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PubMed2006

Effects of phenylephrine on transplanted submandibular gland.

Autotransplantation of the submandibular gland is a potential treatment for severe kerato-conjunctivitis sicca. However, one of the major barriers to this procedure is that secretions from the transplanted gland decrease shortly after the operation, which may lead to obstruction of Wharton's duct, or even to transplantation failure. Using a rabbit model, we investigated whether phenylephrine could improve the secretion from the transplanted gland. We found that phenylephrine treatment significantly reversed the decrease in salivary secretion after transplantation, enhanced the expressions of alpha1A-, alpha1B-, and alpha1D-adrenoceptor mRNA, and ameliorated atrophy of acinar cells. Furthermore, phenylephrine also induced translocation of aquaporin-5 from the cytoplasm to the apical membrane, and increased the levels of phospho-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, phospho-PKCzeta, and PKCzeta in the transplanted gland. These results indicate that phenylephrine treatment moderates structural injury and improves secretory function in the transplanted submandibular gland through promoting alpha1-adrenoceptor expression and post-receptor signal transduction.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1987

The amino-acid sequences of the double-headed proteinase inhibitors from cat, lion and dog submandibular glands.

Cat and lion submandibular glands each contain a double-headed secretory proteinase inhibitor. Their amino-acid sequences were determined, and the amino-acid sequence of the inhibitor of dog submandibular glands was revised. Extensive homologies were found between these inhibitors in both domains. The trypsin-inhibiting domains of cat and lion inhibitors, however, contain a Lys residue in the reactive site in contrast to an Arg residue in the dog inhibitor. Domains I and II of cat, lion, and dog inhibitors are structurally related both to each other and to the sequenced monovalent secretory pancreatic trypsin inhibitors, Notable differences in inhibitory properties of canine and feline inhibitors are discussed with respect to sequence differences.

Alkylation↗
PubMed2000

Intracellular signalling cascades activated by the EGF receptor and/or by integrins, with potential relevance for branching morphogenesis of the fetal mouse submandibular gland.

The fetal mouse submandibular gland grown in vitro is a valuable model system to study epithelio-mesenchymal interactions vital for branching morphogenesis. This basic developmental process is dependent upon simultaneous engagement of receptors for growth factors and components of the extracellular matrix. Here we review intracellular signalling cascades mediated by activation of the EGFR in the developing mouse submandibular gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Association of increased polyamine levels with isoproterenol-stimulated mucin secretion in the rat submandibular gland.

Incubation of rat submandibular gland slices with 50 microM isoproterenol for 10-40 min stimulated mucin secretion and induced a 3- to 4-fold increase in tissue concentrations of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine. alpha-Difluoromethylornithine, a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, suppressed the isoproterenol-induced increase in submandibular polyamines and inhibited mucin secretion. Exogenous putrescine restored tissue polyamine levels and partially reversed the inhibitory effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on mucin secretion. Rapid increases in polyamine levels appear to mediate isoproterenol-stimulated mucin secretion in the rat submandibular gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Distribution and regulation of mitochondrial hexokinase in rat submandibular gland.

1. In rat submandibular gland, hexokinase was distributed not only in cytosol fraction but also in mitochondrial fraction. 2. Glucose-6-phosphate and ATP were most effective substances on releasing hexokinase from mitochondria. However, all the hexokinase in mitochondria could not be extracted with these substances. 3. Concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and ATP were decreased with the administration of epinephrine in vivo. 4. Increase of the amount of mitochondria-bound hexokinase was observed for 5 min with epinephrine administration, and it returned to the control level after 10 min. 5. In rat submandibular gland, mitochondrial hexokinase may reversibly bind to and release from mitochondria as observed in brain.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1988

Submandibular gland excision.

A review of 107 submandibular gland excisions was made to determine the relative frequency of neoplastic versus non-neoplastic disease. The results show a preponderance of non-neoplastic pathology. Benign tumors were found in 6% of glands, primary glandular and metastatic carcinoma in 3%. Timely treatment of a submandibular gland mass is indicated due to the relatively aggressive behavior of malignancies originating in this location.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Submandibular gland tumors.

Tumors involving the submandibular gland are rare. However, the incidence of malignancy is much higher than in the parotid (approaching 50 percent). In addition, the 5-year survival rate in patients with malignant tumors of the submandibular gland is much poorer in our series--28 percent versus 71.8 percent for the parotid gland. Because of the poor prognosis in patients with malignant tumors involving the submandibular gland we feel that composite resections should be carried out for all tumors except low-grade mucoepidermoid tumors. In addition, postoperative radiation should be given for specific indications (detailed in the article).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Secretagogue-mediated discharge of nerve growth factor from granular tubules of male mouse submandibular glands: an immunocytochemical study.

Submandibular glands of male mice were stained for nerve growth factor by light microscopic immunocytochemistry. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was present in the granules of granular tubule cells, with the immunoreactive material often concentrated at the periphery of granules. Administration of the alpha-adrenergic agent, phenylephrine, to animals resulted in a marked depletion of NGF-containing granules from granular tubules. Some release also occurred following administration of the beta-adrenergic agent, isoproterenol. Cholinergic stimulation (pilocarpine) did not result in appreciable loss of immunoreactive granules from these cells. In vitro results were not as clear cut, immunocytochemically, as those obtained with intact animals. It is concluded that discharge of NGF from male mouse submandibular glands is mediated predominantly by alpha-adrenergic activation, and that this phenomenon is readily demonstrated in the intact animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Calcium-dependent biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor by submandibular gland cells.

Isolated dog submandibular gland cells synthesize platelet-activating factor (PAF) when stimulated with acetylcholine (ACh). This production of PAF was concentration- and time-dependent, and was inhibited by pretreatment with anticholinergic agents. PAF that had accumulated in cells through prior stimulation with ACh vanished rapidly on addition of atropine. Phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride produced an accumulation of PAF in non-stimulated cells and greatly potentiated further ACh-induced accumulation. PAF production and [14C] arachidonic acid (AA) liberation induced by ACh were increased by higher concentrations of extracellular Ca2+, and ACh failed to stimulate PAF formation in the absence of Ca2+, although ACh still stimulated the liberation of [14C]AA without Ca2+. Both the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin in intact cells and Ca2+ (at concentrations greater than or equal to 300 nM) in digitonin-permeabilized cells facilitated PAF formation. 1-O-Alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PAF):acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity rapidly increased in cells incubated with ACh or ionomycin. These results suggest, at least, that the stimulation of a remodelling pathway is involved in the increased PAF synthesis induced by ACh. Dithiothreitol-insensitive cholinephosphotransferase activity was also activated by ACh. However, the activation of both enzymes by ACh was transient, in spite of the fact that ACh-stimulated PAF formation was continuous. This may suggest that additional mechanism(s) other than the activation of these enzymes play an important role in controlling PAF synthesis. The present study provides further evidence that the exocrine submandibular gland cells of dogs have the capacity to increase PAF turnover upon stimulation in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and retain PAF within the cells partly associated with the membrane and partly released into the cytosol.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2006

CT features of plexiform neurofibroma of the submandibular gland.

Plexiform neurofibroma of the submandibular gland is an extremely rare tumor. We report the CT findings in a 6-year-old girl with type 1 neurofibromatosis who had a histopathologically proven submandibular gland plexiform neurofibroma. A "branching" hypodense mass was noted on the CT scan infiltrating the submandibular gland and the adjacent spaces of the neck. CT could be extremely valuable in suggesting the diagnosis.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[The development and ultrastructure study of acellular submandibular gland scaffold].

PURPOSE: To develop nature acellular submandibular gland scaffold materials and observe its ultrastructures. METHODS: The fresh submandibular glands of SD rats were cell-extracted by chemical detergent and observed with transmission and scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Submandibular gland cells were dissolved and destroyed under transmission electron microscope. Normal submandibular gland cells were ball, but the shape of cells disappeared after cell-extraction under scanning electron microscope. Collagen fibers were arranged as net structure. CONCLUSIONS: Submandibular gland cells disappeared and the arrangement of collagen fibres were normal by Triton X-100 cell-extraction.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Surgical results of submandibular gland excision].

INTRODUCTION: Extirpation of the submandibular gland is the standard treatment for benign disease in cases where conservative treatment fails. This study attempts a follow-up focusing on: the effectiveness of the treatment, the number of complications and the long-term complaints related to this surgical procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 110 patients who, due to benign disease, underwent submandibular gland excision at our hospital during 1989-1995. All the patients had their charts reviewed and were invited for a follow-up consultation, with an examination and an interview about complaints arising after the procedure. RESULTS: Average follow-up time was 7.2 years (range 3.3 to 9.4 years) and 72 patients (65.5%) reported back for follow-up. Sixty-eight of the examined patients (92%) reported relief from their preoperative symptoms. Forty-three patients (42%) had complications in connection with their surgery and fifteen patients (15%) needed a reoperation. The most frequent postoperative complaints were dryness of the mouth and reduced function of the marginal branch of the facial nerve. DISCUSSION: Most of the patients achieved relief of symptoms after surgery. There were a high number of complications, but most of these were of minor severity and temporary. The frequency of palsy in the submandibular branch decreased with time after operation while the frequency of oral dryness increased with time. Excision of the submandibular gland is an effective low-risk treatment for benign disease in the submandibular gland.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed2002

Biochemical changes in the sublingual and submandibular glands after interruption of chorda tympani.

The left chorda tympani nerve was interrupted through meatus acusticus externus in ten dogs. In total, 40 dog salivary glands (20 submandibular and 20 sublingual) innervated via chorda tympani were examined. Twenty glands (10 submandibular and 10 sublingual) on the left side were deprived of parasympathetic innervation by chordectomy, whereas contraleteral glands, on the right side, served as controls. Biochemical analysis showed that the interruption of chorda tympani did not cause any significant changes in the concentrations of eight enzymes investigated, i.e. lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase. There were no significant changes in the concentrations of most important extracellular ions (sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus) in the right glands, but the loss of parasympathetic innervation in the left glands was found to cause a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of potassium as intracellular cation and of phosphorus as extracellular anion.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Prognostic factors for long term results of the treatment of patients with malignant submandibular gland tumors.

BACKGROUND: Concerning malignant submandibular gland tumors, a rare disease entity, there are few recent reports of long term treatment results and of prognostic factors modifying these results. METHODS: The clinical data of 43 patients with malignant submandibular gland tumors who were treated at the Netherlands Cancer Institute between 1973 and 1994 were reviewed to evaluate treatment results and to control described prognostic factors. The median follow-up for patients alive at the end of follow-up was 143 months. Only univariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: The crude 5- and 10-year survival rates were 50% and 36%, respectively; the 5- and 10-year disease specific survival (DSS) rates were 61% and 51%, respectively; and the 5- and 10-year recurrence free percentages were 57% and 52%, respectively. Factors predicting crude survival were age at diagnosis (P = 0.0006), International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/ AJCC) TNM classification and its regrouping into tumor stage (P = 0.001), and clinical skin invasion (P = 0.005). In surgically treated patients, soft tissue invasion (P = 0.005), metastatic lymph nodes (P = 0.006), and perineural growth (P = 0.01) were prognostic for survival. Factors predicting DSS were the UICC/AJCC TNM classification and regrouping into tumor stage (P = 0.002). In surgical patients, perineural growth (P = 0.0008) conferred a lower DSS. Factors predicting tumor recurrence were the UICC/AJCC TNM classification and its regrouping into tumor stage (P = 0.009). In surgical patients, perineural growth (P = 0.003) predicts tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Of patients with submandibular gland carcinoma treated according to a stable treatment protocol in a European tertiary referral center, 52% were tumor free 10 years later. Patients exhibiting the described adverse prognostic factors are likely to benefit from added radiotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Microvascular transplantation and replantation of the dog submandibular gland.

Transplantation and replantation of the submandibular gland with microvascular techniques were demonstrated in a previous study, with good gland survival. The application of radiation on the neck bed was attempted to address an actual clinical scenario in this study. Five canine submandibular glands were transplanted using microvascular techniques to the ipsilateral femoral system. Radiotherapy at a dosage level of 3,600 cGy using 600 cGy q.d was delivered to the nasopharyngeal and neck regions 2 weeks after transplantation. The transferred glands were then reintroduced into the original but radiated neck bed. The glands were harvested for histological examination 8 weeks later. Four of five canine submandibular glands can withstand microvascular transplantation and then replantation into a radiated neck bed for at least 8 weeks. However, the salivary function was depleted. The canine submandibular gland can survive the transplantation and replantation for at least 8 weeks in spite of precipitating radiation insult on the neck bed for 3 weeks. Neurorraphy is, however, essential to maintaining the glandular function.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Inhibition of Na+,K(+)-ATPase by platelet-activating factor in dog submandibular glands.

Physiological stimulation of dog submandibular gland has been shown to generate platelet-activating factor (PAF). However, PAF is not released from cells in the tissue. To assess its intracellular activity, the effect of PAF on Na+,K(+)-ATPase was examined in dog submandibular gland cells. PAF inhibited Na+,K(+)-ATPase in membrane preparations, and the inhibitory effect was dependent on the protein concentration in the enzyme preparation. The inhibitory effect of a low concentration of PAF was antagonized by a PAF-receptor antagonist, BN 50,739, but at high concentrations, PAF was not antagonized. Kinetic analysis of PAF inhibition of Na+,K(+)-ATPase suggests that the inhibition of Na+,K(+)-ATPase by PAF is not due to competition by PAF at K(+)- or Na(+)-binding sites on the enzyme, but by complex inhibitory mechanisms. These results suggest that PAF may interact with specific and nonspecific site of action resulting in the inhibition of Na+,K(+)-ATPase. Ouabain increased mucin release from dog submandibular gland cells. Because Na+,K(+)-ATPase and ion exchange pathways are important in the secretory responses of acinar cells, PAF may regulate intracellularly the secretory function of acinar cells by modulating Na+,K(+)-ATPase and ionic homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Morphological and biochemical study on the constituent cells and estrogen level of the rat submandibular gland.

The constituent cells of the submandibular gland of immature rats were compared with those of adult animals as well as the estrogen and estrogen binding protein level. The submandibular gland of immature and that of adult animals were entirely different in structure. High levels of estrogen binding protein are present in the nuclei in the young male and female submandibular gland. Nuclear estradiol binding protein, however, was not detected in the gland of adults in both sexes. These results suggest that the submandibular gland of the immature rat is influenced by estrogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A granular cell in the proximal intercalated duct of human parotid and submandibular glands.

In human parotid and submandibular gland unusual granulated cells are observed at the acinar-intercalated duct junction. These cells, which show a well developed Golgi apparatus, greatly differ from the typical elements of the intercalated ducts mainly due to the presence of abundant secretory granules of unknown nature. A complex substructure distinguishes these granules from those of conventional ductal cells and from those of acinar cells as well. In addition, some differences exist in the morphology of the granules observed in parotid with respect to those of submandibular gland.

Adolescent↗