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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Ontogeny of the stretch response in the rat fetus: kappa opioid involvement.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the kappa opioid system is functional and plays a role in mediating the stretch response of the rat fetus on Day 21 of gestation. In this study, a kappa opioid agonist (U50,488) was administered on Days 19, 20, or 21, and fetal behavior was recorded after infusion of either milk or saline. Activation of the kappa opioid system promoted stretching in response to saline on Days 20 and 21. Although fetuses on Day 19 did not stretch, videotape analysis indicated that kappa opioid manipulation promoted modest increases in rearlimb activity and changes in fetal body posture that typically occur antecedent to the stretch. These findings suggest that functional maturity, of the kappa opioid system may be a limiting factor in the expression of the fetal stretch response.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed1989

A noninvasive method for determining patterns of milk intake in the breast-fed infant.

A noninvasive adaptation of the test-weighing method has been devised for continuously monitoring milk intake in breast-fed infants. This procedure consists of counting the number of swallows from videotaped sessions of individual feeds and correlating them to the corresponding pre- and postnursing weights of the infants. The method has been tested on four nursing sessions in twins aged 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 months. A high correlation was found between swallow counts and weight gain of the babies. The patterns of milk intake as monitored by these two parameters were similar. This method has the advantage of not disrupting the natural nursing process because test-weighing during the feeding session is not necessary. In addition, it allows for longitudinal studies and uses relatively simple equipment, i.e., a balance and a video camera. It is further suggested that monitoring swallowing in the manner described herein may be a valuable addition to studies on sucking behavior in human infants. Finally, it is noted from the data presented that the pattern of milk transfer in a mother breast-feeding twins is different from that observed in mothers breast-feeding singletons who were monitored by means of a cross-sectional test-weighing procedure.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1988

Rearing cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) on surrogate mothers with bottle feeding.

Fifty-two cynomolgus monkeys were reared in peer groups on surrogate mothers and fed by bottle during the first months of life. A description of the technique of bottle feeding and the structure of surrogate mothers is presented. Results are shown in a growth curve. Inter-individual differences in body weight were very large. The mean weight was higher in males than in females, but no significant sex differences in growth occurred. The weight of mother-reared infants stayed within the standard deviation of the mean weight of the artificially-reared subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Interaction between the alpha 2-adrenergic system and nursing in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in the neonatal rat.

Separation of neonatal rats from their mothers decreases, while a subsequent period of suckling (nursing) increases, serum growth hormone (GH) levels in neonatal rats. Milk-borne (humoral) factors and neural factors inherent in mother-offspring interaction have been implicated in these phenomena. Conflicting reports have demonstrated the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine to increase and to decrease serum GH levels in 10-day-old rats. The present experiments were aimed at testing whether an interaction between the alpha 2-adrenergic system and the nursing-induced changes in GH secretion could account for the discrepancy. Rat pups were treated with clonidine (150 micrograms/kg) or the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (10 mg/kg), and the drug treatment was combined with separation of the mothers and nursing. Yohimbine did not affect serum GH levels in separated two-day-old pups (i.e. basal levels of the hormone), but prevented the nursing-induced increase in serum GH concentration. In two-day-old pups, clonidine had no effect on basal GH levels but, like yohimbine, prevented the increase in serum GH normally associated with nursing. Both yohimbine and clonidine prevented active sucking behavior, i.e. the pups did not search for and/or attach to the nipples of their mothers. Moreover, the pups treated with yohimbine and clonidine were cooler to the touch than the littermate controls. In eight-day-old pups, yohimbine prevented the nursing-induced increase in serum GH and decreased GH levels below the saline-injected, separated control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Differential calming responses to sucrose taste in crying infants with and without colic.

BACKGROUND: Colic is a behavioral syndrome of early infancy of unknown etiology whose core symptom is increased crying. Both clinical anecdotal descriptions and controlled observations converge in suggesting that a defining characteristic of the crying behavior is the longer duration of the crying bouts, especially during the second month of life when colic is at its peak. This implies that, once infants with colic begin crying, they do not calm as well as infants without colic. To investigate this difference objectively, we used response to sucrose taste as a probe of colic-normal differences in regulation of crying for three reasons. First, sucrose taste has been shown to be a potent regulator of crying in human newborns. Second, convergent evidence from studies in both nonhuman and human infants suggests that sucrose calming reflects the function of central distress regulatory systems that are opioid-dependent. Third, effectiveness of sucrose calming diminishes in normal infants by 4 to 6 weeks of age, consistent with the developmental increase in crying duration common to infants with and without colic. Consequently we predicted that, if the regulation of crying by sucrose taste is relevant to the crying of infants with colic, calming responses to sucrose taste should be less effective in 6-week-old infants with colic compared with those without. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical observation that infants with and without colic differ in their ability to regulate their crying behavior, our primary objective was to determine if there were differential crying responses to intraoral sucrose tastes (relative to water) in crying infants with and without colic. Based on previous studies of calming responses to sucrose taste, it was predicted that sucrose-specific calming before a feeding would be less effective in infants with colic than in those without. A secondary and more exploratory aim was to assess calming responses to sucrose (relative to water) on spontaneous crying after a feed in both groups. METHODS: Nineteen infants meeting modified Wessel's criteria for colic were compared with 19 age- and sex-matched normal infants without colic in a within-subject controlled observation of calming and mouthing responses to both intraoral sucrose and water tastes. Both before and after two feedings on the same day, each infant was observed until she or he cried continuously for 15 consecutive seconds, at which time three 250-microL tastes of 48% sucrose solution or sterile water were administered 30 seconds apart, and infant responses videotaped. Outcome measures derived from second-by-second coding of the videorecordings were percent time crying per minute for 4 minutes and percent time mouthing per minute for 2 minutes after stimulus administration. RESULTS: As predicted, the crying of infants with colic was less affected than the crying of infants without colic after sucrose but not water tastes before feedings. After feedings, the crying of infants with colic was less affected than the crying of infants without colic for both sucrose and water tastes, and sucrose was more effective than water in both groups of infants. These calming differences could not be attributed to differences in mouthing responses because the calming effects persisted after mouthing ceased, and there were no differences in mouthing responses between groups before or after feedings. CONCLUSIONS: As in newborns, a significant calming effect of sucrose taste that persisted beyond the cessation of mouthing could be elicited in crying 6-week-old infants, but it required a stronger taste stimulus to do so. As predicted, infants with colic were less effectively calmed by sucrose taste than infants without. These differential effects could not be accounted for by differences in crying when the stimulus was applied or by differences in mouthing behavior. Before a feed, these differences in calming were specific to sucrose taste. After a feed, infants with c

Colic↗
PubMed1978

Social and reproductive behaviors in surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

A colony of 16 surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys was observed for the adequacy of social and reproductive behaviors at maturity. Aside from some self-directed abnormalities centering around nonnutritive orality, this group was behaviorally normal in spite of having no contacts with mother-reared, older conspecifics. Half (N=5) of the females gave birth, with four infants viable. One infant has remained with the colony and is thriving. The other three remained with the group for as long as 42 days before death or removal. Maternal care appeared adequate. Mean estimated conception age for females was 35 months, and the mean impregnation age for males was estimated to be 42 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Does fetal sexuality exist?].

From a personal observation of a male fetus oro-genital contact we made a preliminary multicentric study which shows some rare similar cases. Others oral or manual behaviours, containing perhaps some sexual significance are frequently observed but not yet published.

Female↗