The effect of cold stress, ACTH, cortisone, pyrogen, and nitrogen mustard on tissue mast cells in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the rat.
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
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Protein concentration and hydrostatic pressure in subcutaneous tissue of rats in hypoproteinemia.
Protein concentration and hydrostatic pressure were measured in subcutaneous tissue of rats during development of aminonucleoside nephrosis. Samples of interstitial fluid for protein analysis were collected from subcutaneous tissue by a wick method, and hydrostatic pressure was measured by a modified Scholander technique. When the serum protein concentration was reduced from 6.1 to 4.8 g/100 ml, interstitial fluid protein concentration fell from 3.0 to 1.1 g/100 ml. This corresponds to a reduction of calculated oncotic pressures from 18.0 to 13.0 mm Hg and from 7.8 to 3.0 mm Hg in serum and interstitial fluid, respectively, thus leaving a nearly constant net transcapillary oncotic pressure. When serum protein concentration was further reduced to 3.8 g/100 ml, interstitial fluid protein concentration was reduced to 0.5 g/100 ml, reducing net transcapillary oncotic pressure by 2-3 mm Hg. The average hydrostatic pressure in subcutis was 1.0 mm Hg subatmospheric under control conditions and did not change during hypoproteinemia. The results indicate that a reduction of interstitial protein concentration is an important factor in preventing edema formation in hypoproteinemia.
Animals↗
A correlation between sequestered parasitized erythrocytes in subcutaneous tissue and cerebral malaria.
Sequestered parasitized erythrocytes were found in microvessels of subcutaneous tissues in a comatose patient with cerebral malaria even though the blood smears were negative after quinine treatment. This situation reflects the continued presence of sequestered parasites in the brain and suggests that negative parasitemia in peripheral blood does not necessarily mean the end point of malarial treatment has been reached. Our findings suggest that biopsy of subcutaneous tissue from severe malaria patients may be useful for determining the severity and prognosis of malaria patients.
Adult↗
Subcutaneous tissue approximation in relation to wound disruption after cesarean delivery in obese women.
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that closure of the subcutaneous fat decreases the incidence of wound disruption after cesarean delivery. METHODS: Two hundred forty-five women with at least 2 cm of subcutaneous fat were randomized to closure of the Camper fascia or no closure with cesarean delivery. RESULTS: Complications leading to disruption or opening of the incision were classified as wound seromas in 28 women (11.4%) and as wound infections in 17 (7.0%). The relative risk (RR) of seroma formation in the subcutaneous closure group was 0.3 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.1-0.7 (5.1 versus 17.2%), a statistically significant difference. There was no significant difference in the incidence of wound infections in the two study groups. Overall, there was a significant difference in the incidence of wound disruption from all causes between the two groups: 14.5% in the subcutaneous closure group compared with 26.6% when the subcutaneous tissues were not reapproximated (RR 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.9). CONCLUSION: Closure of the subcutaneous tissue can significantly reduce the rate of postoperative wound disruption in women with at least 2 cm of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Adult↗
Human subcutaneous tissue distribution of fluconazole: comparison of microdialysis and suction blister techniques.
AIMS: To investigate uptake of fluconazole into the interstitial fluid of human subcutaneous tissue using the microdialysis and suction blister techniques. METHODS: A sterile microdialysis probe (CMA/60) was inserted subcutaneously into the upper arm of five healthy volunteers following an overnight fast. Blisters were induced on the lower arm using gentle suction prior to ingestion of a single oral dose of fluconazole (200 mg). Microdialysate, blister fluid and blood were sampled over 8 h. Fluconazole concentrations were determined in each sample using a validated HPLC assay. In vivo recovery of fluconazole from the microdialysis probe was determined in each subject by perfusing the probe with fluconazole solution at the end of the 8 h sampling period. Individual in vivo recovery was used to calculate fluconazole concentrations in subcutaneous interstitial fluid. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to predict fluconazole concentrations in human subcutaneous interstitial fluid. RESULTS: There was a lag-time (approximately 0.5 h) between detection of fluconazole in microdialysate compared with plasma in each subject. The in vivo recovery of fluconazole from the microdialysis probe ranged from 57.0 to 67.2%. The subcutaneous interstitial fluid concentrations obtained by microdialysis were very similar to the unbound concentrations of fluconazole in plasma with maximum concentration of 4.29 +/- 1.19 microg ml(-1) in subcutaneous interstitial fluid and 3.58 +/- 0.14 microg ml(-1) in plasma. Subcutaneous interstitial fluid-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) of fluconazole was 1.16 +/- 0.22 (95% CI 0.96, 1.35). By contrast, fluconazole concentrations in blister fluid were significantly lower (P < 0.05, paired t-test) than unbound plasma concentrations over the first 3 h and maximum concentrations in blister fluid had not been achieved at the end of the sampling period. There was good agreement between fluconazole concentrations derived from microdialysis sampling and those estimated using a blood flow-limited PBPK model. CONCLUSIONS: Microdialysis and suction blister techniques did not yield comparable results. It appears that microdialysis is a more appropriate technique for studying the rate of uptake of fluconazole into subcutaneous tissue. PBPK model simulation suggested that the distribution of fluconazole into subcutaneous interstitial fluid is dependent on tissue blood flow.
Adult↗
Effect of diet on infant subcutaneous tissue triglyceride fatty acids.
Having demonstrated a deficiency in infant cerebral cortex docosahexaenoic acid of formula fed compared with breast milk fed infants, we sought to identify why the extensive subcutaneous tissue triglyceride fatty acid reserves in term new-born infants appeared to be ineffectual in its prevention. In addition to 24 term and six preterm infants who died from 'cot death', tissue was analysed from four perinatal surgical patients and in the former the results were correlated with dietary milk intake. The higher amounts (about 15% by weight) of unsaturated linoleic acid supplied in the formula milks were quantitatively incorporated into the subcutaneous tissue largely at the expense of the saturated palmitic acid possibly compromising adipocyte fluidity. The six preterm infants were in two formula fed groups and there was only one significant difference, namely a higher subcutaneous tissue concentration of alpha-linolenic acid in one of the preterm groups, distinguishing them from their term counterparts. This may imply that the enzymes involved in absorption and digestion of fatty acids are mature in the preterm infant. From birth the mean weight percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (0.4%) fell rapidly to undetectable levels (< 0.05%) in the formula fed group after about two months. It is therefore concluded that if breast feeding is not possible then a minimum daily requirement of 30 mg docosahexaenoic acid (approximately 0.2 g/100 g fatty acids) should be supplied in formulas designed for term infants to prevent the cerebral cortical deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid.
Adipose Tissue↗
Mammographic abnormalities of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.
Primary attention is often directed toward examination of the breast parenchyma rather than the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Important radiographic changes should not be overlooked in this latter area because they may be the only sign of disease within the breast or draw attention to accompanying pathologic change in the underlying breast tissue. Three categories of abnormality are seen in the skin and subcutaneous tissue: (1) skin thickening, either diffuse or focal; (2) calcifications; and (3) subcutaneous masses. Examples of these are illustrated, and imaging strategies, including ultrasound and CT, are discussed.
Adipose Tissue↗
Sonography of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.
Recent developments in US instrumentation, in particular the advent of 20-MHz transducers, have made B-mode US imaging of the skin feasible. Various pathologic conditions of the skin, mainly tumors and inflammatory diseases, can now be visualized, measured and monitored. The widely available 7.5- and 10-MHz transducers are adequate for the examination of subcutaneous tissues. The knowledge of the normal anatomy of skin and subcutaneous tissues helps diagnose such pathologic conditions as epidermoid and sebaceous cysts, benign and malignant tumors (nevi, hemangiomas, dermatofibromas, melanomas, lipomas, angiomas and angiosarcomas), inflammatory processes (inflammatory dermatoses, panniculites), traumas and foreign bodies. US was also used to measure subcutaneous fat thickness, especially in malnutrition, diabetes mellitus and acromegaly or in the patients treated with pentoine. Finally, US was employed to guide the needle into the veins of the patients with diffuse edema. Thanks to its excellent spatial resolution and cost-effectiveness, high-resolution US is expected to be used more extensively in the evaluation of skin and subcutaneous tissues.
Cysts↗
Effects of blood flow, curved boundary and environmental conditions on temperature distribution in a two dimensional model of human skin and subcutaneous tissues.
A mathematical model for the study of the effects of blood flow, metabolic heat production, various environmental conditions and the presence of a curved boundary on the temperature distribution (TD) in a two dimensional model of human skin and subcutaneous tissues (SST) is presented. Based on physiological properties, the interfaces between epidermis-dermis (IED) and dermis-subcutaneous tissues (IDS) have been considered to be irregular and the regions of these layers have been divided into 109 triangular elements of various sizes which are connected with each other by 70 nodes. The results computed from this thermobiological mathematical model, using Galerkin's finite element technique, have been exhibited graphically. The effects of various environmental conditions, blood flow and metabolic heat production are found to be nonuniform on TD at the nodes situated at the same depth in SST. This nonuniformity in TD almost disappears at the nodes situated in dermis nearest to IDS except for the two of the six combinations, considered in the present study, in which highest values of blood flow and metabolic heat production have been considered. The rate of fall of temperature with respect to thickness (towards the skin surface) is higher at the straight boundary (SB) than at the curved boundary (CB). The temperature increases with respect to width (from SB to CB) in epidermis and dermis but decreases in subcutaneous tissues. This increase or decrease of temperature is more pronounced at the nodes situated near to, or at CB. The trend of these temperature profiles in SST reflects the dependence of TD not only on the environmental conditions and biophysical variables but also on the geometry of SST.
Body Temperature Regulation↗
A possible correlation between histological changes in regional subcutaneous tissue induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and their adjuvant activities.
Previously it was demonstrated that Klebsiella pneumoniae O3 lipopolysaccharide (KO3 LPS) exhibited much stronger adjuvant action on antibody response to subcutaneously (s.c.) injected sheep red blood cells or deaggregated bovine serum albumin than did other kinds of LPS, the R-form LPS lacking the O-specific polysaccharide chain of KO3 LPS (R-LPS), and the lipid A fractionated from KO3 LPS. We compared histological changes in the regional subcutaneous tissues of mice injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with KO3 LPS, the lipid A, and R-LPS. At the early stage after injection, KO3 LPS induced the infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells, mainly polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), at the site of injection. Neither R-LPS nor the lipid A induced the accumulation of PMN so much as KO3 LPS did. When injected s.c. with LPS from Escherichia coli O111 (EO111 LPS) and O55 (EO55 LPS), and Salmonella enteritidis (Sent LPS), the appearance of PMN at the regional site was much less than KO3 LPS. KO3 LPS could accumulate more 51Cr-labeled leukocytes at the injection site than EO111 LPS and Sent LPS. Administration of acetylsalicylic acid, which can inhibit leukocyte migration in inflammatory lesions, suppressed its adjuvant action. It was therefore suggested that the strong adjuvant action of KO3 LPS in s.c. injection might be dependent on its potent capability of accumulating PMN at the regional subcutaneous tissue. Furthermore, at the late stage after injection, the formation of several lymphoid follicles at the regional site was seen only in mice injected with KO3 LPS. It might be also related to the strong adjuvant action of KO3 LPS.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
The relationship between subcutaneous tissue pressures and intramuscular pressures in normal and edematous legs.
The interstitial hydrostatic pressure is affecting fluid movements at microvascular level. A disturbance in the Starling equilibrium results in edema formation. The effect of venous outflow and lymphatic obstructions in human, on the interstitial fluid pressures subcutaneously and intramuscularly and the possible interaction between veins and lymphatics was studied. Utilizing a slit-catheter technique, subcutaneous tissue and intramuscular pressures were measured bilaterally in 10 patients with venous outflow obstruction and in 10 patients with lymphatic obstruction. In lymphatic obstruction the subcutaneous tissue pressure was significantly elevated as well as the intramuscular pressure, while in venous obstruction the subcutaneous tissue pressure was normal. The intramuscular pressure was significantly elevated during exercise reaching 60 mm Hg or more, combined with severe pain. Pain did not occur in patients with lymphatic obstruction. This study suggests that in lymphatic obstruction there is also an involvement of either deep lymphatics, venous dysfunction or a combination of both. Intramuscular pressures do not reach the critical level for pain during exercise. In venous obstruction mainly the intramuscular compartment is involved and interstitial pressure reaches values well above 60 mm Hg during exercise, at which level pain occurs, possibly due to tension of painreceptors in the muscle fascias.
Adult↗
Primary lymphedema of the leg: relationship between subcutaneous tissue pressure, intramuscular pressure and venous function.
In eight patients with unilateral primary lymphedema, subcutaneous tissue and intramuscular pressure were measured in both legs using the slit-catheter technique. Venous function was assessed by venography, or Doppler or photoplethysmography. Both at rest and during exercise, subcutaneous tissue pressure was elevated in the lymphedematous leg (17.9 +/- 7.6 and 33.0 +/- 10.8 mmHg respectively) compared to healthy contralateral leg (0.4 +/- 2.6 and -0.6 +/- 3.6 mmHg; p less than 0.001). The intramuscular pressure in the anterior tibial compartment was also increased at rest and during exercise in the edematous leg (24.9 +/- 4.4 mmHg and 43.6 +/- 11.2 mmHg respectively) compared to control leg (9.6 +/- 5.6 and 25.8 +/- 10.00 mmHg). These findings suggest that derangements in both the superficial and deep lymphatic systems as well as venous dysfunction contribute to the clinical appearance of "primary lymphedema."
Adult↗
Biosynthesis of branched-chain fatty acids from branched-chain amino acids in subcutaneous tissue of the marine little toothed whale, Stenella caeruleo-alba.
1. The conversion mechanism for 14CO2 from [14C]Leu, [14C]Ile and [14C]Val and the incorporation of 14C-amino acids into lipids of subcutaneous tissue (melon and blubber), liver and muscle of the adult whale, Stenella caeruleo-alba were studied using a tissue culture method. 2. Iso-acids such as -5:0, -11:0; -13:0 and -15:0 in melon triglycerides were biosynthesized from [14C]Leu. On the other hand, anteiso-acids such as -5:0, -11:0, -13:0, -15:0 and n-11:0 - n-16:0 acids were derived from [14C]Ile. 3. Iso-acids such as -4:0, -12:0, -14:0 and 16:0 were biosynthesized from [14C]Val. 4. Analytical data indicate that the compositions of these acids biosynthesized were similar to that of fatty acids in whale oil. 5. The branched-chain fatty acid biosynthesized in blubber was iso-5:0 acid from [14C]Leu, with no long-chain branched acids, but n-12:0, -14:0 and -16.0 acids were also biosynthesized. 6. Radioactivities derived from 14C-amino acids incorporated into lipids in liver and muscle were extremely low compared with those in subcutaneous tissue. 7. The ratios of 14C-lipids/14CO2 in every 14C-amino acid incorporation were higher in subcutaneous tissue than in liver and muscle, and especially in the case of [14C]Leu, the ratio in melon was quite high. 8. The incorporation of the 14C-amino acids into short- and long-chain acids and alcohols of wax esters was recognized in all experiments.
Adipose Tissue↗
Two new species of Philometra (Nematoda: Philometridae) from needlefishes (Belonidae) in Iraq, with a key to Philometra spp. parasitic in the host's subcutaneous tissue, fins and musculature.
Two new nematode species, Philometra strongylurae sp. n. and Philometra tylosuri sp. n., are described from female specimens collected from needlefishes (Belonidae, Beloniformes) off the Fao coast, Basrah, Persian Gulf, in Iraq. Philometra strongylurae (gravid females with larvae) was recorded from the subcutaneous tissue, muscles of beak and gills of Strongylura leiura (type host) and S. strongylura, whereas P. tylosuri (nongravid females) from the musculature and the subcutaneous tissue of Tylosurus crocodilus. The former is characterized mainly by the presence of eight markedly large cephalic papillae, conspicuously large anterior oesophageal bulb and by the length of body (15-20 mm); the latter by eight minute cephalic papillae, poorly developed oesophageal bulb and by the body length (46-72 mm). A key to Philometra spp. with gravid females parasitic in the subcutaneous tissue, fins or musculature of fishes is provided.
Animals↗
Screening efficacy of the subcutaneous tissue width/femur length ratio for fetal macrosomia in the non-diabetic pregnancy.
BACKGROUND: Antenatal weight estimations have limited sensitivity and specificity for the detection of macrosomia. The objective of our study was to examine the screening efficacy of the subcutaneous tissue width/femur length ratio for the intrapartum detection of fetal macrosomia in a non-diabetic population at term. STUDY DESIGN: Intrapartum sonographic measurements were performed in 178 well-dated gravidas at 37-41 weeks' gestation with negative glucose tolerance screens. The biparietal diameter, femur length (FL), abdominal circumference and subcutaneous tissue width of the thigh (SCT) were determined. Subsequently, predictions for macrosomia (actual birth weights above the 90th centile) were made using varying cut-off points of the examined parameters or estimated fetal weights. RESULTS: Macrosomia occurred in 27 newborns (15.1%). The SCT/FL ratio was independent of gestational age (r = -0.017). Maternal age, gravidity, parity, gestational age and the ratio of male-to-female infants were similar in pregnancies resulting in appropriate-for-gestational-age and macrosomic infants (NS). There was no difference in the SCT/FL ratio between these groups (p = 0.067; 99% power to detect 2 standard deviation differences). Comparison of screening efficacy by the univariate z score for the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (theta) revealed that the abdominal circumference had the best sensitivity-specificity trade-off (theta = 0.8843; p < 0.0001 for comparison with SCT/FL ROC curve), followed by weight estimations based on the Hadlock formula (theta = 0.8773; p < 0.0005), the Shepard formula (theta = 0.8606; p < 0.0001), subcutaneous tissue thickness alone (theta = 0.6872; p < 0.01) and the SCT/FL ratio (theta = 0.6303). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the SCT/FL ratio is a poor sonographic predictor of fetal macrosomia in the non-diabetic pregnancy and does not improve fetal weight estimations by conventional sonographic parameters.
Adolescent↗
Effect of spinal sympathetic blockade upon local regulation of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue.
The influence of spinal sympathetic blockade upon local regulation of blood flow in subcutaneous adipose tissue was investigated in six subjects. The effect of changes in orthostatic pressure on blood flow in subcutaneous tissue in the crus and distal forearm was measured before and after sympathetic blockade obtained by epidural anesthesia in 4 subjects and by a bilateral sympathectomy in 2 patients suffering from manual hyperhidrosis. Blood flow in subcutaneous tissue measured by 133Xe washout technique decreased by about 40 per cent when the limb was lowered, and remained constant during 30 cm elevation. This was found both before and after the blockade, though in one of the patients, the orthostatic decrease in blood flow was less pronounced 24 h after sympathectomy. Hence central sympathetic reflexes do not alter local orthostatic changes of blood flow in subcutaneous tissue. These changes therefore are most likely due to local mechanisms.
Adipose Tissue↗
Simultaneous monitoring of levodopa, dopamine and their metabolites in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissue in different pharmacological conditions using microdialysis.
Microdialysis, in combination with ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection is described for the simultaneous determination of levodopa, dopamine, 3-O-methyldopa and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the extracellular space of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissue in vivo in beagle dog. The relative recoveries in vitro for levodopa, dopamine, 3-O-methyldopa and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with a 16 mm probe at a flow rate of 5 microliters min-1 were 29.1, 25.1, 34.7 and 30.1%, respectively. This technique was then applied for three types of pharmacological experiments. In the first experiment L-dopa was administered without carbidopa pretreatment, in the second one, L-dopa was administered following carbidopa pretreatment, and in the last experiment, following pretreatment with both carbidopa and the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, OR-611. After the administration of levodopa without carbidopa pretreatment, all four compounds could be detected in dialysates from skeletal muscle, whereas dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were not found in dialysates from subcutaneous tissue. After the administration of levodopa following carbidopa pretreatment and following pretreatment with both carbidopa and OR-611 all compounds could be measured except for dopamine. This method enables the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of levodopa to be studied in subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle simultaneously.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
Ultrasound-guided retrieval of small foreign objects in subcutaneous tissue.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To identify the physical properties of the materials most easily located in subcutaneous tissue through the use of conventional ultrasound. METHODS: High-resolution real-time sonography was performed by a credentialed sonographer on a chicken breast impregnated with five objects-a metal paper clip, a wooden toothpick, a plastic coffee stirrer, a shard of glass, and an 18-gauge needle. Transducer frequencies ranging from 3.5 to 7.5 MHz with linear, curvilinear, and sector-scanning formats were used. All images were interpreted by a staff attending radiologist with other study authors present. The chicken breast was then subjected to radiography for comparison. RESULTS: Wood yielded the strongest acoustic shadow; plastic had the next-best acoustic shadowing. The 7.5-MHz probe yielded its best resolution at shallow depths, whereas the 5-MHz probe was best at greater depths. CONCLUSION: We conclude that ultrasonography is an excellent technique for the localization and retrieval of nonradiopaque foreign objects in the superficial subcutaneous tissue. It should be given consideration for use in the removal of nonradiopaque superficial foreign objects when conventional radiographic techniques are not effective.
Animals↗