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PubMed1998

Drinking patterns and alcohol-related social problems: frameworks for analysis in developing societies.

The relation of alcohol to social and casualty problems is considered, with particular attention to patterns in developing societies. Potential problems for the drinker include accidental and intentional injuries; problems in major social roles: in the family, at work and in public roles; and problems from the reaction of others to the drinking. Potential problems for those in the drinker's environment include mental health problems, injuries and social problems from role failure. Potential problems for a society or collectivity include social disintegration, and aggregate-level equivalents of the problems for the drinker and those around the drinker. Cultures vary in the dominant type of drinking pattern and, accordingly, in the extent and mixture of alcohol-related social and casualty problems. A series of cultural factors influencing the relation between drinking patterns and problems are considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

A short survey for assessing health and social problems of adolescents. Dartmouth Primary Care Cooperative Information Project (The COOP).

BACKGROUND: Many significant problems of adolescents are undetected and untreated. To aid in the discovery of these problems, we have developed and tested picture-and-word charts for use in the classroom or the physician's office. This report presents the results of these tests and describes how the charts may be used. METHODS: We assessed test-retest reliability of the picture-and-word charts. We also compared picture-and-word chart scores with corresponding multi-item questionnaires. Six charts were determined to be the most effective in measuring mutually exclusive dimensions of health and social problems. We used these six charts to examine factors that might affect the distribution of chart scores. RESULTS: We administered the picture-and-word charts to a diverse population of 658 adolescents whose median age was 15 years. Compared with multi-item questionnaires, respondents found the charts easier to understand and less likely to induce dishonest replies. Girls scored significantly worse (P < .001) than boys on the Physical Fitness and Emotional Feelings charts but better on the (at-risk) Health Habits chart (P < .001). The scores of teenagers known to have behavioral problems were worse on the Health Habits chart than were those of other adolescents (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The charts are an efficient and acceptable method for detecting health and social problems of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Repeated short-term sick-leave as a possible symptom of psycho-social problems.

As part of a research project concerning repeated short-term sick-leave an intensive study has been performed aiming at estimating the frequency and character of psycho-social problems in a population with a minimum of six short sick spells during a 12-month period, in comparison with an age- and sex-matched sample of patients who went to the local general practitioner in the same area. The results show that psycho-social problems are twice as common in the group with repeated short-term sick-leave.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1980

An objective method for the assessment of psychological and social problems among epileptics.

Numerous investigators have identified psychological and social problems among epileptics and in many instances, these appear to be more debilitating than the seizures themselves. However, assessment of these problems has most frequently been done by subjective means and when objective tests have been used, they were almost always developed for and standardized on populations other than epileptics. The development of the Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory (WPSI) is presented in this paper. After pilot work, 127 adult epileptics were evaluated for psychosocial problems and they completed the 132-item Inventory. Professional assessment of difficulties was made with respect to family background, emotional adjustment, interpersonal adjustment, vocational adjustment, financial status, adjustment to seizures, and medical management. Finally, an assessment of overall psychosocial functioning was made. Through an item-by-item correlation technique, scales were empirically developed for each of these areas and a profile was produced which gives both the absolute and the relative extents of difficulties for each patient with respect to each area. Potential applications for the WPSI are presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Dispositions, scripts, or motivated correction? Understanding ideological differences in explanations for social problems.

Research has consistently found that liberals and conservatives generate different attributions for the causes of social problems and respond differently to people who have internal-controllable causes for needing help. Five studies using a variety of methods (the "college bowl" paradigm, the attitude-attribution paradigm, 2 surveys with nationally representative samples, and an experiment that assessed attributional judgments under varying levels of cognitive load) explored whether these differences could be explained by (a) underlying dispositional differences in the tendency to see the causes of behavior as personally or situationally located, (b) ideological scripts, or (c) differences in the motivation to correct personal attributions. Results were most consistent with the motivated correction explanation. The findings shed further light on the cognitive strategies and motivational priorities of liberals and conservatives.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Social problems as factors affecting medical consultation: a comparison between general practice attenders and community probands with emotional distress.

Comparison between general practice attenders and community subjects with emotional distress (as measured by GHQ-12) showed that women from a general practice sample reported more social problems than those from the community. In both men and women, problems with their spouse or partner were far more likely among general practice attenders than among community probands. Furthermore, women who consulted the general practitioners could count less often on the availability of friend confidants and had more well-defined physical disorder than their community counterparts. Results from a logistic regression analysis showed that in women (but not in men) problems in the relationship with spouse or partner increased the probability of being a general practice attender more than twofold. Physical health status did not exert a significant effect either in men or in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Social problem solving in hyperactive-aggressive children: how and what they think in conditions of automatic and controlled processing.

Examined how and what children think under conditions of automatic and controlled processing within the context of social problem solving. In a condition that elicited automatic processing, hyperactive-aggressive children did not differ in being able to identify the components of a problem or in the number of solutions generated to solve a problem, but were more aggressive in the types of solutions generated, as compared to nonhyperactive-nonaggressive children. Furthermore, in a condition eliciting controlled processing, hyperactive-aggressive children did not differ in identifying problem components, generating solutions, or in anticipating outcomes for solutions, but were less able to anticipate consequences, and were more aggressive in choosing a best solution to solve a problem, as compared to nonhyperactive-nonaggressive children. The study demonstrated a relation between problem-solving codes that discriminated between groups, and overall child adjustment. Implications for social problem-solving interventions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The construction, development and testing of a self-report questionnaire to identify social problems.

The construction and testing of a short self-report questionnaire identifying social problems, difficulties and dissatisfactions is described. The questionnaire covers housing, occupation, finance, social and leisure activities, child/parent and martial relationships, relationships with relatives, friends, neighbours and workmates, and legal problems. The results of the administration of the questionnaire in a number of settings are provided and discussed, and a final version is included in the Appendix.

Employment↗
PubMed2006

The effects of rumination and distraction on over-general autobiographical memory retrieval during social problem solving.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the effects of rumination and distraction on over-general autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval during social problem solving (SPS), as well as SPS performance in terms of means and effectiveness. DESIGN AND METHODS: After undergoing a rumination or distraction manipulation, dysphoric and non-dysphoric participants performed a SPS task and reported the memories retrieved during SPS. RESULTS: The dysphoric ruminators performed significantly less effectively on the SPS task than the other groups. However, the dysphoric ruminators did not differ from the dysphoric distracters on the numbers of categoric memories retrieved during SPS although they retrieved significantly more categoric memories than the non-dysphoric distracters and non-dysphoric ruminators. For all groups, the effectiveness score was significantly negatively correlated with categoric memories retrieved during SPS. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that in a dysphoric sample, rumination impaired SPS performance but did not influence categoric AM retrieval during SPS. The results suggested that in a dysphoric sample, rumination might affect SPS performance by affecting processes like initiation and motivation rather than AM retrieval during SPS.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological and social problems of Parkinson's disease.

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegnerative disorder which is frequently associated with psychological, psychiatric and social problems. The association of psychological symptoms and a neurological disorder that has clear neuropathology provides researchers with the exciting prospect of finding biological models for common behavioural states.

Dementia↗
PubMed1992

Depression and social problem solving.

Twenty depressed patients with major depressive disorder, 20 nondepressed matched control subjects, and 17 patients with anxiety disorders were compared in different measures of social problem solving. Problem solving was assessed with the Means-Ends Problem-Solving Test (Study 1), the solution of personal problems, and a problem-solving questionnaire (Study 2). Results showed that, as predicted, depressed subjects suffered from a deficit in problem solving in all three measures. The majority of these deficits were also displayed by the clinical control group rather than being specific to a diagnosis of depression. However, depressed subjects produced less effective solutions than did normal and clinical control subjects. The results suggest that depressed and anxious patients may have difficulties at different stages of the problem-solving process.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Social problem solving and autobiographical memory in non-clinical depression.

OBJECTIVES: We examine the proposal that specific autobiographical memories may play a major role in successful social problem solving (SPS). DESIGN AND METHODS: Depressed and control students report on the types of memories they retrieve while performing an SPS task and a cueing task. RESULTS: The retrieval of specific memories on the cueing task and during SPS was found to be positively related to SPS skill. CONCLUSIONS: Specific memories are important for successful SPS. However, the relationship between a specific memory deficit and poor SPS is mediated by severity of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Social problems encountered by public health nurses: identification and response differences according to education and experience.

Do nurses differ in relation to the identification of social problems and actions taken according to educational preparation? Using data from a larger field study, baccalaureate nurses (BSNs) were compared to Non-BSNs. The two groups did not differ in the number of problems that were identified, but BSNs did identify more problems related to non-immediate needs. The nurses took up to ten actions (means = 4.6) per problem, and the average number per BSN was less than the average per Non-BSN. The data lend some support to the position that BSNs are more likely to be self-assured and self-directed. Several questions are raised that are relevant to educators and administrators.

Aged↗