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PubMed2004

Trends in the incidence of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in Slovakia 1985 - 2000.

The aim of this work was to study and monitor the patterns in incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in Slovakia. The incidence of type 1 diabetes per 100,000/year from 1985 to 2000 was determined in children 0 - 14 years old. A total of 1,818 cases were diagnosed during this time. Poisson regression models were used to study incidence trends. The overall incidence of type 1 diabetes varied from 5.62/100,000 per year in year 1986 to 14.46/100,000 in year 1998. This represents a 2.57-fold increase. The incidence increased with age and was the highest among children 10 - 14 years of age. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in Slovakia is increasing very dramatically, especially in age group 0 - 4 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Increasing occurrence of urological cancers in Slovakia.

Similarly as in other developed countries of the world cancers of the upper and lower urinary tract are increasing also in Slovakia. Of greater importance are urological cancers in men participating recently worldwide with 17% on all newly diagnosed cancers. In women only 3% of all incident cases occur in urological sites. Data on incidence of urological cancers in the period 1968-1999 were derived from the National Cancer Registry, while those of mortality from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. World standard population was used for the age-adjustment of both indicators. Temporal trends were evaluated using Poisson regression and computation of mean annual percent changes (MACP). Substantial and nearly parallel increase of incidence and of mortality has been observed for prostate cancer. Despite dramatic increase of testicular cancers incidence, corresponding mortality rates remained stable with the tendency to decrease recently. Incidence and mortality rates of urinary bladder cancer in men showed tendency to peaking while in women incidence increased and mortality showed tendency to stabilization. Incidence rates of kidney cancers increased in both sexes during the whole period, followed by slow increase of mortality at substantially lower levels. With the exception of mortality from testicular cancer all analyzed trends were statistically significant. In conclusion, only in the case of testicular cancer important reduction of mortality has been obtained despite dramatic increase of incidence. Reduction of smoking and improvement of industrial hygiene may influence the development of bladder cancer incidence and mortality. Limited resources for establishment of a concise cancer control program in this country do not allow to slow down in the near future the increase of incidence and mortality of prostate and kidneys cancers in Slovakia.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Reported incidence of Lyme disease in Slovakia and antibodies to B. burgdorferi antigens detected in healthy population.

The reported incidence of Lyme disease in Slovakia is indicative of the cyclic character of its appearance, which in the last 10 years rated 12.7/100,000 of the population with typically summer seasonality, prevalence (+20 %) in women, and relative high incidences in the 5-14 and 45-64 age groups. Early forms of the disease were manifested in 70 % of all reported cases. Geographically, the spread of the disease shows major differences in the number of cases reported in the individual districts. Antibodies persist long after the original attack, and there is a high incidence of antibodies in the healthy population in endemic areas. The presence of antibodies to B. burgdorferi antigens was proven in the serum of 250 blood donors by 3 different screening tests in 4.4-15.6 % of all persons, signifying different sensitivity as well as specificity levels. Subsequent immunoblot examination confirmed the presence of specific antibodies in 12.8 % of all persons, implying high exposure of the population in Slovakia to this infection, although it obviously proceeds in inapparent forms in the majority of cases (Tab. 2, Fig. 4, Ref. 14).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiology and therapeutic aspects of burn injuries in Slovakia (1993-2003).

The authors analyze the epidemiology and trend of thermal injuries in Slovakia since 1990. The article includes statistics from both of the burn injury workplaces in Bratislava and Kosice. The article contains conclusions and proposals for preventive measures which have contributed to the decrease of thermal injuries in Slovakia since 2000.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

PrP gene polymorphism in sheep breeds in Slovakia and susceptibility to scrapie.

We analyzed the prion protein (PrP) genotype based on the codons 136, 154 and 171 and assigned to five risk groups (R1-R5) in healthy and scrapie-affected sheep in Slovakia. In healthy (asymptomatic) population, 119 Merino, 106 Improved Valachian, 117 Tsigai, and 48 Suffolk breeds were tested. Among the asymptomatic sheep, the low-risk genotypes R1 and R2 were most abundant in Suffolk (94%) and Merino (84%) breeds, followed by Tsigai (58%) and Improved Valachian (40%) breeds. The medium-risk group R3 was most frequent in Improved Valachian (31%) breed, followed by Tsigai (21%), Merino (10%), and Suffolk (6%) breeds. The occurrence of high-risk groups R4 and R5 was none in Suffolk breed, followed by Merino (6%), Tsigai (21%), and Improved Valachian (30%) breeds. Since 2003, altogether 48 cases of scrapie have been confirmed in Tsigai (38), Merino (4), Improved Valachian (2), Improved Valachian x Tsigai (3), and Suffolk (1) breeds. Among sheep with scrapie, Merino breed belonged to the medium-risk group R3. The majority of scrapie-affected Tsigai sheep were classified into high-risk R5 (50%) and medium-risk R3 (42%) groups. We showed an association of scrapie with medium- and high-risk groups of PrP genotype in Slovakia. In particular, the glutamine at position 171 appears to be of major importance for the susceptibility to scrapie.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Thyroid cancer in Slovakia, 1968-1990: incidence, mortality and histological types.

Data on thyroid cancer incidence and mortality from the national cancer registry in Slovakia have been analysed for 1968-90, representing one of the first such descriptive epidemiological studies from Eastern Europe. The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased over this period, particularly among women, from approximately 1.5 to 2.5 per 100,000. These increases occurred primarily in papillary carcinomas, and to a lesser extent follicular carcinomas; the greatest proportional increase was in the younger age groups. In contrast to data reported from other areas, mortality also increased over the same period. The reasons for such increases are not evident, but the increases in mortality certainly indicate the potential for improvements in the treatment of thyroid cancer in Slovakia, as well as further study on the aetiological factors involved in the disease.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1996

[Leptospira antibodies in small mammals in Eastern Slovakia].

During the five years (1991-1995) mostly free living small mammals were examined serologically for the presence of antibodies to leptospira. Serological examinations were used by Kmety and Bakoss (1978). Altogether, 2493 individuals of 22 species were examined, an important part of host material (69.6%) was caught in two lowland areas which are intensively cultivated landscapes (East Slovakian Lowland and Kosická kotlina basin). The remaining material comes from submontane areas with less agricultural activities. Apodemus flavicollis, A. agrarius, Clethrionomys glareolus were the most frequently examined species. Antibodies to leptospira were demonstrated in 123 mammals (i. e. in 5.0% of hosts) of eleven species. The highest percentage of positive hosts were recorded in 1993 (8.8%) and the lowest (2.6%) in 1995, but the examined samples were different in size and structure of host species. In six most dominant species higher values of antibodies to leptospira were detected in Microtus arvalis (9.2%), followed by Apodemus flavicollis (5.6%), A. agrarius (5.4%) and A. microps (4.9%). The lowest values were found in Clethrionomys glareolus (2.5%) and Sorex araneus (2.3%). In examined hosts we found antibodies to six serovars of leptospira. The most frequently observed antibodies were to leptospira of the serovar L. grippotyphosa (63.2%) and leptospira of the serovar L. sejroe (26.4%). We recorded nonsignificant differences between the values of prevalence to antibodies in small mammal communities from lowland and submontane areas, resp. Our results confirmed differences in the leptospira serovar structure in small mammals of Bohemia and Slovakia, they were connected with different historical development of both areas. Comparing our results with previous examinations (about 20 years ago) in small mammals from eastern Slovakia, a decline of positivity and lower number of leptospira serovars were recorded.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Increasing occurrence of oropharyngeal cancers among males in Slovakia.

The gradual decline of oropharyngeal cancers in postwar period was followed by their rapid increase during recent two decades among males in Slovakia. Overall age-adjusted incidence rates of cancers of oral cavity and pharynx increased from 4.5 in 1968-1970 to 20.7 in 1990-1992 and corresponding mortality rates from 2.8 to 14.0 per 100,000 males. Oropharyngeal cancers have recently accounted for 6.5% of all newly diagnosed cancers yearly and present the fourth most frequent cancer site among males in this country. The cancers of tongue, floor of mouth, oropharynx and hypopharynx are responsible for the dramatic increase of this combined site in males. The culmination of the age-specific incidence and mortality rates of these cancers in the age groups 40-59 confirms the leading role of middle-aged men in their increase and dominant position. The occurrence of cancers of major salivary glands and nasopharynx in males, as well as the incidence and mortality rates of all oropharyngeal cancers in females remained very low and an unchanged (less than 1% of total). Increasing and extremely high incidence and mortality rates from oropharyngeal cancers among males in Slovakia require more effective primary prevention, above all substantial reduction of smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[The spectrum of mutations in the CFTR gene in patients with cystic fibrosis in Slovakia].

Up to present, more than 500 mutations have been described in the CFTR gene of patients affected by cystic fibrosis (CF). The vast majority of them, however, are extremely rare, and in fact, were detected only in the original reported cases. This study is aimed at analysis of 9 known mutations in the CFTR gene in CF patients within the population of Slovakia. The region in question of the human genome was analysed by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), digestion with the appropriate restriction enzyme, followed by electrophoretic separation of generated DNA fragments. 7 different mutations were identified on 234 CF-chromosomes, which made up 74.36% of all CF-mutations: delta F508--59.4%, G542X--5.56%, R553X--3.42%, N1303K--2.99%, R347P--1.71%, W1282X--0.85%, and 3849 + 10kb--0.43%. In 57.26% of patients mutations were identified on both homological chromosomes, in 33.33% on one of them, and only in 9.4% of patients there were none of the analysed mutations found. These results provide a good basis for the planning and setting up of an effective strategy for direct DNA-based diagnosis of CF in Slovakia. (Tab. 4, Ref. 19.)

Cystic Fibrosis↗
PubMed1998

[2 clinico-genetic types of primary congenital glaucomas in Slovakia].

The authors present the results of a 20-year follow-up of a group of 125 patients with primary congenital glaucoma. Based on 10 fundamentally different indicators they provided evidence of two clinical forms of primary congenital glaucoma depending on the ethnic origin and type of heredity. In Slovakia is found: a/autosomal recessive hereditary primary congenital glaucoma in the gypsy population with an identified gene locus GLC3A with a different clinical picture, severe course and unfavourable therapeutic results; b/multifactorial primary congenital glaucoma in the remaining population of Slovakia with different clinical parameters, a milder course and favourable therapeutic results.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Health and chemical environment in Czecho-Slovakia, international cooperation context.

This review provides a record of the present situation with regard to public health and environmental degradation and its underlying causes in Czecho-Slovakia, taking into account "ways of life," which is a synonym for its two components: environment and behavior. It gives attention to the priorities which include air and water pollution and food contamination. "Environmental protection" includes the human health protection from air, water, land, and groundwater pollution, ecological protection and natural resource preservation, use of pesticides, food and consumer product safety, and safety associated with the introduction of new chemicals into commerce. Further, this review focuses on the fundamental building blocks for a new environmental policy and management system (Constitution Act, 1991; Environmental Law, 1991; Chemical Act, in preparation; standards regarding chemicals, etc.). With regard to the international concern about the dangers of chemicals for humanity and the natural environment, attention is drawn to the collaboration of Czecho-Slovakia in chemical safety with WHO, IRPTC, and OECD. An important task is to determine what scientific research is needed and to educate administrators, politicians, and the general public in chemical safety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

"Clusters" of CJD in Slovakia: the first statistically significant temporo-spatial accumulations of rural cases.

A space-time analysis of clustering among 78 definite CJD cases who died in Slovakia (75) and an adjacent part of Hungary (3) during 1972-1991 is presented. Two geographical rural accumulations of sporadic and familial CJD patients in the north and south of Central Slovakia were found. There was evidence of two significant clusters when spatial and temporal neighborhoods were defined by distances of 2,4,5 and 7 km within 1.5 and 2 years. Involvement of genetic mechanisms in the clusters was demonstrated, and the possible role of environmental (zoonotic) risk factors are considered.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Serotypes, virulence genes, and PFGE profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from pigs with postweaning diarrhoea in Slovakia.

BACKGROUND: Postweaning diarrhoea (PWD) in pigs is usually the main infectious problem of large-scale farms and is responsible for significant losses worldwide. The disease is caused mainly by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC). In this study a total of 101 E. coli isolated from pigs with PWD in Slovakia were characterized using phenotypic and genotypic methods. RESULTS: These 101 isolates belonged to 40 O:H serotypes. However, 57% of the isolates belonged to only six serotypes (O9:H51, O147:H-, O149:H10, O163:H-, ONT:H-, and ONT:H4), including two new serotypes (O163:H- and ONT:H4) not previously found among porcine ETEC and STEC isolated in other countries. Genes for EAST1, STb, STa, LT and Stx2e toxins were identified in 64%, 46%, 26%, 20%, and 5% of isolates, respectively. PCR showed that 35% of isolates carried genes for F18 colonization factor, and further analyzed by restriction endonuclease revealed that all of them were F18ac. Genes for F4 (K88), F6 (P987), F17, F5 (K99), F41, and intimin (eae gene) adhesins were detected in 19 %, 5%, 3%, 0.9%, 0.9%, and 0.9% of the isolates, respectively. The study of genetic diversity, carried out by PFGE of 46 representative ETEC and STEC isolates, revealed 36 distinct restriction profiles clustered in eight groups. Isolates of the same serotype were placed together in the dendrogram, but high degree of polymorphism among certain serotypes was detected. CONCLUSION: Seropathotype O149:H10 LT/STb/EAST1/F4 (14 isolates) was the most commonly detected followed by O163:H- EAST1/F18 (six isolates), and ONT:H4 STa/STb/Stx2e/F18 (five isolates). Interestingly, this study shows that two new serotypes (O163:H- and ONT:H4) have emerged as pig pathogens in Slovakia. Furthermore, our results show that there is a high genetic variation mainly among ETEC of O149:H10 serotype.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Ricettsioses studies. 2. Natural foci of rickettsioses in east Slovakia.

Natural foci of Q fever and of spotted fever group rickettsiae in the Kosice district of east Slovakia are described and discussed. It was established that the natural focus of Q fever was a secondary one. Cattle were observed to be the main source of human infection and a high proportion of synanthropic rodents was found to be infested with Coxiella burnetii. The natural focus of spotted fever group rickettsiae was shown to be of a primary character, such rickettsiae circulating among ticks and small mammals. It is suggested that natural foci of spotted fever group rickettsiae in east Slovakia may be connected with the natural distribution of Dermacentor ticks.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Migration flows and the regional structure of Slovakia: a hierarchical regionalization].

"In this paper an attempt has been made to gain some insight into the regional structure of Slovakia using a...matrix of migration flows between administrative districts for the 1981-1985 period.... The results of the functional regionalization are important at least in three aspects. Firstly, they demonstrate that in general a hierarchy of functional migration regions can be identified in Slovakia.... The second important result refers to a relatively numerous group of cosmopolitan districts....Finally, it can be noted that the hierarchical clustering procedure has produced spatially continuous functional regions...." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1992

Survival rates for childhood malignancies in Slovakia.

Survival rates (SR) for population-based series of 1564 cases of cancer in children aged 0-14, diagnosed during the decade 1978-1987 in Slovakia and derived from the National Cancer Registry, were examined. The overall 5-year SR (all types of childhood malignancies combined) was 49.8%. Different SR were ascertained for leukemias -43.8%, lymphomas -59.1%, CNS tumors -42.7% and for other remaining diagnostic groups and subgroups of childhood malignancies. Generally, the SR were slightly better for girls than for boys. Cancer patients being diagnosed during the first two years of age showed worse prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 36.8% as compared to 52.6% for children aged 2-14 at diagnosis. Differences in 5-year survival were also found between urban and rural areas: 56.8% and 48.8%, respectively. The 5-year SR increased during the study period from 48.5% for 1978-1982 to 50.0% for 1983-1987. Comparison of SR from Slovakia with the corresponding rates observed recently in some developed countries indicated possibilities to improve prognosis of childhood malignancies in this country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Leptospirosis in dogs in Slovakia].

Out of 571 serologically investigated dogs from Bratislava and all regions of Slovakia and Moravia, 26.1% presented antibodies reacting with leptospiral antigens. The lowing seropositivity in dogs from Bratislava was found in lap dogs--11.1%, the highest one in farm dogs--35.3% (Tab. I). The seropositivity of police dogs from different regions of Slovakia and Moravia varied from 24.0% to 47.6% (Tab. II). The age of dogs progressing, their seropositivity rose from 3.1% in animals younger than one year to 33.3% in those aged seven years and in older ones (Tab. III). The predominant serovars causing infections of dogs were L. grippotyphosa (58.9% of infections) and serovars of both Sejroe (21.0%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae groups (15.3%). The serovars bratislava/jalna, pomond/mozdok and tarassovi were only rarely involved in these infections, canicola and arborea only exceptionally (Tab. IV). At present, in the Czechoslovak conditions the dogs do not play a significant role as reservoirs of human leptospirosis, and the predominant serovars may only cause irregular and short-time lasting leptospiruria. This is why the reasonableness of actual vaccination of dogs, possibly with the exception of the vaccination against Weil's disease, is doubtful. Dog is a good indicator of the distribution of different leptospiral serovars in its environment. It seems reasonable to practice occasionally serological investigations of these animals in order to detect possible changes in infecting leptospiral serovars. Consequently, adequate epizootological measures could be taken (e. g. modification of the composition of a leptospiral vaccine for dogs).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Isolation of Listeria ivanovii in Slovakia].

From October 1977 to May 15, 1989 in Slovakia 39 strongly haemolytic strains of L. ivanovii were isolated from a woman after delivery of a stillborn foetus--from the lochiae, placenta and rectal smear, from five symptom-free subjects from the faeces, from the rectal smears of two sheep, from the intestinal contents in the portion of the terminal ileus from 28 free living small terrestrial mammals, one strain from meat--beef steak, from the lungs, liver and kidneys of a dead young sheep and one strain from silage. The strains from the lochiae and placenta as well as those from the organs of sheep were detected already as primocultures on commonly used blood agar, the other strains after varying periods of cold enrichment and subsequent inoculation on a solid selective medium with nalidixic acid and acriflavin. All strains had typical biochemical properties, among which from the diagnostic aspect in particular the catalase formation and acid formation from d-xylose is important, as well as the negative reaction with mannitol, rhamnose and alpha-methyl-d-mannoside. All strains agglutinated in O-factor serum X and gave a typical shovel-like shape CAMP test with Rhodococcus equi. The frequent incidence of L. ivanovii in micromammals indicates their importance as reservoir animals for this species of microorganism. The latter were detected on the territory of all three Slovak regions and in the capital of Slovakia, Bratislava.

Animals↗