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PubMed1988

Citizen participation, perceived control, and psychological empowerment.

The research integrates the citizen participation literature with research on perceived control in an effort to further our understanding of psychological empowerment. Eleven indices of empowerment representing personality, cognitive, and motivational measures were identified to represent the construct. Three studies examined the relationship between empowerment and participation. The first study examined differences among groups identified by a laboratory manipulation as willing to participate in personally relevant or community relevant situations. Study II examined differences for groups defined by actual involvement in community activities and organizations. Study III replicated Study II with a different population. In each study, individuals reporting a greater amount of participation scored higher on indices of empowerment. Psychological empowerment could be described as the connection between a sense of personal competence, a desire for, and a willingness to take action in the public domain. Discriminant function analyses resulted in one significant dimension, identified as pyschological empowerment, that was positively correlated with leadership and negatively correlated with alienation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Groups as social network members: overlooked sources of social support.

In a study of the link between physical disability and social relationships among the elderly, questions about social network and social support evoked a surprisingly large number of group responses. People mentioned "my grandchildren," "the people in my building," "people at the senior center," and other groups in ways that suggested that the real unit of support was extraindividual and could not be accurately understood by reference to individual people within those groups. This paper describes the frequency of such responses and the circumstances under which they emerged. Definitions of social support and of social network should not be restricted to dyadic relationships between individuals; better understanding of social support processes would derive from consideration of the kinds of social support functions best offered by groups vs. individuals and consideration of differences in the ways in which support is derived from groups and individuals.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Gay identity and risky sexual behavior related to the AIDS threat.

This paper explores the relationship between risky sexual behavior and issues of gay identity in homosexual men. We identify three main conceptual categories important to gay identity: sexual identity, gay social interaction, and identity development milestones. Each of these categories are analyzed as to their predictive effect on risky sexual behavior related to the threat of HIV, at six-month and eighteen-month intervals. The results suggest that successful integration into a gay network plays a role in reducing risky sexual behavior among homosexual men, regardless of the chronological timing of personal events marking a gay man's "coming out" history.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Social support and human development: issues in theory, research, and practice.

The physical and psychological correlates and consequences of social support have received much attention in the past decade. To date, however, much research on social support has not been guided by an integrated theoretical or conceptual framework. In this report, a life span developmental perspective is suggested for the study of social support. The discussion addresses numerous conceptual, theoretical, and empirical concerns related to the investigation of support. Implications for designing, implementing, and evaluating support-related interventions are highlighted.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Influences of social groups on eating patterns: a study among young adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which social groups influenced eating patterns among young adults, aged 23-26 years. The analyses are based on a study consisting of 703 individuals with social groups being made up by parents, siblings, partners, friends, and co-workers/fellow students. Perceived norms of social groups and social attachment to these groups were measured. Demographic variables included education, income, marital status, and whether participants had children. These variables were subsequently correlated with a food frequency measure. The most influential social factor for predicting eating patterns among young adults was perceived norms of partner. Educational level was also an important factor. These results support the Lifelong Openness Model which suggests that individuals remain open to persuasion from socialization agents throughout life.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive mediators of the social influence-exercise adherence relationship: a test of the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive constructs from the theory of planned behavior (i.e., attitude, perceived behavioral control, and intention) as potential mediators of the relationship between selected social influence constructs (i.e., subjective norm, social support, and cohesion) and adherence to structured exercise classes. Sixty-two participants completed self-administered questionnaires during the fourth week (social influence constructs) and eighth week (cognitive constructs) of a 12-week exercise program. Exercise adherence was monitored during weeks 9 through 12 using perceived intensity and attendance. Pearson correlations indicated that social support correlated with perceived behavioral control, whereas cohesion correlated with attitude. Path analysis supported two distinct paths from social influence to exercise adherence: (a) social support-->perceived behavioral control-->intention-->exercise adherence, and (b) cohesion-->attitude-->intention-->exercise adherence. Discussion focuses on the theoretical importance of these findings, conceptual and measurement issues regarding subjective norm, and suggestions for future research.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Substance use and abuse in adolescence: an overview.

Substances are widely used by youth as a means of excitement, consolation, belonging to a referent group, rebellion, a symbol of social and sexual maturity and independence. The destabilization of the family, permissiveness, indifference of the adult world, ethical confusion, peer pressure and the decline of self-discipline among the young are the essential causes of adolescent substance use and abuse. Preventive and treatment efforts are flawed by disagreements in the area of diagnosis and strategy, lack of cohesiveness, insufficient funds and deficiencies in follow-up procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structure on adolescent problem behavior.

Used a sample of 207 single-parent families residing in 104 small, Midwestern communities to test hypotheses regarding the link between community context and adolescent conduct problems and psychological distress. For boys, community disadvantage had a direct affect on psychological distress, while it indirectly boosted the probability of conduct problems by disrupting parenting and increasing affiliation with deviant peers. Community disadvantage was unrelated to the deviant behavior or emotional well-being of girls. Proportion of single-parent households in the community had a direct effect on girls' conduct problems. It also contributed indirectly to girls' conduct problems by increasing the probability of involvement with deviant peers. Possible explanations for these gender differences are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

For an anthropology of eating disorders. A pornographic vision of the self.

In reading the considerations of the leading contemporary sociologists, attentive observers of the metamorphosis of identity in the post-modern age, a game came to my mind: "what if I mixed up quotes from these scholars' papers with extracts from patients' clinical reports, especially people suffering from so-called "eating disorders"? The objective of this game is to show how difficult it is to pick out the clinical fragments from the sociologists' descriptions of the "never ending task of assembling our Self". The game is to try to separate psychopathology from the Late Modern physiology of identity. The great psychopathologists from the last century offered us two major meaning organizers of identity and its disorders: the Freudian and the Jaspersian. Freud's notion of the "discontents with civilization" served to explain that widespread sense of malaise that characterizes the modern condition. As civilization has been built on our restraining our drives, civilized man ended up "trading in a part of his chances for happiness for a bit of security". Security is guaranteed by our submitting to norms of civilized living together. Neurosis, that feeling that permeates modern human beings who neither belong to themselves nor to others, is the agonizing result. The Jaspersian concept of the Ego consciousness is mainly based on the Kantian Self, the identity pole of subjectivity, standing above the stream of changing experience. It is a necessary condition for coherent experience. Also the Jaspersian Self presupposes coherence, since its main features include identity through time, a sense of unity and one of demarcation from the external world, and a feeling of being actively involved in one's own experiences and performances. In late modernity, identity is a task. Post-modern people have the task and necessity to be perpetually constructing themselves. Being, Self, are organized in a reflexive way. Individuals are forced to choose their own life style among a multitude of alternatives. Are the Freudian and the Kantian/Jaspersian models of the Self now still proving to be suitable for an adequate psychopathological analysis?

Culture↗
PubMed2004

Epidemic theory and group violence.

BACKGROUND: Epidemics can be represented mathematically using a variety of models. One of these, the Kermack-McKendrick model, has been used to support health policy decisions concerning vaccination requirements. An unrelated body of literature suggests that some behaviours, including some types of violence, may spread in ways analogous to the contagious spread of infectious diseases, a process that has been characterized as "behavioural contagion". METHOD: Various parameter values reflecting the characteristics of crowds were substituted into the Kermack-McKendrick model. Computer simulations were used to evaluate the impact of these parameter values. RESULTS: The simulations reproduced several features of crowd violence: the tendency for riots to occur in large groups, the importance of rapid removal of violent individuals from crowds, and the roles of alcohol consumption and social identification processes. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemic models may be of relevance to the prevention and control of violent behaviour as they can assist with the identification of high-risk situations and prevention strategies. Theoretical constructs related to epidemic theory may have broad applicability for modelling the unstable course of some mental disorders.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2006

[Diversification in old age - the influence of sexual orientation, based on the situation of homosexual men].

This contribution provides an overview of the discussion on living arrangements and needs of homosexual men in old age. The term "living arrangements" refers to the scope of activities arising from the interaction between external, material/social resources and personal capacity as well as competence. External resources and personal competence change as a person ages and, depending on the given biographical constellation, influence the living arrangements of ageing people in different ways. Furthermore, these arrangements are also affected by social and by cultural shifts/developments, leading to increased differentiation of life situations in old age, and to individual experiences of ageing. The contribution therefore discusses research findings on biographical experience, living arrangements, needs and examples of self-help concepts arising within this particular group of ageing individuals. The aim is to foster understanding of requirements in ageing populations within the diversity of histories, sexualities and living arrangements.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Revealing the cues within community places: stories of identity, history, and possibility.

Place-based approaches to community change have become increasingly popular strategies for addressing significant social problems. With their intentional focus on 'place,' most efforts have sought to gain greater understanding into how neighborhood contexts affect people. However, while both aggregate characteristics and social dynamics of neighborhoods have been subject to scrutiny in the literature, less attention has been paid to understanding how the environmental characteristics of neighborhoods and communities as places have meaning for residents. The present study used an innovative methodology called Photovoice to obtain a greater understanding of the meanings residents ascribe to the salient characteristics of their neighborhoods and communities. As part of a place-based initiative, 29 adult and youth residents in seven distressed urban neighborhoods photographed and dialogued about the meaningful physical attributes of their community. According to participants, place characteristics provided cues about their personal histories as members of the community; communicated messages about the value and character of the community and its residents; defined social norms and behavior within the community; and provided markers that could remind residents of who they are and inspire a sense of possibility for who they could become. Implications for practice are discussed.

Community Participation↗
PubMed2006

Navigating social class roles in community research.

This paper describes the first author's attempt to collect data in a homeless shelter without attending to her role in the social class hierarchy of the organization. The author's egalitarian approach towards the homeless clients, and her lack of involvement in "staff-only" activities, transgress the social class norms within the organizational structure. While the author is successful in gaining the trust of the homeless clients, her approach alienates shelter staff, especially those in the higher echelons of the social hierarchy. The concepts of classism, world views, and Social Identity Theory, are utilized to discuss the dilemma faced by researchers who want to challenge, or work outside, a setting's status quo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

History at the table: conflict in planning in a community in the rural American South.

This article is a case study of problems that emerged during the planning of an anti-poverty program in a community in the rural American South in the early 1990s. Issues of racism, sexism, and classism in the planning process are discussed as they are informed by the national welfare reform rhetoric of the time, a local context of historical and current White racism, and the historical and current identity positions of the local Black planners. The author argues that understanding local history is a vital component in planning and implementing social programs. The article offers an analysis of the deployment of power in the planning of social change projects that can be used to develop inclusive planning processes that are responsive to the needs of economically and socially oppressed populations.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

The negotiation of identity among people with mental illness in rural communities.

Integration and normalization are goals within the community-based care of people with mental illness. The implementation of this care policy has led to increased contact between people with mental illness and so-called normal people and society at large. But we know little about how this change affects the former patients' identity and experience of stigma and stereotyping. This study is based on qualitative interviews with people with mental illness (N=15) living in rural communities in four different municipalities. The focus in the study is on the informants' subjective experiences and the results show that they adapt in different ways, depending on how they negotiate their identity. Those who accept their role as "mental patients" seem to have easier access to services, they experience less stigmatization and fewer conflicts with their surroundings than those who oppose the patient role. Seem from our informants' perspectives there seems to be a simple definition of integration: Being integrated is feeling accepted as yourself. Some implications for policy and mental health services are discussed.

Adult↗