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PubMed2003

Coping and subjective wellbeing in women with multiple roles.

BACKGROUND: Married, working women experience a considerable amount of strain from their multiple roles. At the same time, studies indicate that they enjoy a high level of wellbeing. While the nature of employment and the level of spousal support have been examined in relation to wellbeing, the role of coping styles has not received much attention. AIM: To examine the role of work-related factors, availability of support and coping styles as predictors of wellbeing. METHOD: Sixty married, working women were individually interviewed with regard to reasons for employment and support availability, and administered the Coping Checklist and Subjective Wellbeing Inventory. RESULTS: On stepwise multiple regression analysis, greater use of social support seeking and less use of denial as coping styles, absence of multiple role strain, working to be financially independent, availability of support and refusal of job promotion were significant predictors of wellbeing. CONCLUSION: In working women with multiple roles, enhancing problem and emotion focused coping by strengthening the use of the support network is important for wellbeing.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Postgraduate medical training, stress, and marriage.

In a pilot study, 20 interviews were conducted with married female interns and residents and their spouses in order to explore both positive effects of spousal support and negative effects of additional role obligations during medical training. The marital state has been shown to be related to lowered levels of stress. Past studies of medical marriage have focused on male physicians and their wives. However, marriage and parenthood impact differently on women than men, and thus on women physicians. To explore these differences, our findings are contrasted with findings on male medical students and their wives by R. Coombs. Compared to our subjects, Coombs found spouses were either housewives or held lower level jobs rather than demanding careers, and consequently our subjects experienced greater difficulty meeting demands of everyday life (cooking, cleaning, child care). Coombs' wives showed greater vicarious identification with the goals and satisfactions of the physician in-training; greater feelings of obligation to nurture, support and make sacrifices on behalf of their spouses; and less resentment toward the current system of medical training. They stressed the nurturing aspect of marital support rather than instrumental aspects. Subjects in both studies feared growing apart but while Coombs' wives feared being outgrown intellectually, our husbands were critical of their wives' narrowness of interests. Subjects in both studies believed marriage provided benefits (intimacy, support, affection, sex) but also complained of the negative impact of exhausting and emotionally draining medical training. Implications of findings for reducing the stress of medical training are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Quality of life determinants in women with breast cancer undergoing treatment with curative intent.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of breast cancer and its subsequent treatment has significant impact on the woman's physical functioning, mental health and her well-being, and thereby causes substantial disruption to quality of life (QOL). Factors like patient education, spousal support and employment status, financial stability etc., have been found to influence QOL in the breast cancer patient. The present study attempts to identify the determinants of QOL in a cohort of Indian breast cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) Version 4 Malayalam was used to assess quality of life in 502 breast cancer patients undergoing treatment with curative intent. The data on social, demographic, disease, treatment, and follow-up were collected from case records. Data was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 47.7 years with 44.6% of the women being pre-menopausal. The FACT-B mean score was 90.6 (Standard Deviation [SD] = 18.4). The mean scores of the subscales were - Physical well-being 19.6 (SD = 4.7), Social well-being 19.9 (SD = 5.3), Emotional well-being 14 (SD = 4.9), Functional well-being 13.0 (SD = 5.7), and the Breast subscale 23.8 (SD = 4.4). Younger women (< 45 years), women having unmarried children, nodal and/or metastatic disease, and those currently undergoing active treatment showed significantly poorer QOL scores in the univariate analysis. However multivariate analysis indicated that the religion, stage, pain, spouse education, nodal status, and distance travelled to reach the treatment centre as indicative of patient QOL. CONCLUSION: QOL derangements are common in breast cancer patients necessitating the provisions for patient access to psychosocial services. However, because of the huge patient load, a screening process to identify those meriting intervention over the general population would be a viable solution.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome: parental stress and involvement in childcare.

Parental stress was examined in socioeconomically matched samples of mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome and typically developing children. Parents of children with Down syndrome perceived more caregiving difficulties, child-related stress (distractibility, demandingness, unacceptability), and parent-related stress (incompetence, depression, health problems, role-restriction) than did parents of typically developing children. For the combined groups of parents, mothers' stress was associated with children's caregiving difficulties; fathers' stress, with children's group status (Down syndrome, typically developing). Mothers who reported more responsibility for childcare perceived more difficulties with health, role restriction, and spousal support. Fathers who reported more responsibility for childcare perceived fewer difficulties with attachment and parental competence. Partner stress was associated both with mothers' and with fathers' stress.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of stress in mothers of children with severe breath-holding spells.

BACKGROUND: Severe breath-holding spells (BHS) in children consist of a stereotypical sequence of provocation to cry, noiseless expiration, color change, and loss of consciousness. Parenting a child who exhibits BHS is likely more stressful than parenting a healthy child, owing to this additional medical concern. It is also likely more stressful than parenting a child with a convulsive seizure disorder (SD), because it is often not recognized or misdiagnosed as behavioral rather than medical. Mothers of children with BHS were hypothesized to suffer significantly greater stress than mothers of children with SD or mothers of children without any significant medical conditions. OBJECTIVES: To examine maternal stress in parenting a child who exhibits BHS, and to identify the specific areas of stress impact, compared with mothers of children with a convulsive SD and mothers of control children. METHODS: The Parenting Stress Index and questions regarding how mothers coped were individually administered to 34 mothers of children with BHS, 16 mothers of children with SD, and 16 mothers of children with no medical conditions (controls). RESULTS: Mothers of children with BHS or SD experience more overall stress and disruption in their attachment or understanding of their child, compared with control mothers. These groups of mothers (BHS and SD) also perceived their child as more distractible/hyperactive, less adaptive, and more demanding than did control mothers. However, mothers of the BHS group alone showed significant disruption in their sense of competence as a parent, maintaining self-identity, and receiving positive reinforcement from their child. Mothers of children with SD showed a similar trend, but it was not significant. These findings were not related to maternal health or feelings of depression/isolation, insufficient spousal support, child's mood, or other life stresses. CONCLUSION: Parenting a child with BHS or SD impacts a greater degree of life stress on mothers of these children than does parenting control children, although the stress is greater for the BHS group than for the SD group.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Stress in parents of children with diabetes mellitus.

The level of stress experienced in the parenting role by mothers of 49 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and its relationship to glycemic control was examined with the parenting stress index (PSI). A subsample of the research group of 25 children with diabetes (less than or equal to 11 yr old) was compared with an age-matched control group (n = 21) drawn from the original study of the PSI on total stress, parent- and child-domain, and subdomain scale scores. The two groups differed on one child-domain subscale, whereby children with diabetes are perceived by their mothers as more demanding than healthy controls. Three parent-subscale differences existed between the two groups, with mothers of children with diabetes reporting less attachment to their children, less spousal support, and poorer health. Analysis of the diabetes sample demonstrated significant stress on several of the child- and parent-domain subscales in a large proportion of the sample. Stress, at levels greater than or equal to 70th percentile of the control group, existed on the child scales of acceptability, mood, demanding behavior, and reinforcement for 51% of children with diabetes. Elevations associated with stress in the parenting role were evident on the scales associated with parental attachment, depression, and competence for 33% of parents. No differences in the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) existed between children whose mothers reported high levels of stress in themselves and their children and those whose mothers reported little stress. Hierarchal regression analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between the child stress scale of distractibility, the use of self-monitoring blood glucose assessment, and low levels of HbA1.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Gender and nutrition management in type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE: The literature suggests that adherence to dietary recommendations may differ between women and men with type 2 diabetes due to family obligations and spousal support. METHODS: To assess division of household labour between spouses, retrospective chart review of 561 individuals who attended the Diabetes Education Centre at the Toronto Western Hospital was performed. Qualitative interviews were also performed with 12 married clients (six female and six male) and seven spouses of clients (three female, four male) to understand how the sharing of household labour influences adherence to nutrition guidelines in type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Results indicate a significant gender difference in responsibility for meal preparation (chi2(3)=140.64, p<.001) and grocery shopping (chi2(3)=88.24, p<0.001), with women more often engaging in these household activities than men. Male clients are more likely to be actively supported by their wives in the form of meal preparation and verbal encouragement, while female clients are only passively supported by their husbands. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that diabetes educators should recognize gender differences in household labour and support when counselling their clients to ensure that both men and women have the help they need to successfully manage their diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
PubMed2000

Fathering and children's sex role orientation in Korea.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine variation in aspects of contemporary Korean fathering, such as warmth and involvement (frequency and task share), and its relationship to children's sex role development. One hundred and twenty-nine Korean families (fathers, mothers, and their 11- to 13-year-old children) completed standardized questionnaires addressing child-rearing practices, parental involvement, spousal support, and sex role orientations. Statistical analyses of the data revealed that warmth of fathering and father involvement (frequency and task share) were not significantly associated with children's sex role orientations. However, girls' femininity was significantly related to fathers' masculinity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Insights into physician retirement.

Most physicians in this study retired because they thought the time was right, and they did not feel forced to do so. This situation may not be the case in the future with changes occurring in the practice of medicine. Most of the physicians were pleased with their retirement after they had completed an adjustment period, often lasting about a year. The most important factor involved in successful retirement was the health of the physician and his or her spouse. A good relationship with the spouse was important. Typically, relationships with spouses improved. If a physician has no spouse or poor spousal support, some other method of replacing the support network previously provided by staff, patients, and practicing colleagues is necessary. After retirement, the physicians in our study became comfortable with living on their savings. Strategies employed after retirement were diverse. Many of the retired physicians took advantage of increased time to exercise for enjoyment and for health. Although some of the retired physicians continued to pursue medical interests, many others discovered rewarding activities away from medicine, but rarely for financial compensation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Female sterilization: can the woman who will seek reversal be identified prospectively?

Demographic socio-economic and decision-making aspects of sterilization and reversal of sterilization were compared in a group of 103 women requesting reversal (RR) and 117 women about to undergo sterilization (S), to determine the practicality of identifying in advance the woman likely to request reversal. The willingness of patients to pay for these procedures and the ethical implications of these decisions were also examined. RR were younger at the first relationship, birth of first child and birth of last child. There were no differences (RR vs S) between the number of full-term pregnancies, living children and therapeutic abortions. The timing of sterilization (puerperal versus interval) did not influence the decision to be reversed. The level of education, partner's level of education and mean family income were lower in the group requesting reversal. Multiple regression analysis revealed three characteristics which were most discriminatory: youth at first birth; lack of spousal support; and failure to choose 'family complete' as a reason for sterilization. The predictability was not strong enough to provide an accurate assessment of the individual woman. RR were of significantly lower socio-economic standing but were more likely to be prepared to pay a large sum of money for the reversal. The ethical implications of this finding are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Psycho-social predictors of exercise intentions among spouses.

Psychosocial predictors of the intention to undertake leisure-time exercise have been studied in 210 couples with children attending grades 7 through 9. For both partners in these households, the variables measured included Fishbein's concepts of beliefs, attitudes and societal norms, in addition to age, education level, current physical activity habits, prior experience of physical activity, and family socio-economic status. Considered together, these observations explained 49% and 27% of the variance in intentions to exercise among male and female partners respectively. In contrast to previous studies using a less structured methodology, attitude was the most important determinant of intention in both male and female partners. In the men only, interaction terms relating to passive forms of spousal support and socio-economic status increased the explained proportion of variance. Differences of beliefs and their evaluations between those with high and low intentions to exercise generally coincided with the patterns previously observed in surveys of exercise class participants. However, there were some persistent culture--related gender differences, women seeking to improve health and control body weight, while men attempted to improve other aspects of their personal appearance and "meet people". Such expectations have important practical implications for the design of fitness promotion programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Negative reactions to received spousal care: predictors and consequences of miscarried support.

This study focused on the negative reactions of older women with osteoarthritis to the receipt of instrumental support (i.e., physical assistance) from their husbands and the effects of such negative reactions on the women's psychological well-being and self-care. Applying a person-environment fit model, the authors predicted that women's negative reactions to spousal support would be determined by the fit between this support and the personal centrality (importance) of being functionally independent. Consistent with this prediction, women who received high levels of support from the husband and for whom being functionally independent was not highly central reacted less negatively to this support. More negative reactions to spousal support were related to greater concurrent depressive symptomatology and fewer self-care behaviors. In addition, negative reactions were predictive of the women's increased depressive symptomatology and decreased life satisfaction. Findings illustrate a useful theoretical approach to the examination of support from family caregivers.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Yamunabai v. Anantrao, 27 January 1988.

The appellant sought an order of maintenance to be made against the respondent under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, of India which authorizes such an order for a wife who is unable to maintain herself. She had been married under Hindu rites to the respondent while a previous wife was still living. The Supreme Court upheld a lower court decision refusing to make the order. It held that, because the respondent already had a wife, his marriage to the appellant was void from the beginning, rather than voidable, and, thus, she had never been his "wife." It rejected an argument that the appellant should be considered a wife under the Civil Procedure Code because her marriage would have been recognized under Hindu law and custom in effect before the enactment of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. It also rejected an argument that the respondent should be stopped from claiming that the appellant was not his wife, because she was not informed of his earlier marriage.

Asia↗
PubMed1988

A.A. Abdulla v. A.B. Mohmuna Saiyadbhai, 18 February 1988.

The Court held that a divorced Muslim woman is entitled to maintenance and that this maintenance is not limited to the period of iddat. It based its decision on Section 3(1)(a) of The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, of India (Annual Review of Population Law, Vol. 13, 1986, Section 320), which provides that "Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, a divorced woman shall be entitled to a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to be made and paid to her within the iddat period by her former husband . . . ." It interpreted this Section to mean that "on or before the expiration of the iddat period, the husband is bound to make and pay a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to the wife," not that the maintenance is to be given only during the period of iddat. It concluded that to interpret the provision otherwise would be to abrogate the rights of Muslim women under other laws. Iddat is defined in the 1986 Act as "three menstrual courses after the date of divorce," if the wife is subject to menstruation, or "three lunar months after her divorce," if the wife is not subject to menstruation. In 1988, the High Court of Kerala reached a similar decision. (See Ali vs. Sufaria, Kerala Law Times, No. 2, 1988, p. 94.)

Asia↗
PubMed1995

Family variables as mediators of the relationship between work-family conflict and marital adjustment among dual-career men and women.

Selected social-psychological processes within the family were examined as potential mediators of the relationship between work-family conflict and marital adjustment among career men and women in the United States. Seventy-nine men and 198 women who were professionals in psychology participated in the study. A path-analytic model was used to test two specific family variables--perceptions of equity in spousal home division of labor and perceptions of spousal social support--as potential mediators of the proposed negative relationship between work-family conflict and marital adjustment. Spousal social support and equity in spousal home division of labor played an important, albeit small, mediating role in the negative relationship between work-family conflict and marital adjustment for men and women. Contrary to expectations, gender exhibited no overall indirect effect on marital adjustment.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1995

Social support: gender differences in multiple sclerosis spousal caregivers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in social support of spousal caregivers of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The sample consisted of 37 male and 28 female caregivers of individuals with MS. It was found that female caregivers scored significantly higher than males on the total number of resources available, perceived social support and the perceived availability of friends and self-help groups. There was a positive relationship between caregiver-perceived social support and the ability of the mate to perform intimate functions. Caregiver-perceived social support was also found to be positively correlated with the caregiver's level of commitment to the spousal relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Expectant fathers: influence of perinatal education on stress, coping, and spousal relations.

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to compare the effects of father-focused discussion perinatal classes with traditional childbirth classes on expectant fathers' stress/psychological symptom status, coping strategies, social support, and spousal relations (both supportive behavior toward their partners and couple-conflict behavior). Relative to fathers in traditional childbirth classes, those in father-focused discussion classes significantly increased their use of reasoning during conflicts and their housework activity. Both groups of fathers reported a significant increase in social network support and an increase in baby/pregnancy-related activity. Neither group substantially increased their overall coping responses, although men in the father-focused group significantly changed their coping efforts by seeking more social support, particularly getting information and emotional support from their partner's physician. Implications for perinatal education practice are discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗