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PubMed2006

Adoption of security systems by dairy farms to address bioterrorist threats in the intermountain United States.

Data generated from a survey of western dairy farms was used to determine the characteristics of dairy farmers who have undertaken to improve security measures on their farms during the past 2 or 3 yr. The findings suggest that decisions to improve on-farm security are influenced by the producer's awareness of how to develop a security policy, and by the size of the dairy operation. The results also support the notion that farms may be vulnerable to bioterrorist attacks because most farmers do not believe it is important to establish on-farm security policies.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pinpointing the problem of violence.

Following a storm of media protest in the UK, health service employers are being forced to re-examine the security measures they implement to protect their staff. PETRA KYDD reviews an RCN survey on violence towards nurses and outlines the benefits of security systems on offer.

Emergency Nursing↗
PubMed1987

[10 years of a doorkeeper system using patients in geriatric psychiatry in Hochweitzschen--a variation of the open-door system for problem areas in inpatient psychiatry].

The employment of patients as door-keepers represents a version of the open-door principle that can be used to ensure that the door is opened only as necessary in problem areas of psychiatric hospitals where traditional forms of control are not feasible. The experience gained during the use of this system for 10 years serves as a basis for a description of the practical problems involved, system risks, security measures and organizational aspects.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A linkable identity privacy algorithm for HealthGrid.

The issues of confidentiality and privacy have become increasingly important as Grid technology is being adopted in public sectors such as healthcare. This paper discusses the importance of protecting the confidentiality and privacy of patient health/medical records, and the challenges exhibited in enforcing this protection in a Grid environment. It proposes a novel algorithm to allow traceable/linkable identity privacy in dealing with de-identified medical records. Using the algorithm, de-identified health records associated to the same patient but generated by different healthcare providers are given different pseudonyms. However, these pseudonymised records of the same patient can still be linked by a trusted entity such as the NHS trust or HealthGrid manager. The paper has also recommended a security architecture that integrates the proposed algorithm with other data security measures needed to achieve the desired security and privacy in the HealthGrid context.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

An analysis of occupational homicides involving workers 19 years old and younger.

Studies indicate that persons employed in various retail occupations such as convenience stores and restaurants experience an increased risk for being a victim of an occupational homicide. A large proportion of workers aged 19 and under are employed in these types of occupations. The purpose of this study was to determine if the workers from this age group employed in retail trades have a significantly greater risk for being a victim of a homicide. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries were analyzed in this study. The cases included in this study were victims of an occupational homicide that occurred during the period of 1992 to 1996. Proportionate mortality ratios were used to identify the industries in which workers aged 19 and under were experiencing significantly higher proportion of fatalities. Relative risks were calculated to determine if, based on the number of person-years of exposure, workers aged 19 and under in retail trades were experiencing a significantly greater relative risk for being a victim of an occupational homicide. Results indicate that workers aged 19 and under experience a significantly greater proportion of fatalities due to violence in the retail trade. Workers 19 years and under employed in retail trade occupations do experience a significantly greater proportion of fatalities than their counterparts in other industries. Prevention strategies presented include providing employee training and implementing various security measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Use of a secure Internet Web site for collaborative medical research.

Researchers who collaborate on clinical research studies from diffuse locations need a convenient, inexpensive, secure way to record and manage data. The Internet, with its World Wide Web, provides a vast network that enables researchers with diverse types of computers and operating systems anywhere in the world to log data through a common interface. Development of a Web site for scientific data collection can be organized into 10 steps, including planning the scientific database, choosing a database management software system, setting up database tables for each collaborator's variables, developing the Web site's screen layout, choosing a middleware software system to tie the database software to the Web site interface, embedding data editing and calculation routines, setting up the database on the central server computer, obtaining a unique Internet address and name for the Web site, applying security measures to the site, and training staff who enter data. Ensuring the security of an Internet database requires limiting the number of people who have access to the server, setting up the server on a stand-alone computer, requiring user-name and password authentication for server and Web site access, installing a firewall computer to prevent break-ins and block bogus information from reaching the server, verifying the identity of the server and client computers with certification from a certificate authority, encrypting information sent between server and client computers to avoid eavesdropping, establishing audit trails to record all accesses into the Web site, and educating Web site users about security techniques. When these measures are carefully undertaken, in our experience, information for scientific studies can be collected and maintained on Internet databases more efficiently and securely than through conventional systems of paper records protected by filing cabinets and locked doors. JAMA. 2000;284:1843-1849.

Computer Security↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Robbers on board: exposure to violence, insecurity, and other health hazards among mass transportation workers and passengers in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil].

This paper examines the impact of violent crime on working conditions, health, and security for bus drivers and ticket takers in the mass transportation system in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The research included 195 interviews with workers, labor union officials, passengers, management, and police. In the last ten years there have been 20,572 robberies in a fleet of 2,400 buses operated by 10,151 workers, with 67 deaths and more than US$500,000 in company losses. Perpetrators are typically poor, unemployed youths, the majority of whom first offenders, seeking easy money primarily for leisure pursuits. The average "take" from such robberies is minimal. The authors observed a pattern of bus robberies as a psychological power game which, for bus workers, apart from physical injuries and fatalities, generates fear, identity conflicts, tense relations with passengers, and labor conflicts involving the recovery of stolen fares and worker and passenger security issues. The article also outlines and evaluates the efficiency of security measures including the use of lethal force by police.

Brazil↗
PubMed1992

Rising violence in ERs cause hospitals to redesign security.

A growing number of problems caused by drugs, alcohol, gang violence and domestic quarrels are spilling over into emergency departments, creating security challenges for the nation's hospitals. In response, facilities are stepping up security measures, including redesigning emergency departments, installing airport-type metal detectors and broadening staff training.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMed2006

Detection of orthopaedic foot and ankle implants by security screening devices.

BACKGROUND: A common question asked by patients contemplating foot and ankle surgery is whether the implants used will set off security screening devices in airports and elsewhere. Detectability of specific implants may require the orthopaedic surgeon to provide attestation regarding their presence in patients undergoing implantation of these devices. Only two studies have been published since security measures became more stringent in the post-9/11 era. None of these studies specifically focused on the large numbers of orthopaedic foot and ankle implants in use today. This study establishes empiric data on the detectability by security screening devices of some currently used foot and ankle implants. METHODS: A list of foot and ankle procedures was compiled, including procedures frequently used by general orthopaedists as well as those usually performed only by foot and ankle specialists. Implants tested included those used for open reduction and internal fixation, joint fusion, joint arthroplasty, osteotomies, arthroreisis, and internal bone stimulation. A test subject walked through a gate-type security device and was subsequently screened using a wand-type detection device while wearing each construct grouping. The screening was repeated with the implants placed within uncooked steak to simulate subcutaneous and submuscular implantation. RESULTS: None of the implants were detected by the gate-type security device. Specific implants that triggered the wand-type detection device regardless of coverage with the meat were total ankle prostheses, implantable bone stimulators, large metatarsophalangeal hemiarthroplasty, large arthroreisis plugs, medial distal tibial locking construct, supramalleolar osteotomy fixation, stainless steel bimalleolar ankle fracture fixation, calcaneal fracture plate and screw constructs, large fragment blade plate constructs, intramedullary tibiotalocalcaneal fusion constructs, and screw fixation for calcaneal osteotomies, ankle arthrodeses, triple arthrodeses, and stainless steel first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodeses. The placement of implants in meat prevented the detectability of only the stainless steel Jones fracture implant (stainless steel 6.5-mm cannulated screw) and the stainless steel midfoot fusion construct (four stainless steel 4.0-mm cannulated screws). CONCLUSIONS: These data may help the orthopaedic surgeon in counseling patients as to the detectability of some orthopaedic foot and ankle implants in use today. Specific constructs for which documentation may need to be provided to the patient are identified. As security standards evolve and the environments in which they are practiced change, empiric testing of many of these devices may need to be repeated.

Ankle↗
PubMed1992

An update on increasing ER violence and what's being done about it.

Violent incidents in the hospital emergency room are increasing in intensity throughout the country, endangering the lives of the medical staff, security officers, patients, and visitors. Much of the violence is attributed to the spread of gang and drug activity, along with overcrowded, understaffed ERs due to a depressed economy. This report covers recent incidents of ER violence and the public demands of ER physicians and nurses for increased security. We will also detail security measures--from training in the psychology of violence to installing state-of-the-art metal detectors--that hospitals are now utilizing as deterrents.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMed2002

A threat-appraisal perspective on employees' fears about antisocial workplace behavior.

This article uses a threat-appraisal model to examine the antecedents and consequences of antisocial behavior in an urban public school system. Teachers (compared with nonteachers) and middle and high school employees (compared with elementary school employees) reported higher levels of exposure to and fears about antisocial behavior. A path analysis demonstrated that threat appraisals partially mediate the relationship between antisocial behavior and job satisfaction and indirectly affect turnover intentions. These effects were consistent across high- and low-contact job types and across elementary, middle, and high school employees. The authors used the threat-appraisal model to describe the consequences of different interventions and found empirical evidence for employee voice and security measures as intervening variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Security of radioactive material at academic institutions.

In recent years, regulatory emphasis on the prevention of loss, theft and intentional misuse of radioactive materials at academic institutions has forced radiation safety personnel to devote increasing amounts of time and effort to address security issues. NRC regulations require that radioactive materials used or stored in controlled or unrestricted areas be secure from unauthorized removal or be under constant surveillance when in use. This leaves open to interpretation what types of security are required for radioactive materials in restricted areas. Adhering to the goal of keeping exposures As Low As Reasonable Achievable (ALARA), a risk-based system for radioactive materials security in a university setting is proposed based on Annual Limits of Intake (ALI). This system establishes levels of security based on physical form, activity and concentration. Using this system, radiation safety personnel can more effectively establish reasonable security measures for radioactive material consistent with minimizing the realistic potential of serious harm or injury.

Drug Storage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Privacy and computerized medical records.

There are strong incentives to computerize medical records in the present health care environment, yet medical information is frequently personal and is protected by privacy law and by centuries of a tradition of confidentiality. It is not possible to eliminate all risk of inappropriate disclosure and use of medical information, either in a paper or an electronic system. Computerization of records increases the potential for abuse, but with appropriate attention to security measures, medical data can be made reasonably secure while preserving accessibility for those who truly need the information. Both for technical and legal reasons, paper records are still necessary in 1995, to back up electronic medical databases.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2003

Weapons detection at two urban hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the type of weapons confiscated from an urban pediatric hospital and its affiliated general hospital. METHODS: This was a prospective evaluation of weapons confiscated from individuals entering 2 affiliated urban hospitals: a general hospital with over 85,000 emergency department visits and a freestanding children's hospital with over 45,000 emergency department visits. The security personnel are common between the 2 hospitals and use similar confiscation protocols. The institutions were evaluated between January 1, 2000 and August 31, 2000, which followed the implementation of weapons detectors at the children's hospital. The variety and scope of weapons confiscated were monitored. RESULTS: During the 8 months, 3706 metallic weapons were confiscated. This included 3446 from the general hospital and 260 from the children's center. The weapons confiscated at the general hospital compared with the children's hospital included guns (4 vs. 0), knives (2048 vs. 114), box cutter/razors (596 vs. 37), scissors (70 vs. 53), chemical sprays (205 vs. 50), tools (73 vs. 6), and other (450 vs. 0). CONCLUSIONS: While more weapons were confiscated at the larger general hospital, the traditional sense that children's hospitals are at minimal risk is unjustified. The alarming number of lethal concealed weapons confiscated from both institutions demonstrates the importance of deterrent security measures, including the use of metal detectors to protect families and staff.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMed2000

Public opinion about guns in the home.

OBJECTIVES: (1) Determine the frequency of gun ownership, acquisition, and transfer; (2) assess gun storage practices; and (3) compare the views of firearm owning and non-owning adults regarding the protective value of keeping a gun in the home. SETTING AND METHODS: Over three different time periods (1995, 1996, and 1999) stratified, random digit telephone surveys were conducted in a five county area of metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. Five hundred adults (aged 21+ years) responded to each survey. RESULTS: The proportion of Atlanta area households reporting firearm ownership was generally stable over this interval (38%, 40%, and 35% respectively). The percentage of gun owning households containing a handgun (approximately 75%) was stable as well. In 1995, more than half of gun owning households kept one or more guns unlocked; since that time, the trend has been gradually downward. In 1995, 44% of gun owning respondents kept one or more guns loaded, compared with 38% in 1996 and 40% in 1999. A majority of respondents to all three surveys (55%) agreed with the statement "A home with a gun is less secure than a home without a gun, because a gun can be involved in an accidental shooting, suicide or family homicide". Among five home security measures, respondents rated a burglar alarm most effective, and keeping a gun in the home least effective. CONCLUSIONS: In Atlanta, many households keep a firearm for protection, but they are ambivalent about the associated risks. These findings suggest that education about gun safety should include a discussion of the risks of unsafe storage, and non-lethal alternatives for home security.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Application of the API/NPRA SVA methodology to transportation security issues.

Security vulnerability analysis (SVA) is becoming more prevalent as the issue of chemical process security is of greater concern. The American Petroleum Institute (API) and the National Petrochemical and Refiner's Association (NPRA) have developed a guideline for conducting SVAs of petroleum and petrochemical facilities in May 2003. In 2004, the same organizations enhanced the guidelines by adding the ability to evaluate transportation security risks (pipeline, truck, and rail). The importance of including transportation and value chain security in addition to fixed facility security in a SVA is that these issues may be critically important to understanding the total risk of the operation. Most of the SVAs done using the API/NPRA SVA and other SVA methods were centered on the fixed facility and the operations within the plant fence. Transportation interfaces alone are normally studied as a part of the facility SVA, and the entire transportation route impacts and value chain disruption are not commonly considered. Particularly from a national, regional, or local infrastructure analysis standpoint, understanding the interdependencies is critical to the risk assessment. Transportation risks may include weaponization of the asset by direct attack en route, sabotage, or a Trojan Horse style attack into a facility. The risks differ in the level of access control and the degree of public exposures, as well as the dynamic nature of the assets. The public exposures along the transportation route need to be carefully considered. Risks may be mitigated by one of many strategies including internment, staging, prioritization, conscription, or prohibition, as well as by administrative security measures and technology for monitoring and isolating the assets. This paper illustrates how these risks can be analyzed by the API/NPRA SVA methodology. Examples are given of a pipeline operation, and other examples are found in the guidelines.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed2003

Controlling hospital library theft.

At Capital Health System/Fuld Campus (formerly Helene Fuld Medical Center), the Health Sciences Library lost many books and videocassettes. These materials were listed in the catalog but were missing when staff went to the shelves. The hospital had experienced a downsizing of staff, a reorganization, and a merger. When the library staff did an inventory, $10,000 worth of materials were found to be missing. We corrected the situation through a series of steps that we believe will help other libraries control their theft. Through regularly scheduling inventories, monitoring items, advertising, and using specific security measures, we have successfully controlled the library theft. The January 2002 inventory resulted in meeting our goal of zero missing books and videocassettes. We work to maintain that goal.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

State-of-the-art protection for garages: what's new? What are major med centers using?

With garages and parking areas continuing to account for a substantial percentage of criminal incidents taking place on hospital property, parking and security officials are seeking ways to maximize protection of staff and visitors, including the employment of state-of-the-art security measures. In this report, we'll describe what officials of two of the largest medical center garages in the country have done and give details on new developments in access control--heavy-duty barrier gates.

Academic Medical Centers↗