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PubMed1983

Stress, coping, and life change in the single-parent family.

Self-perceived competence in three roles (parent, social participant, self-supporter) was examined in relation to life satisfaction in a sample of 47 divorced, employed, single parent, middle-income women. Parenting was found to be the role of greatest perceived competence, and self-supporter the role of lowest perceived competence. Competence as a self-supporter was the strongest predictor of life satisfaction. Life satisfaction did not differ significantly between groups defined by length of time as single parents. For women separated less than 3 years, the social participant was the role of least perceived competence and the best predictor of life satisfaction. For those separated more than 3 years, the three roles were nearly equal in perceived competence, but competence as self-supporter was the best predictor of life satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Children in lesbian and single-parent households: psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal.

Thirty-seven school-age children reared in 27 lesbian households were compared with 38 school-age children reared in 27 heterosexual single-parent households, with respect to their psychosexual development and their emotions, behaviour and relationships. Systematic standardized interviews with the mothers and with the children, together with parent and teacher questionnaires, were used to make the psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. The two groups did not differ in terms of their gender identity, sex role behaviour or sexual orientation. Also, they did not differ on most measures of emotions, behaviour and relationships--although there was some indication of more frequent psychiatric problems in the single-parent group. It was concluded that rearing in a lesbian household per se did not lead to atypical psychosexual development or constitute a psychiatric risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of family interaction on the child's behavior in single-parent or reconstructed families.

The effects of the family interaction on children's behavior were studied in single-parent or reconstructed families (N = 63) in a white population in Finland. The focus was on the spousal and the parent-child interaction. Teachers assessed children's behavior and parents were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed qualitatively using the grounded-theory method. The boundary ambiguity theory developed by Pauline Boss was used to examine the interaction in the families. About two fifths of the parents reported that their spousal interaction was good, family boundaries were clear, and the children were taken care of together. Another two fifths interacted only because of the child and family boundaries were ambiguous. In 14 families the involvement of the noncustodial parent was both physically and psychologically low. The physically close but psychologically distant parent-child interaction seemed to affect the child's behavior detrimentally, whereas children with physically and psychologically close interaction with their parents showed less behavioral problems. The children with behavioral problems were more likely to have problems with both parents. They were also more likely to have a stepparent with whom they had conflicts. In conclusion, a good interaction between the parents and clarified family boundaries protect children's mental health after their parents' divorce or separation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

The single-parent family. How an understanding physician can help.

Families who have become separated from one of the parents by death or divorce face much stress and adjustment. In addition to carrying the extra burdens of parenting and running a household alone, the single parent may feel isolated from friends and family. Loneliness, depression, and confusion can manifest themselves in various physical and emotional ways. At the beginning of an office visit, the physician should try to ascertain whether any important changes have occurred in the patient's life and should record this information in the patient's chart. Once single parenthood is determined, the importance to the patient and the circumstances of the separation should be obtained. Children in different age-groups often demonstrate specific regressive disorders when a life crisis occurs, and a perceptive physician may spot such behavior and counsel both the parent and the child. Possibly the most effective treatment in such a situation is understanding, reassurance, and listening.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Single parent mothers and mental health care service use.

BACKGROUND: This paper examines the use of mental health care services by single mothers and married mothers in Canada. METHOD: We employ a secondary data analysis of the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey. RESULTS: Single mothers are significantly more likely to have seen a professional regarding their mental health in the previous 12 months and to use such services more frequently than married mothers. Multivariate analyses show that higher use among single mothers is independent of depression and sociodemographic factors. Further analysis revealed that single mothers have a higher rate of contact with professionals than married mothers and that the relationship between single parent status and frequency of contact is moderated by depression. CONCLUSION: Single mothers are more likely to seek professional help for mental health issues. While qualifying for a diagnosis has some important conditional effects on the frequency of use among single mothers, neither major depression nor controlling for sociodemographic factors accounts for their higher use of services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single-parent African American families.

A family process model was tested that linked maternal education, maternal religiosity, and the adequacy of family financial resources to cognitive and psychosocial competence in the mothers' children. The sample included 156 6- to 9-year-old African American children living in single-mother-headed households in rural areas, 82% of whom lived in poverty. The distal variables of maternal education, maternal religiosity, and adequacy of financial resources were linked with the proximal variables of "no nonsense" parenting, mother-child relationship quality, and maternal involvement in the child's school activities. The proximal variables were, in turn, indirectly linked with children's cognitive competence, social competence, and internalizing problems through their association with the children's development of self-regulation.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Testing the Theory of Transcending Options: health behaviors of single parents.

The Theory of Transcending Options was developed in a grounded theory study of the health behaviors of female single parents. The 2-year study reported in this article is the first statistical test of the associations between the independent variables identified in the theory and the number of health behaviors practiced by divorced women with children. Data on demographics, psychological variables, and social support were collected from 148 women at three points in time over 2 years. These data were entered into three stepwise multiple regression analyses, with health behaviors as the dependent variable. Each analysis was statistically significant. The independent variables that made statistically significant contributions to health behavior practices in one or more of the regression analyses were education, number of years single, depression level, self-esteem, and total social support. The results of this study indicate that further clarification and testing of the theory are warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Minority children in single-parent families.

Information is now available from the Bureau of the Census with details about the increasing number of single-parent families. A summary review is provided with particular emphasis on minority families.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent girls, single-parent fathers, and menarche.

When adolescent girls reach menarche, they often seek information about menstruation from their mothers. More adolescent girls are being raised in single-father families today and have limited or no contact with their mothers. Thirteen adolescent females, who lived with their fathers as the primary caretaker, described their menarcheal experience. The participants, who had close relationships with their fathers, found it embarrassing to discuss menstruation with any male, including their father. They believed their fathers lacked credibility regarding menstrual issues, and they experienced an emotional and physical distancing from their fathers. Nurses must be aware of the needs of single-parent father families, especially menstrual information for both girls and their fathers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of disputed single-parent/child and sibling relationships using 16 STR loci.

This study describes the validation of short tandem repeat (STR) systems for the resolution of cases of disputed parentage where only a single parent is available for testing or where the claimed relationship of both parents is in doubt and also cases where sibship must be tested. Three separate multiplex systems the Second Generation Multiplex, Powerplex 1.2 and FFFL have been employed, giving a total of 16 STR loci. Both empirical and theoretical approaches to the validation have been adopted. Appropriate equations have been derived to calculate likelihood ratios for different relationships, incorporating a correction for subpopulation effects. An F(ST) point estimate of 1% has been applied throughout. Empirically, 101 cases of alleged father, alleged mother and child where analysed using six SLP systems and also using the three multiplex STR systems. Of the 202 relationships tested, 197 were independently resolved by both systems, providing either clear evidence of non-parentage or strong support for the relationship.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed2002

Positive parenting and child psychosocial adjustment in inner-city single-parent African American families. The role of maternal optimism.

The primary purposes of this study were to examine whether maternal optimism is related to positive parenting and child adjustment and whether it contributes beyond maternal depressive symptoms to our understanding. The participants were 141 African American single mothers and one of their children. Findings revealed that maternal optimism was associated with positive parenting and this association was only partially mediated by maternal depressive symptoms. Maternal optimism was not associated with child psychosocial adjustment, but positive parenting was associated with lower levels of both internalizing and externalizing difficulties. The utility of understanding the link between maternal optimism and parenting for prevention and intervention efforts aimed at enhancing quality of life and subsequent child adjustment is discussed, as well as directions for future research on maternal optimism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Single parents. Making the best of benefits.

Health visitors are well-placed to ensure that mothers on low incomes get all their benefits entitlements. In the first of a two-part series, Lee Ogilvy-Webb of the Child Poverty Action Group looks at the particular problems single parents face and offers tips on how they can maximise their income, focusing this month on mortgages, child support, and earning money while on benefit.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Depressive mood, the single-parent home, and adolescent cigarette smoking.

The association between depressive mood and cigarette smoking among adolescents was examined within a multivariate model. Subjects were 205 eleventh graders (123 boys and 82 girls) enrolled in a Northeast metropolitan public high school for science-oriented students. Logistic regression analysis showed an independent relation of depressive mood, friends' smoking behavior, and living in a single-parent home with cigarette smoking. Depression scores correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked. These associations suggest that depressive mood and stress may contribute to the onset of smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The single parent family and the child's mental health.

The prevalence of psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders in a 1 year birth cohort from northern Finland followed up until 19 years was examined on the basis of hospital records and national registers for subsidies for chronically sick children. Psychiatric disorders were found to occur with higher frequency in children of single parent families, especially those lacking a father during the child's whole life. Childhood enuresis was most frequent in the children who had experienced the divorce of their parents. Discriminant function analysis was used to establish the explanatory value of the family constellation for both psychiatric disorders and enuresis. The other significant explanatory variables for psychiatric disorders were school performance, place of residence and the child's height at 1 year of age, with poor school performance, high population density and short stature increasing the risk. The other significant variables increasing the risk of enuresis were psychiatric disorders, poor school performance, juvenile smoking and small size of dwelling. Disabled children had psychiatric disorders 9 times as frequently as non-disabled ones.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1988

Stress in black, low-income, single-parent families: normative and dysfunctional patterns.

Stressful life events and the effects of demographic and social network variables were explored in a study of 50 clinic-referred and 76 nonclinic, black, low-income, single-parent families. Dysfunctional families evidenced greater stress and social network characteristics were not significant mediators. The family's internal resources may be the most important buffer against stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal resources, parenting, and dietary patterns among rural African American children in single-parent families.

A correlation study was designed to test the hypothesis that maternal education, perceived family resources, and the importance of family routines would be related to children's dietary patterns. Additionally, the study examined the hypothesis that dietary patterns would be associated with children's cognitive and physical abilities. The sample for this study included 159 African American single-mother families with a 6- to 9-year-old child living in rural areas, most of whom lived in poverty. Children's eating patterns were assessed using a self-report questionnaire administered to the mother in an interview format. Children's cognitive ability was measured by several subscales from the Woodcock Johnson Psycho-Educational Instrument and the Harter Perceived Competence Scale for children. For male children, the mother's higher education was related to more adequate eating patterns at home, and more perceived family resources were related to the likelihood of taking vitamin supplements. For female children, greater milk intake was positively related to cognitive outcomes, including applied problem, passage comprehension, calculation, synonym identification, antonym identification, and quantitative concept scores. Milk intake was clearly related to more optimal cognitive development. The results of this study support the literature related to the importance of nutrition for cognitive and physical abilities in children.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1994

Construction from a single parent of baker's yeast strains with high freeze tolerance and fermentative activity in both lean and sweet doughs.

From a freeze-tolerant baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 2,333 spore clones were obtained. To improve the leavening ability in lean dough of the parent strain, we selected 555 of the high-maltose-fermentative spore clones by using a method in which a soft agar solution containing maltose and bromocresol purple was overlaid on yeast colonies. By measuring the gassing power in the dough, we selected 66 spore clones with a good leavening ability in lean dough and a total of 694 hybrids were constructed by crossing them. Among these hybrids, we obtained 50 novel freeze-tolerant strains with good leavening ability in all lean, regular, and sweet doughs comparable to that of commercial baker's yeast. Hybrids with improved leavening ability or freeze tolerance compared with the parent yeast and commercial baker's yeasts were also obtained. These results suggest that hybridization between spore clones derived from a single parent strain is effective for improving the properties of baker's yeasts.

Fermentation↗
PubMed1985

Social support in black, low-income, single-parent families: normative and dysfunctional patterns.

Structural and functional features of social networks and demographic variables were explored in a study of 50 clinic-referred and 76 nonclinic black, low-income, single-parent families. Dysfunctional families evidenced asymmetrical reciprocity within network relationships and had more stressful home environments than did nonclinical families. It is suggested that diagnostic evaluation of these families should assess the level of meaningful support provided by the social network.

Adolescent↗