters and lengths of the various generations of the three conducting systems. The strong correlations between some of the structural parameters indicated a high level of structural optimization. While morphometric variations suggest that the air and the blood flow dynamics may somewhat differ between the three conducting systems, they may also register structural features unique to the lung of the domestic pig, an animal that has been highly genetically exploited for fast growth and now leads an indolent lifestyle in captivity.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in lymph nodes of wild boar (Sus scrofa) by a target-amplified test system.

A detailed macroscopic and histological description is given of tuberculous-like lesions in mandibular lymph nodes obtained from wild boar (Sus scrofa) collected in Italy during the 1995/1996 hunting season, as well as a correlation with results obtained from a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex target amplified test system. According to macroscopic appearance, lesions were largely represented by caseous-necrotic-calcified granulomata (n = 272/285; 95.4%), while histological investigations showed mainly necrotic-calcified (n = 82/218; 37.6%) and fibronecrotic-calcified (n = 81/218; 37.2%) lesions. When tested with a target rRNA amplification/hybridization technique to detect M. tuberculosis complex, 112 (43.6%) samples out of 275 tested gave positive results.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Field observations on aggressive and sexual behavior of the European wild swine (Sus scrofa L.)].

This ethogram of the fighting and sexual behaviour of European wild hogs is supposed to serve as a basis for further research on the social behaviour of Sus scrofa L. The observations were recorded in writing respectively on cassette recorder as well as photographed and filmed. Behaviour patterns of the European wild hogs which were wrongly interpreted or not yet described could be documented. Being comparatively original, omnivorous social Artiodactyla, Suidae are well comparable with other Artiodactyla, with Perissodactyla, Carnivora and their domesticated types. There might also be references to the origin and development of behaviour patterns in various zoological categories or on reductions of social behaviour in domestication.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Identification of 5alpha-androst-1-ene-3beta,17beta-diol in the fat of Sus scrofa L.: a "nutritional supplement" not found previously in the food supply.

5alpha-Androst-1-ene-3beta,17beta-diol (1) was detected in extracts from fat of Sus scrofa L. (pig) by comparison with the commercially available synthetic compound, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This observation is unprecedented because 1 is currently sold as a nutritional supplement, yet has not been previously reported as naturally occurring in the food supply.

Androstenediol↗
PubMed1994

Sedation of wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) with medetomidine and the influence on some haematological and serum biochemical variables.

Medetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist, was tested for the sedation of wild boar (Sus scrofa) (n = 6) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) (n = 7). The effectivity of this drug and the dose required for handling, blood sampling, and minor surgery were established for both species. In addition the effect of medetomidine sedation on haematological and serum biochemical variables was studied. All animals used were clinically normal females aged approximately 1.5 years. The minimal dose required to sedate a wild boar was 80 micrograms/kg (i.m.). The induction time was 35-50 min, and the sedation time was between 40 and 55 min; however, the sedation was insufficient. The minimal dose required for red deer was 80 micrograms/kg (i.m.). Blood sampling and minor surgery could be carried out without any problem. The induction time was 21-29 min and the sedation time was between 120 and 210 min. The alpha-2 antagonist atipamezole (300 micrograms/kg) was effective in reversing sedation, with recovery occurring between 3 and 9 min. Medetomidine sedation influenced the blood composition of wild boar. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume decreased by about 20% (P < 0.002), total serum protein content decreased slightly (P = 0.011), and the glucose concentration nearly doubled (P = 0.002).

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Myelosuppression in the pig (Sus scrofa): uteroferrin reduces the myelosuppressive effects of 5-fluorouracil in young pigs.

The present study investigated the ability of uteroferrin to modulate the myelosuppressive effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in young pigs (Sus scrofa). Pigs (28-35 days of age; n = 6 per treatment) were infused with equal amounts of 5-FU on days 0 and 1 of the experimental period (37.5 mg/kg cumulative dose). Uteroferrin (100 micrograms/kg in 0.9% NaCl) or control (equivalent volume of 0.9% NaCl) was administered to pigs as intramuscular injections twice daily (08:00 and 20:00 hr) on days 1 through 21. Peripheral blood cell number, composition and progenitor cells were determined over 28 days. Treatment of pigs with 5-FU resulted in a rapid dose-dependent (P < 0.05) leukocytopenia. Concurrent treatment of pigs with uteroferrin reduced (P < 0.05) the rate of 5-FU-induced leukocytopenia (44 vs 77 +/- 7% decline from baseline on day 3) and enhanced (P < 0.05), the recovery from 5-FU on days 10 and 12 postinfusion. The positive effect of uteroferrin on leukocytes resulted primarily from a protection and/or enhanced recovery of neutrophils and monocytes. In addition, uteroferrin attenuated (P < 0.05) the suppression of red blood cell numbers after 5-FU administration (6.9 vs 6.1 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) cells/microliter on day 3), an affect reflected in increased hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations. The effects of uteroferrin appeared to result from enhancement of the proliferation and/or differentiation of primitive pluripotent stem cells resistant to 5-FU, as concurrent treatment of pigs with uteroferrin resulted in a protection and/or enhanced recovery (P < 0.05) of CFU-GEMM, CFU-GM and BFU-E progenitor cells in the peripheral blood. These results are the first to demonstrate that uteroferrin can reduce the myelosuppressive effects of 5-FU in the pig and suggest that uteroferrin has hematopoietic growth factor activity in vivo.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Uteroferrin and recombinant bovine GM-CSF modulate the myelosuppressive effects of 5-fluorouracil in young female pigs (Sus scrofa).

The present study investigated the ability of uteroferrin and recombinant bovine granulocyte monocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rbGM-CSF) to modulate the myelosuppressive effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in young female pigs (Sus scrofa). Pigs (N = 3/treatment) were infused with 5-FU (32.5 mg/kg) on days 0 and 1 of the experimental period. Uteroferrin (100 micrograms/kg in 0.9% NaCl), rbGM-CSF (10 micrograms/kg in 0.9% NaCl), uteroferrin + rbGM-CSF (as above) or control (0.9% NaCl) were administered as intramuscular injections twice daily (0800 and 2000 hr). Peripheral blood cell number, composition, and progenitor cells were determined over 28 days. Treatment of pigs with 5-FU resulted in a rapid leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia (nadirs on days 5 and 7, respectively) and a modest decrease (P < 0.05) in red blood cell (RBC) number (nadir on day 14). Although nor affecting RBC and thrombocytes, treatment of pigs with uteroferrin had an initial protective effect (P < 0.05) on the 5-FU-induced leukocytopenia (63 and 64 vs 48 and 39 +/- 6% of baseline on days 3 and 5, respectively). In contrast, rbGM-CSF enhanced (P < 0.05) the rate of the leukocytopenia and had only minor effects on thrombocyte numbers relative to controls. These effects appeared to be additive, as pigs treated with uteroferrin + rbGM-CSF had a reduced rate of leukocytopenia compared to pigs treated with rbGM-CSF alone. Uteroferrin + rbGM-CSF also attenuated (P < 0.05) the suppression and enhanced (P < 0.05) recovery of RBC and thrombocyte numbers following 5-FU treatment. In control pigs, a modest rebound leukocytosis (122 +/- 6% of baseline) and thrombocytosis (141 +/- 9% of baseline) was evident. Uteroferrin enhanced (P < 0.05) the rebound leukocytosis (135 +/- 6% of baseline), but attenuated (P < 0.05) the thrombocytosis. In contrast, rbGM-CSF enhanced (P < 0.05) the duration of the leukocytosis during the recovery phase, an effect augmented by the combination of uteroferrin + rbGM-CSF. In addition, treatment with uteroferrin + rbGM-CSF resulted in a sustained thrombocytosis (days 12 to 21). As indicated by changes in CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEMM progenitor cells in peripheral blood, the effects of uteroferrin and rbGM-CSF appeared to reflect their ability to enhance the proliferation and/or differentiation of both similar and distinct hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Acid Phosphatase↗