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PubMed1975

Personality dimensions as assessed by projective and verbal instruments.

An attempt was made to explore personality dimensions with projective and verbal tests. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale (RDS) were administered to 161 college students of both sexes. A description of the canonical correlations between the two subsets of projective and verbal instruments is presented, as well as three separate factor analyses, one of the HIT, another of the CPI-RDS and the third of the HIT and CPI-RDS together. The results support the conclusion that, with the exception of one factor that includes HIT and CPI-RDS variables, the HIT factors have no relationship with the CPI-RDS factors. Furthermore, of the 19 canonical correlations only the first is significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The reasons for living inventory and a college population: adolescent suicidal behaviors, beliefs, and coping skills.

The suicidal behavior of a college population (N = 205) was assessed. Individuals were categorized into four groups: never suicidal, brief suicidal ideation, serious suicidal ideation, and parasuicidal. They also answered questions about why they would not choose suicide, on the Reasons For Living (RFL) Inventory. Depression, hopelessness, and social desirability scales also were presented. A significant difference existed between suicidal and nonsuicidal individuals on the RFL. Hopelessness and depression were found to be correlated significantly with suicidal behavior; social desirability was found to be high among those who were not suicidal and declined as suicidal behaviors became more severe.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Living systems theory as a paradigm for organizational behavior: understanding humans, organizations, and social processes.

Living systems theories have been used to model human, organization, and communication processes. This paper attempts to describe these models and to highlight the isomorphisms among the models. Particular emphasis is given to self-regulating properties of humans as a subsystem of social systems. Attention is given to the advantages of generalizing across levels and phenomena and integrating the middle-range theories that dominate the field of organizational behavior. Three broad recommendations for future research are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Fear of negative evaluation and the development of eating psychopathology: a longitudinal study among nonclinical women.

OBJECTIVE: We replicated the cross-sectional relationship between restrictive eating attitudes and a fear of being negatively evaluated by others and tested whether negative evaluation fears longitudinally predict changes in eating attitudes over a 7-month period. METHOD: During the first week of an academic year, and again during Week 33, 143 female students completed the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the three eating scales of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). RESULTS: The exclusive link between heightened negative evaluation fears and restrictive eating attitudes was replicated cross-sectionally. However, the longitudinal model predicting the development of restriction was nonsignificant. In contrast, alongside depression, negative evaluation fears predicted an increase in bulimic attitudes, whereas self-esteem predicted an increase in body dissatisfaction. DISCUSSION: The findings support a model whereby individuals with heightened fears of negative evaluation may use restrictive pathology to raise their status among peers. If this mechanism of dealing with negative evaluation fears is not sufficient in the long term, individuals may develop bulimic symptoms to deal with their negative evaluation fears.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Impact of interactive school-based media literacy lessons for reducing internalization of media ideals in young adolescent girls and boys.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the current study was to examine the efficacy of single media literacy lessons in reducing media internalization in young adolescents. METHOD: Eleven classes of 237 students (100 girls and 137 boys; mean age = 13.79 years, SD = .42) randomly received 1 of 6 lessons. Eating disorder risk factors were assessed at baseline, and the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) was used to assess media internalization postintervention. RESULTS: At postintervention, boys had significantly lower SATAQ-3 scores on 4 of the 5 subscales (effect sizes = .42-.71), whereas girls had significantly lower scores on 1 subscale (effect size = .54). Higher baseline levels of dietary restraint, magazines bought/read, and perceived sociocultural pressure predicted smaller reductions in boys' scores, whereas depression predicted smaller reductions in girls' scores. CONCLUSION: The current study provides support that boys be included in eating disorder prevention programs and that media literacy may represent a promising prevention approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Adolescent girls' constructions of smoking identities: implications for health promotion.

A model of social identities constructed in terms of group membership is used to explore the incidence of cigarette smoking among adolescent girls. A sharp increase in girls' smoking at about 14 years of age related both to age and to puberty is demonstrated in a discriminant function analysis. The model is successful in identifying membership in never smoked and regular smoker groups but does not identify occasional smokers. Girls' ratings of 13 identity descriptors are summarised in similar, three scale nonsmoker and smokers identities. The nonsmoker identity is rated higher on the "mature" and "sensible" scales while the smoker identity is rated higher on the "fun-loving" scale and a fourteenth descriptor, breaks rules. The descriptors loading on the "mature" scale are contested suggesting that members of both smoking and nonsmoking groups value cool, popular, grown-up and makes up own mind. Material from focus group discussions demonstrates that the particular meanings of some descriptors may vary with group membership and values. Both the prevalence analysis and the focus group material support the hypothesis that interventions are best targeted at specific groups and that the occasional smoker identity needs to be targeted specifically in interventions designed to reduce smoking among adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Ethnocentricity and the social construction of 'mass hysteria'.

This study provides a critical historical review and analysis of the variety of human expressions which have been erroneously labeled under the grandiose category "mass hysteria". It is argued that Western science reductionist approaches to the classification of "mass hysteria" treat it as an entity to be discovered transculturally, and in their self-fulfilling search for universals systematically exclude what does not fit within the autonomous parameters of its Western-biased culture model, exemplifying what Kleinman (1977) terms a "category fallacy." As a result of objectivist methodologies, the etiology of actions labeled as "mass hysteria" is typically viewed as deviant, irrational or abnormal behavior resulting from a malfunctioning 'proper' social order. However, what constitutes 'the' correct social order is a function of a researcher's historical sociocultural and/or scientific milieu. This study reviews the problem, advocating Geertz's (1973) culturally relativistic approach to understanding various cross-cultural behavior that is sensitive to and tolerant of the unique context and milieu of participants. "Mass" or "epidemic hysteria" is viewed as an invention of Western psychiatry and should be abandoned and replaced with the term collective exaggerated emotions. Instead of attempting to 'discover' a neatly packaged, unitary external disease entity, the focus of a meaning-oriented approach emphasizes the deciphering of foreign realities, semantic networks and symbol systems.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1978

Ethno-behaviorism and the culture-bound syndromes: the case of Amok.

The phenomenon of amok is reviewed in order to demonstrate the heuristic value of an ethno-behavioral model of culture-bound syndromes. The notion that culture-bound syndromes share underlying common disease forms is rejected. Instead, the ethno-behavioral model postulates that culture-bound syndromes consist of culturally specific behavioral repertoires legitimated by culturally sanctioned norms and concepts, but with both behavior and norms acquired in accordance with basic principles of human learning universal to all cultures. Consistent with this model, amok is shown to be a common behavioral pathway for multiple precipitants (which may or may not include disease pathology), but with a distinct form and conceptualization which can be traced to the social learning practices and beliefs of the Malay.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1980

Qat use in North Yemen and the problem of addiction: a study in medical anthropology.

Travelers to North Yemen nearly invariably report that Yemeni people are universally addicted to the drug qat and that the problems of the country are related to this. On the other hand, the majority of Yemenis claim that qat is not only harmless, but that it has many virtues. After describing the chemistry of the drug and the customs of use, this paper addresses the question of the concept of addiction in terms of data gathered during an extensive field study of qat use. Questions of latency, tolerance and availability are discussed, while particular attention and data are devoted to an examination of the "analgesic hypothesis." It is concluded that a more complex theory is needed to deal with drug "dependencies" and that social and cultural perspectives must be added to concepts of the physiological and psychological effects of drugs if progress is to be made toward understanding institutional drug use such as is found with regard to qat.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1986

Reflections on the ex-smoker: some findings on successful quitters.

Following the lead of Schachter [(1982). Am. Psychol. 37: 436-444] a questionnaire was developed to assess the process of self-cure among former cigarette smokers and then administered to 63 ex-smokers who had quit on their own. Separate samples of "helped" quitters and current smokers who had tried to quit but failed were also interviewed. Ex-smokers scored higher on Rosenbaum's [(1980). Behav. Ther. 11: 109-121] Self-Control Schedule, which suggests that they may have succeeded because they had better self-control skills initially. Other results underscored the role of peer pressure and curiosity as major reasons for becoming a smoker, of withdrawal symptoms and loss of pleasure as major obstacles to quitting, and of self-confidence and perceived health benefits as factors that were most important in successful quitting. The difficulty associated with quitting was associated with cognitive factors such as beliefs about the addictive properties of nicotine and self-confidence ratings, as well as with a supportive social network and the amount smoked previously.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Genetic and environmental variation in Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scales measured on Australian adolescent twins.

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered to 1400 Australian twin pairs aged 11 to 18, and the data were analyzed by a multivariate normal model using the software FISHER. For each scale, attempts were made to transform to normality, about a mean modeled separately for each sex as a quadratic function of age. Variances and covariances were estimated for each sex-zygosity group as a monotone function of age. Evidence for genetic sources of variation were assessed in part by fitting models which allowed for age-dependent, sex-specific, and correlated additive genetic factors, and age-dependent and sex-specific environmental factors, under the assumption that effects of environmental factors common to twin pairs are independent of zygosity. Evidence for genetic factors independent of age and sex was most compelling for Psychoticism and Neuroticism. For Extraversion, if genetic factors exist they would be mostly sex-specific and age-dependent. For the Lie scale there was evidence for, at most, a small component of genetic variation.

Adolescent↗