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PubMed1976

State legislation on abortion after Roe v. Wade: selected constitutional issues.

Over the past three years, a great volume of legislation on abortion has been produced by state legislatures in an attempt to fill the vacuum created by the United States Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade. This Article examines several of the most common types of statutory provisions and assesses their constitutionality in light of Roe v. Wade and other applicable federal and state legal standards.

Aborted Fetus↗
PubMed1984

Occurrence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in relation to climatic, geophysical, and ecologic variables.

To study the time of onset of cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in relation to mean winter temperature, average daily solar radiation, elevation, and potential climax vegetation, we analyzed cases of RMSF from a 19-state area in the southeastern United States during the years 1970-1980 according to the counties in which patients resided. A bimodal incidence of RMSF, with peak onset of cases in mid-May and in mid-July, was noted in the oak-hickory-pine, oak-hickory, and Appalachian oak zones of potential climax vegetation during the years 1970-1974. In 1975-1980, however, coincident with an increase in incidence of RMSF, a single peak of illness in mid-June was observed in the oak-hickory-pine zone, where the number of cases of RMSF was highest; bimodality persisted in the oak-hickory and in the Appalachian oak zones. Analysis of cases in the zones in which bimodality persisted indicated that the first peak of illness may predominate in northern, cooler areas, and the second peak, in southern, warmer areas.

Arachnid Vectors↗
PubMed2000

Analysis of transgenic grapevine (Vitis rupestris) and Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing an Arabis mosaic virus coat protein gene.

A disarmed LBA4404 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a binary vector which contained chimeric genes encoding the neomycin phosphotransferase (npt II) and the coat protein (CP) of Arabis mosaic nepovirus (ArMV) was used in co-cultivation experiments with leaf discs of Nicotiana benthamiana and somatic embryos of the grapevine rootstock cultivar Vitis rupestris. Transgenic N. benthamiana expressing the ArMV CP gene were regenerated and six independent lines were characterized. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed on leaf tissue demonstrated the accumulation of the ArMV CP in five of the six lines analyzed. Immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) studies revealed the presence of virion-like isometric particles (VLPs) reacting to a rabbit antiserum specific to ArMV virions. ArMV-CP expressing transgenic N. benthamiana lines showed protection against ArMV expressed as a delay in infection and a reduction of the percentage of infected plants. Four independent transgenic lines of V. rupestris transformed with the ArMV CP gene were regenerated and characterized. In contrast to N. benthamiana, transgenic V. rupestris did not accumulate the ArMV CP at levels detectable by ELISA and no VLPs could be observed by ISEM. Northern blot analysis showed that the ArMV CP mRNA was expressed at lower level in V. rupestris compared with N. benthamiana. The reason for this difference in transgene expression and/or mRNA stability between grapevine and N. benthamiana is unclear, but the genetic state of the transgene(s) (homozygous in N. benthamiana versus hemizygous in V. rupestris) may have an effect on gene expression.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biomphalaria glabrata in the state of Piaui].

The occurrence of Biomphalaria glabrata is recorded for the first time in the state of Piaui, where it was collected from several breeding places in the city of Parnaíba. Examination of 694 specimens showed that a part of them were infected with trematodes other than Schistosomatidae. So far no autochthonous cases of schistosomiasis have been identified in the city. The presence of B. glabrata in Parnaíba extends by 20 km eastward its range on the Northern Coastal Region of the Great Northeastern Region of Brazil, where it had been found as far as Araioses, on the eastern extreme of the state of Maranhão.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Spatio-temporal variations in population growth in India since 1901.

"On the basis of census data we analyse population growth since 1901 first for India as a whole, secondly on State level. The spatio-temporal patterns suggest a process of innovation and diffusion with regard to the spatial change of natural increase. The southern States cover more stages of the model of demographic transition than the northern States. Explanations about these spatial differentials come for example [from] sociocultural differences between north and south determining two demographic regions according to Satpura Range." (SUMMARY IN GER AND RUS)

Asia↗
PubMed1990

Isolation of a gene sequence induced later by tumor-promoting 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) and expressed constitutively in ras-transformed cells.

Growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters induce various types of "early response" genes, most of which encode transcription factors. To identify possible target genes for these early response gene products, we isolated complementary DNA clones of genes that were induced later by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. A complementary DNA library was constructed using mRNA from mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 4 h, and the library was screened by differential hybridization. Five independent clones were isolated. All of these genes were induced maximally 4 to 8 h after 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate addition. Sequencing showed that three of them (OTS-1, -3, and -4) were those of the metallothionein II gene, and one (OTS-5) was identical to the osteopontin/2ar gene. The other (OTS-8) had no significant homology with known sequences and was considered to be a novel gene. The induction of OTS-5 and OTS-8 was decreased in the presence of cycloheximide. In mice, OTS-8 mRNA was detected in the lungs but not at appreciable levels in other organs. Open reading frame of OTS-8 complementary DNA and its in vitro transcription/translation product suggested that this gene encodes an Mr 26,000 protein. OTS-8 mRNA was induced by epidermal growth factor but not by serum. The steady-state levels of OTS-5 and OTS-8 mRNAs were significantly elevated in v-ras-transformed MC3T3 cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Senescent WI-38 cells fail to express EPC-1, a gene induced in young cells upon entry into the G0 state.

Recently we reported the isolation of cDNAs for a number of genes that are differentially expressed between nonproliferating early (young) and late (senescent) population doubling level (PDL) WI-38 human, fetal lung-derived, fibroblast-like cells. We now demonstrate that one of these isolates, EPC-1 (early PDL cDNA-1), derives from an approximately 1.4-kilobase mRNA species that is expressed at a > or = 100-fold higher level in serum-starved, confluent, young versus similarly treated senescent WI-38 cells. Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of this cDNA confirms its identity with that of a cDNA encoding a secreted, retinal pigmented epithelium differentiation factor as well as similarity of the encoded protein with a number of mammalian serine protease inhibitors. We show that EPC-1 expression is associated with G0 growth arrest in WI-38 cells. The mRNA readily accumulates in density-arrested and/or serum-starved young cells but not in log phase, low density young cells. In contrast, EPC-1 transcript abundance and expression of the encoded, secreted protein are both negligible in senescent WI-38 cells under all culture conditions tested. These findings support the hypothesis that senescent WI-38 cells exhibit a state of growth arrest fundamentally distinct from that of quiescent (G0) young cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Bacteremic cellulitis caused by non-serogroup O1 Vibrio cholerae acquired in a freshwater inland lake.

The number of reported cases of infections with non-serogroup O1 Vibrio cholerae in the United States has increased recently. These cases have almost invariably been associated with travel, seawater exposure, or the ingestion of shellfish. We report a case of bacteremic cellulitis caused by non-O1 V. cholerae that was acquired in a freshwater inland lake in northern Illinois. The organism is more widely distributed than generally appreciated, and the potential for infection in patients without the usual risk factors exists.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Regulation of expression of the alternative mRNAs of the rat alpha-thyroid hormone receptor gene.

The rat alpha-thyroid hormone receptor gene encodes through alternative splicing at least three protein isoforms with different functions, and three mRNA species (2.6, 5.4, 6.8 kilobase (kb) in size) are detected using alpha gene-specific probes (Mitsuhashi, T., Tennyson, G. E., Nikodem, V. M. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85, 5804-5808). In the present study, the identities of these mRNAs were analyzed by Northern analysis, and it was demonstrated that in rat brain the receptor protein is encoded by the minor 5.4- and 6.8-kb mRNAs and the variant proteins are encoded by the major 2.6-kb mRNA. Relative quantities of these mRNAs were determined by RNase protection assay, and the ratio of the receptor mRNAs to the variant mRNAs was estimated to be 1:6 in adult brain. The ratio between the mRNAs was regulated in both a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner. The receptor mRNA levels were also regulated by the thyroid state of the animal showing an increased level in hypothyroid rat liver while those in brain were not affected. Analysis of the alpha-thyroid hormone receptor gene suggested that the choice between two poly-adenylation sites and subsequent RNA processing appear to generate the 3' heterogeneity of these alternative mRNAs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Redox control of retinoic acid receptor activity: a novel mechanism for retinoic acid resistance in melanoma cells.

Retinoic acid (RA) slows growth and induces differentiation of tumor cells through activation of RA receptors (RARs). However, melanoma cell lines display highly variable responsiveness to RA, which is a poorly understood phenomenon. By using Northern and Western blot analyses, we show that RA-resistant A375 and RA-responsive S91 melanoma cells express comparable levels of major components of RAR-signaling pathways. However, A375 cells have substantially higher intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels than S91 cells. Lowering ROS levels in A375 cells through hypoxic culture conditions restores RAR-dependent trans-activity, which could be further enhanced by addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine. Hypoxia also enhances RAR activity in the moderately RA-responsive C32 cells, which have intermediate ROS levels. Conversely, increasing oxidative stress in highly RA-responsive S91 and B16 cells, which have low ROS levels, by treatment with H(2)O(2) impairs RAR activity. Consistent with these observations, RA more potently inhibited the proliferation of hypoxic A375 cells than that of normoxic cells. Oxidative states diminish, whereas reducing conditions enhance, DNA binding of retinoid X receptor/RAR heterodimers in vitro, providing a molecular basis for the observed inverse correlation between RAR activity and ROS levels. The redox state of melanoma cells provides a novel, epigenetic control mechanism of RAR activity and RA resistance.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1991

The effect of beta-aminopropionitrile on elastin gene expression in smooth muscle cell cultures.

When beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) is added to neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cell cultures there is a decrease in insoluble elastin accumulation with a concomitant increase in tropoelastin and tropoelastin fragments in the culture medium. The experiments described here examine the biological significance of this fragmentation. BAPN, as well as purified tropoelastin fragments isolated from spent medium of cells grown in the presence of BAPN, were added to cultures. A decrease in elastin mRNA was observed in cultures grown in the presence of BAPN and also in those cultures to which the purified tropoelastin moieties were added. These studies indicate that the inhibition of lysyl oxidase by BAPN prevents elastin crosslinking which results in an increase in tropoelastin moieties, thus leading to a down regulation of the steady state levels of elastin mRNA.

Aminopropionitrile↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vivo effects of acute EtOH on rat alpha and beta luteinizing hormone gene expression.

The suppressive effects of ethanol (EtOH) on the male rodent reproductive axis, especially on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, are well known. In this study we examined, in coordinate fashion, the effects of EtOH on LH secretion and on steady-state levels of the mRNA for the two genes that direct LH synthesis, namely alpha- and beta-LH. A single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of EtOH given to castrated male rats produced a statistically significant fall in serum LH levels at 1.5 (p less than 0.05) and 3 hours (p less than 0.01) after injection compared to saline-injected controls. This effect had dissipated by 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Intrapituitary LH content was significantly increased in EtOH-compared to saline-treated animals 1.5 hours after injection (p less than 0.05) at the same time there was a significant decrease in serum LH. Steady-state levels of beta-LH mRNA were significantly diminished in EtOH-treated animals at 1.5 (p less than 0.05) and 3 hours (p less than 0.001) after injection, but returned to control levels thereafter. Since the half-life of beta-LH mRNA is greater than 8 hours, this fall is most likely due to decreased beta-LH mRNA stability and may also involve decreased beta-LH gene transcription. alpha mRNA levels were unchanged at all time points investigated. These findings were verified in four repetitions of this experiment. These data suggest that the EtOH-induced fall in serum LH is due to impaired secretion of LH and to decreased LH synthesis as indicated by diminished steady-state levels of beta-LH subunit mRNA, secondary mainly to altered mRNA stability.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

cDNA cloning and expression of rat homeobox gene, Hex, and functional characterization of the protein.

We isolated two cDNA clones of rat Hex, a homeobox protein, studied its expression in rat liver and various cells, and characterized the protein. The levels of Hex mRNA were only slightly increased in liver of rats refed with a high-carbohydrate diet or after partial hepatectomy. Whereas the expression of Hex mRNA was detected in hepatocytes isolated from adult rat liver and also in highly differentiated hepatoma cells, no Hex mRNA was detected in poorly differentiated hepatoma cells. Hex mRNA was also detected in liver from embryo aged 15 days. Expression of Hex was increased in F9 cells during differentiation into visceral endoderm cells by treatment with retinoic acid. This stimulation occurred prior to an increase in the level of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA. When fusion-protein expression vectors of GAL4 DNA-binding domain and Hex were co-transfected with luciferase reporter plasmid, with or without five copies of the GAL4-binding site, into HepG2 cells, the luciferase activities were decreased in concentration- and GAL4-binding site-dependent manners. This repression did not require the presence of the homeodomain, which is located between the amino acid residues 137 and 196. Its repression domain was mapped between the residues 45 and 136 in the proline-rich N-terminal region. In addition, the homeodomain was responsible for DNA-binding of Hex. These results indicate that Hex functions as a transcriptional repressor and may be involved in the differentiation and/or maintenance of the differentiated state in hepatocytes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Increased collagen synthesis and increased content of type VI collagen in myocardium of tight skin mice.

OBJECTIVE: The tight skin mouse (TSK) is a mutant strain characterised by excessive collagen accumulation in skin and some internal organs such as the heart. The aims of this study were (1) to examine in vitro collagen synthesis in TSK myocardium; (2) to determine myocardial content of type VI collagen in the same model; and (3) to examine the expression of one of the genes for type VI collagen in cultured TSK myocardial fibroblasts. METHODS: Individual hearts from 8 month old heterozygous male TSK and normal sex and age matched mice were incubated with 14C proline. Total 14C protein and 14C collagen synthesis by myocardial tissues were determined with collagenase digestion and SDS gel electrophoresis. For determination of type VI collagen, hearts from 10 month old male TSK and normal mice were subjected to guanidine extraction followed by pepsin digestion, salt fractionation, and western blotting. Expression of the alpha 2(VI) collagen gene was determined in myocardial fibroblasts cultured from TSK and normal mice, employing northern and dot blot hybridizations with a murine specific cDNA. RESULTS: TSK hearts had up to twofold greater protein and collagen biosynthesis and 2.5-fold greater type VI collagen content (400 micrograms v 156 micrograms). Fibroblasts cultured from TSK mice hearts displayed up to threefold higher steady state concentrations of alpha 2(VI) collagen mRNA than normal myocardial fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: Hearts from TSK mice showed increased protein and collagen biosynthesis and increased myocardial content of type VI collagen compared with hearts from age matched normal mice. Also, fibroblast cultures from TSK mice myocardium showed increased expression of the alpha 2(VI) collagen gene, indicating that increased transcription of type VI collagen genes may be responsible for the accumulation of this collagen in myocardium from TSK mice.

Animals↗