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PubMed1997

Relation between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and morphologic somatotypes.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective and controlled comparative study. OBJECTIVES: To verify the difference in morphologic appearance between a group of adolescents with progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and a control group of normal adolescents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In a previous retrospective study, the possibility of a relation between progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and specific morphotypes was demonstrated. METHODS: Fifty-two adolescent girls with progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were compared with an age-matched control group of 62 unaffected girls using a classification technique based on morphologic somatotypes. Morphotypes were evaluated with standardized pre-established criteria based on Sheldon's technique. RESULTS: Patients with progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis showed significantly less mesomorphism (mean value of 0.88 +/- 0.51) than control girls (mean value of 1.72 +/- 0.52). CONCLUSION: Adolescent girls with progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis have a morphologic somatotype that is different from the normal adolescent population. Subjects with progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are significantly less mesomorphic than control girls. This observation may be of value as a predictive factor for early identification of subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at greater risk of progression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Social skills and somatotype.

The hypothesis that somatotype is closely related to social skills and that the response of patients with social disability to social skills training might also relate to these genetically controlled factors has been supported. Twenty-one subjects seeking treatment for social phobia were assessed by interview, videotape, diary, and somatotype measures. Ectomorphs used less non-verbal communication and endomorphs were more restless. Women used fewer gestures but their speech was less hesitant than men. Social skills training benefited the shorter, plumper physique more than the linear ectomorph and, to some extent, and independently, the older subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Somatotype, physical growth, and sexual maturation in young male smokers.

One thousand school boys aged 8 to 16 were examined for their somatotype, physical growth, sexual maturation, and smoking habits. Fifty-two boys were found to be smokers, of whom 30 were regularly smoking between two and 20 bidis or cigarettes a day for a mean duration of 2.5 years. The mean height and weight of the smokers was significantly lower than that of the non-smokers at all ages, more so in regular than occasional smokers. Sixty-nine per cent of the smokers had mesomorphic type of body build; about 65% of the non-smokers had ectomorphic somatotype (P less than 0.001). Onset of puberty occurred significantly earlier among smokers compared with non-smokers, as was evident from the early appearance of genital stage 2, and an early and rapid increase in testicular size. Genital stage 2 appeared at a mean age of 11 years in smokers and 11.6 years in non-smokers. However, the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair was delayed. The possible significance of this is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Developmental spinal canal stenosis and somatotype.

The hypothesis that somatotype and cervical spine developmental canal stenosis may be associated has been investigated by anthropometry and measurement of lateral projection cervical spine radiographs. A significant association of canal size with somatotype has been found such that those with developmentally narrow canals are more likely to have relatively shorter long-bones, particularly in the upper arm, and longer trunks.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Windsurfer somatotypes.

On the basis of data gathered during a series of Pre-Olympic Trials and the World Championships, both held at Cagliari (Italy) in 1983 and 1986, respectively, the somatotypes of athletes practicing windsurfing were studied. The sample is composed of 79 male athletes: 22 Sardinians, 31 mainland Italians, and 26 Europeans. The Heath-Carter anthropometric method (1967) was used to somatotype the individuals under study. Both the total sample as well as the three subsamples are characterized by almost identical average values of the three components. A subsample of athletes was formed, who had obtained important performances in their carriers (victories in World, European and Italian championships, participation in the Olympic Games etc.). In this group of top athletes it was seen that the best results in windsurfing are obtained when there is an even development of the three components (2.57-2.68-2.97) or a slight ectomorphic predominance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Application of the discriminant analysis for the assessment of human somatotype using the long bones of extremities].

Measurements were made on the basis of the osteological collection of the chair for anthropology, Moscow State University (70 cases), and on the basis of a series of skeletons (10 cases) from among burial places of the Novospassk Monastery (males aged above 18-20). Eleven sizes of Martin program (length, diaphysis circumference and epiphysis width) were fixed onto the humerus, radial, femoral and shin bones. Simultaneously, the development of the osseous relief elements in the above bones (a total of 18 signs in each skeleton) was evaluated by Fedosova program. The data was processed by SPSS. Discriminative analysis was used as a basis to work out a diagnostic model that can be used to determine a somatotype by the humerus, radial and femoral bones. The classification accuracy is 75%. The method should be applied in those cases, when the appropriate bones are available. If the available combination of bones is different from the above, the routine method is recommended for use, i.e. determination of a somatotype by the skeleton massiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Age-related changes of somatotype and body mass components in girls].

The longitudinal and transverse studies of girls aged 7 to 17 years living in Moscow and the town of Yelabuga were performed to monitor the dynamics of their growth processes, parameters of ectomorphism, mesomorphism and endomorphism depending on the type of body build. Anthropometric, anthroposcopic metods and cluster analysis were used to evaluate the type of body build according to V.G. Shtefko and A.G. Ostrovskiy (1928). Quantitative assessment of parameters of endo-, meso- and ectomorphism was performed using Heath-Carter method (1980). It was shown that the age-related variability of the types of body build appeared in association with the developmental heterochronism, which resulted from the uneven growth rate of different body components. The least variable parameters were found in the girls of digestive and asthenoid types of body build, while in girls of muscular and thoracic types these parameters changed more frequently. The critical periods during which the significant changes of somatotype were increased in number, were defined as 9 to 10 years and puberty period--11 to 14 years. Most sensitive time points in the time-course of somatotype establishment in girls are the ages of 12 and 14 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Somatotypes of Nigerian power athletes.

This study comparatively assessed the somatotype characteristics of elite male Nigerian power athletes who comprised middleweight boxers (n = 23), weightlifters (n = 18) and wrestlers (n = 21), as well as a nonathletic group (n = 19). They were aged 24-35 years. Analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc method were used to determine significant differences in the mean somatotype ratings of the groups. Among the groups, the nonathletes (4.02) were most significantly endomorphic (p less than 0.05). The weightlifters (5.12) and wrestler (5.04) were more significantly mesomorphic (p less than 0.05) than the boxers. (3.18) and nonathletes (3.06). The wrestlers' and weightlifters' dominance in mesomorphy confirms earlier reports on the salience of mesomorphy in performing strength-related skills.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The somatotype of Puerto Rican male athletes at the X Pan American Games: a brief descriptive report.

The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the Health-Carter anthropometric somatotype and other selected anthropometric characteristics of top class Puerto Rican athletes. One hundred and forty seven (147) male athletes, members of the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee delegation to the X Pan American Games were evaluated. The sample represented 84% of the total number of male athletes. Nineteen different sports were represented. The results indicated that gymnasts (18.3 +/- 4.0 years), swimmers (18.5 +/- 2.9 years) and table tennists (19.3 +/- 3.5 years) were the group with the minimum age. The maximal age was demonstrated by shooters (40.2 +/- 7.8 years). The height range was 158.1 +/- 6.3 cm (judoists) to 193.8 +/- 15.2 cm (basketball players). The minimum weight was demonstrated by the group of gymnasts (57.8 +/- 10.3 kg) and the maximal by basketball players (94.2 +/- 18.6 kg). The endomorphy ratings for track and field-jumpers [TF JUMPS] (1.8 +/- 0.6), gymnasts (1.8 +/- 0.4) and rowers (1.9 +/- 0.5) were low. The group with the maximal endomorphy rating was the shooters (5.4 +/- 1.6). The minimum and maximal ratings for mesomorphy was 3.8 +/- 0.8 (TF JUMPS) and 8.9 +/- 1.9 (weight lifters), respectively. The range of the ectomorphy rating was 0.4 +/- 0.6 (weight lifters) to 3.8 +/- 0.9 (TF JUMPS). In conclusion, the results seem to indicate that the somatotypes of the Puerto Rican top class athletes are within the range demonstrated by international top class athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Ischemic heart disease in people of different somatotypes].

Standard methods were used to study interrelations between the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), its risk factors (RF), the course and the somatotype of the test subjects. The study was based on the data obtained during cardiological examination in Minsk of a representative sample of the male population (n = 3761) aged 40 to 59 years. It has been established that the prevalence of CHD, arterial hypertension (AH) and hypercholesterolemia increases consistently on passing over from asthenia to hypersthenia. Proceeding from the data of the exercise tests and analysis of the frequency of combinations of certain forms of CHD in persons belonging to different somatotypes a conclusion has been drawn that CHD runs a graver course in hypersthenic patients. It has also been shown by means of multidimensional analysis that just like RF such as AH, hypercholesterolemia and tobacco smoking, the hypersthenic build up makes a separate and significant contribution to the onset of CHD.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Body measurements and somatotypes of young adult Jat-Sikh men of Punjab, India.

During 1972 body measurements including height, weight, limb circumferences, skeletal diameters and skinfolds were taken on 100 unrelated and healthy Jat-Sikh men of 17 to 25 years of age, belonging to different areas of Punjab, India. The average height and weight of Jat-Sikhs is 170.4 cm and 54.5 kg, respectively. The mean Heath-Carter somatotype is 3.22-3.40-4.11. The majority of somatotypes is concentrated in endo-ectomorph and meso-ectomorph sectors of the somatochart. Comparisons with recently described data on females of the same area and population show significant sex differences in various body measurements except for the bicristal diameter. The females possess significantly more subcutaneous fat. For the rest of the measurements, the males have higher values. The Jat-Sikh males are comparable in height and weight to the contemporary pooled Punjabi, but are distinctly taller than the neighbouring populations of Himachal Pradesh and pooled all India samples. However, they are comparatively smaller and lighter as compared to European and American populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[The somatotype and fatty body weight of medical students].

The somatotype was determined of 247 healthy students of medicine, male Bulgarians, average age 22, according to the method of Heath and Carter. More than half of the examined subjects (55,9%) was established to belong to the group of mesomorphy with a predomination of the subgroup of endomorphic mesomorphy. The other morphological structures are presented in comparatively identical shares. The fatty body mass, being 16,29 per cent of the total body mass of the subjects studied was determined to the same subjects according to the method of Möhr and Milev. It was established that the fatty body mass was within the physiological limits among the students from the group of ectomorphy and from the group with balanced mesomorphy, non-manifested obesity had the subjects with ectomorphic endomorphy, endomorphic mesomorphy and with central somatotype and with manifested obesity--the students with balanced and mesomorphic endomorphy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Formation of individual somatotype parameters and features of constitutional organization in 7-12-year-old boys (longitudinal)].

Individual somatotype parameters and peculiarities of constitution in 7-12 years boys were evaluated in the present investigation. The age range studied was shown to be divided on 3 stages. Regular growth processes with the prevalence of "infantal" proportions occur at the age of 7-9. Signs of definite constitutional type are expressed yet insufficiently. The age of 10-11 is transitional which shows in delay of muscle growth. At the age of 11-12 prepubescent sets in, during which features of constitution types and appropriate somatotype parameters are distinctly manifested.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Somatotypes of Nigerian athletes of several sports.

Somatotype ratings and percentage body fat of 131 elite Nigerian male athletes, average 24.2 years of age, and belonging to badminton (n = 18), basketball (n = 30), field hockey (n = 24), handball (n = 16), judo (n = 18), and soccer (n = 25) teams were determined. Basketball, handball and soccer players were taller and heavier, and had low percent fat values as compared with the other athletic groups. Judokas and hockey players were endomesomorphs. Other sports groups were predominantly ectomesomorphs.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Heritability estimates of somatotype components based upon familial data.

Somatotype components were obtained in 239 French-Canadian families from Montreal. Endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy were anthropometrically assessed in the Health and Carter system. All three components were available in 208 pairs of siblings, while only ectomorphy was estimated in 507 parent-child pairs. Sibling correlations reached 0.40 for endomorphy, 0.30 for mesomorphy, and 0.38 for ectomorphy. Partialling out the effects of 7 socioeconomic indicators permitted an estimate of common familial environment upon covariation between relatives. Residual sibling correlations yielded broad heritability estimates (HB) of 0.50 for endomorphy, 0.42 for mesomorphy and 0.54 for ectomorphy. Narrow heritability (HN) for ectomorphy, controlling for familial indicators, was approximately 0.36 including a positive contribution from assortative mating.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Somatotypes revisited: have the media changed our perception of the female body image?

234 university students were given a questionnaire examining the relation between certain behavioral characteristics and female body-build somatotypes. Analysis confirmed previous findings that stereotypical images continue to exist for the mesomorph and endomorph body types, with favorable characteristics attributed to the mesomorph and unfavorable to the endomorph. Contrary to previous findings, the ectomorph, or thin body build was associated with positive characteristics such as being the most attractive, having the most dates, and exercising the most. The young women also chose this body build as the image they would like to be. These findings appear to confirm preoccupation with thinness and fitness observed among college women and thought to be promoted by the media.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Associations among somatotype, temperament and self-actualization.

Based on a sample of 45 subjects, 28 men and 17 women, examination was made of the relationships among body type according to Sheldon's methodology, temperament as measured by Cortes and Gatti, and self-actualization as assessed by the Personal Orientation Inventory developed by Shostrom. No significant associations between somatotype and temperament but some significant results were found by examining the self-actualization scores and the body type/temperament match or mismatch. Significant findings were seen on the Spontaneity, Self-regard, Inner-directed, and Feeling Reactivity scales.

Female↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of different somatotypes on the intensity of changes of indices of height and body mass during early childhood].

Anthropometric study of 1425 children of both sexes aged 4-7 years followed by somatodiagnostics according to R. N. Dorokhov method has revealed that at the age of 4 significant proportion of girls belonged to macrosomal type. In the age period of 5-7 years, most part of the children belonged to mesosomal type. However, among the girls of 5-6 years and the boys of 5-7 years the significant proportion belonged to microsomal type (21.1-28.3% of children studied). The growth of height and body mass is more intensive in girls as compared to boys during the whole period of the first childhood. This regularity was found in all the somatotypes with the exclusion of the boys of macrosomal type aged 6-7 years, in whom the maximal reduction of growth of body length was observed.

Anthropometry↗