The history of civil aviation medicine in the United States Government since 1926.
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Unless President Clinton induces Congress to move exceedingly quickly to roll Medicaid into some larger reform scheme, his administration will be under heavy pressure to free states to pursue their own health care reform agendas. At that juncture, the most likely casualty would be the ERISA preemption.
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Fifty years ago health care was a private matter between a physician and his patient. Doctors practiced medicine; people could and did pay for their own health care; and legislators did not need to concern themselves much with health problems. In the meantime, instigated by a massive scientific knowledge explosion, we have spent billions on monstrous complexes to house ultramodern equipment and technology to fight acute, dreaded diseases. Doctors, who once treated human body as an entity, are so specialized that none seems to know any more that the head bone is still indirectly connected to the great toe. People, who incidentally are plagued with essentially the same chronic maladies that visited their predecessors five decades ago, are in real trouble if their complaint is simply a boil on the backside. First they must determine who specializes in this particular area. Next they are lucky if they can obtain an appointment before the boil bursts. Finally, they probably cannot afford to pay for the services rendered. The lawmaker steps in and pours more money into erecting more buildings and providing more specialists. We will not solve the dissonance between the mutually dependent group if we isolate ourselves, forgetting to listen, forgetting to educate, forgetting to communicate. Let me close with Sir William Osler's metaphor: How common the experience to enter a cold cheerless room in which the fire in the grate has died down, not from lack of coal, not because the coal was not alight, but the bits, large and small, falling away from each other have gradually become dark and cold. Break them with a poker, get them together, and what a change in a few minutes.
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Integrating consultation and education and community organization techniques within a community relations framework has proven effective in catalyzing a productive partnership between grass-roots, community leaders and a state mental health program. The programmatic accomplishments-enhanced mental health services for the most vulnerable populations, including the aged, the chronically mentally ill, and high-risk youth, and enhanced community and political support for mental health services, all achieved without increase in state mental health expenditures-validate a methodology which is applicable in a wide variety of mental health settings.
Inactivation of eukaryotic 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) by hyperoxidation has been proposed to promote accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for redox-dependent signaling events. We examined the oxidation and oligomeric states of PrxI and -II in epithelial cells during mitogenic signaling and in response to fluxes of H2O2. During normal mitogenic signaling, hyperoxidation of PrxI and -II was not detected. In contrast, H2O2-dependent cell cycle arrest was correlated with hyperoxidation of PrxII, which resulted in quantitative recruitment of approximately 66- and approximately 140-kD PrxII complexes into large filamentous oligomers. Expression of cyclin D1 and cell proliferation did not resume until PrxII-SO2H was reduced and native PrxII complexes were regenerated. Ectopic expression of PrxI or -II increased Prx-SO2H levels in response to oxidant exposure and failed to protect cells from arrest. We propose a model in which Prxs function as peroxide dosimeters in subcellular processes that involve redox cycling, with hyperoxidation controlling structural transitions that alert cells of perturbations in peroxide homeostasis.
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