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PubMed1983

[Psychological theory and implicit sociology.].

This text is based on the hypothesis that every theory on the psychology of personality must inevitably, in one manner or another, have a sociological referent, that is to say, it must refer to a body of knowledge which deals with a diversity of social contexts and their relations to individuals. According to this working hypothesis, such a sociology is implicit. This text then discusses a group of theoretical approaches in an effort to verify this hypothesis. This approach allows the extrication of diverse forms or diverse expressions of this implicit sociology within this context several currents are rapidly explored : psychoanalysis, behaviorism, gestalt, classical theory of needs. The author also comments on the approach, inspired by oriental techniques or philosophies, which employs the notion of myth to deepen self awareness. Finally, from the same perspective, he comments at greater length on the work of Carl Rogers, highlighting the diverse form of implicit sociology. In addition to Carl Rogers, this text refers to Freud, Jung, Adler, Reich, Perls, Goodman, Skinner as well as to Ginette Paris and various analysts of Taoism. In conclusion, the author indicates the significance of his analysis from double viewpoint of psychological theory and practice.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1976

Professional sociologists and the history of sociology: a survey of recent opinion.

Using members of the American Sociological Association, we attempt to determine the amount and degree of interest in the history of sociology; the particular nature of that interest; and the special sources of that interest. We find that the most significant factor affecting both degree and nature of interest in the history of sociology is the speciality of the sociologist himself.

Attitude↗
PubMed1988

The reception of anthropological work in sociology journals, 1922-1951.

The gradual disenchantment of American sociologists with the validity of ethnographic reports is examined by tracing the reception of anthropological work from 1922-1951 in three leading sociological journals: The American Journal of Sociology, The American Sociological Review, and Social Forces. Although prominent American sociologists initially welcomed Boasian syntheses of Native American and of exotic foreign cultures in the 1920s and 1930s, by the 1940s they began to wonder if the earlier assertions of cultural anthropologists about these exotic cultures were as shakily based as were their later assertions about cultural patterns in the United States.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2001

Alvin W. Gouldner and industrial sociology at Columbia University.

Alvin W. Gouldner (1920--1980) was a prolific sociologist of the post-World War II era who spent the early part of his career (the 1950s) in the field of industrial sociology. A case study of Gouldner's early life and career is useful insofar as it intertwines with the development of industrial sociology as a distinct subfield within sociology. Through this analysis we are also better able to understand how and in what ways a burgeoning organizational studies program developed at Columbia University during the 1940s. This analysis of the historical and cultural contexts within which Gouldner came to prominence as an industrial sociologist at Columbia, and the intellectual program that resulted, can also help shed light on more recent trends in organizational studies.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2005

The Sociological Department at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1901 to 1907: scientific paternalism and industrial control.

The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company's Sociological Department represented an industrial welfare plan based on an early understanding of applied sociology. The Department was created as a response to the demands of integrating coal and coke production with steel manufacturing, and the necessity of combating strikes among the immigrant workers. The "settlement house model" used by the Sociological Department was intended to foster labor stability by transforming the lifestyles and habits of the immigrant workers and their families. It is concluded that the industrial welfare programs that were intended to inspire loyalty to the company merely added to the workers' grievances with the company.

Colorado↗
PubMed1985

Explorations of the improvisational side of sex: charting the future of the sociology of sex.

On close inspection, the concept of the sexual script reveals a side to human sexual conduct, the improvisational side, that has yet to be addressed by the sociology of sex. Three questions are answered: What is improvisational sex? Why is sex improvisational? When is sex improvisational? The answers indicate that, in focusing on rule-regulated sexual behavior, the sociology of sex has overlooked the bulk of human sexual conduct. Recommendations are made for correcting errors of the past and for plotting the future of the sociology of sex.

Environment↗
PubMed1993

Plato, sociology and nursing.

Although sociology plays an increasingly important role in nurse education, many nurse learners are unable to assimilate sociological knowledge in relation to nursing practice. The relevance of sociology and its contribution to nursing is questioned and its usefulness is lost in a self-imposed web of confusion. Using the allegory of Plato's cave, I suggest that the root of the problem lies in the epistemology of nursing and the manner in which the culture of nursing is reproduced. From this premise, the use of seminar learning to dismantle the web will be discussed in this paper.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1983

The state of medical sociology in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and Austria: applied vs pure theory.

This paper investigates the development of medical sociology in four selected Western nations--the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and Austria--where the state of the field ranges from highly developed to underdeveloped. The focus of the paper is to explore the problem of applied versus purely theoretical medical sociology and assess the direction of the field. The trends noted in the analysis clearly indicate that contemporary medical sociology is primarily an applied subject. The evolution and implications of this situation for the subdiscipline are discussed.

Austria↗
PubMed1984

Are we a 'death-denying' society? a sociological review.

There exists in much social science literature on death and dying the traditionally held view that modern societies are 'death-denying'. In some cases this has been a 'throw away' line of minimal importance. Other times, the thesis that we are a death-denying society has taken on the appearance of serious sociological argument. In still other cases, there exists another body of literature which supports this thesis by offering examples of death denial rather than cogent argument. This has amounted to a significant, albeit fragmented, sociological theory of the background of our principle death related behaviours. This paper gives that quasi-theory a systematic review by examining the central terms of reference, argument and examples of 'death denial' in the literature. The main arguments and examples of this thesis, that we are a 'death-denying' society, are evaluated according to their sociological content. Subsequently, the ability of the thesis to explain the principle areas of our death related behaviour as discussed by it, has been assessed. This paper argues that Western societies are not 'death-denying' by any of the major criteria posed in the literature on the subject. To say that our contemporary societies are 'death-denying' has no theoretical or practical explanatory value.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1996

Why teach sociology? A contribution to the debate.

This paper seeks to engage in the debate about the role of sociology in nurse education that has been conducted in the pages of Nurse Education Today by Hannah Cooke (1993) and Keith Sharp (1995). Cooke's paper is addressed first. It is argued that in her application to nursing of Foucauldian notions of power, Cooke inflates the salience of power to the development of holistic care. In doing do, she diverts her argument away from the central problematic of her paper, namely her identification of critical structural approaches as being essential to nursing sociology. Cooke's conclusions on this issue are defended against the attack made upon them by Sharp. First, it is contended that Sharp's argument that the multiparadigmatic nature of sociology means that it cannot act as a guide for nurses is self-contradictory. Second, it is argued that his characterization of nursing work as essentially instrumental is misguided, in that the prosecution of holistic care entails a more reflexive form of action. Finally, it is posited that his interpretation of Cooke's perspective as narrow political vision is unsustainable.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed2004

Dementia: sociological and philosophical constructions.

This analysis presents a challenge to the biomedical view of dementia as a disease. This view is critiqued from two perspectives: those of sociology and philosophy. Because these domains inform the creation of the medical discourse, their analysis provides an important refinement to the apprehension of the phenomenon of dementia. From the work of Foucault, and in particular his analysis of the historical origins of modern medicine, the sociological construction of dementia is considered. Following this, the philosophical question of Being is discussed, considering particularly the positions of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty. Lastly aspects of dementia nursing that are damaging to those relatives forced to take on the role of primary carer are isolated, in the context of Kitwood's view that it is possible to maintain personhood at the extremes of this condition. It is suggested that this critique of sociological and philosophical foundations of dementia might offer a way of approaching the dismantling of the self and revise current conceptions of dementia care for the better.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1993

Boundary work in the nursing curriculum: the case of sociology.

A discussion of the boundaries between nursing and sociology is contained in this paper. The creation of nursing as an academic subject is discussed and compared with the creation of academic geography. The creation of academic subject involves 'boundary work' in which power and legitimacy are conferred on some forms of knowledge and not others. Boundary work enables a discipline to stake out a claim to its legitimate territory and the resources that go with it. In a practice discipline such as nursing, the boundaries between nursing and supporting subjects, such as sociology and physiology, create problems of transfer of learning. This has implications for curriculum design. Bernstein's work on educational transmissions offers useful insights. He suggests a distinction between educational knowledge codes. 'Collection' codes involve strong boundaries between subjects, 'integrated' codes imply weak boundaries. The implications of the move to an integrated code in nursing are discussed. The existence of an integrated code implies a 'strong ideological consensus' within a discipline. In nursing this entails a belief in the 'individualized care' of the patients. This is incompatible with the sociological understanding of nursing.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1996

Breaking the boundaries between nursing and sociology: a critical realist ethnography of the theory-practice gap.

This paper is a response to the challenges laid down by Hannah Cooke in a paper in the Journal of Advanced Nursing entitled "Boundary work in the nursing curriculum: the case of sociology' (Cooke 1993a). In her paper, Cooke noted that the outlook of nursing and sociology are inimicable because nursing's concentration on individuals is at variance with sociology's concern with wider social issues. We argue that it is possible for nursing research to give due attention to social structures without losing its focus on individuals. One methodology that could facilitate this broadening of nursing's epistemological boundaries is critical realist ethnography, which works under the assumption that the relationship between social structures and individual actors involves a two-way process, in that while the enablements and constraints imposed by structures influence individual actions, those actions in turn either maintain or transform social structures. To demonstrate how such a methodology could be applied in nursing research, we work through a case study concerning the theory-practice gap, arguing that the gap is neither the result of clinicians' ignorance of nor antipathy to theory, but is largely generated by the lack of resources enjoyed by nurses, which in turn is a reflection of the social structure of capitalism within which nurses operate.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1999

Teaching sociology to nurses: exploring the debate.

This article reviews literature on the current debate concerning teaching sociology to nurses. The debate is limited because it does not take into account the work of Donald Schön, or Anthony Giddens. The article also discusses theories of adult education which support teaching sociology in nurse education. Sociology is essential for nurses, because it can help to develop an understanding and analysis of the context and substance of nursing practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Towards a sociology of CAM and nursing.

Over recent years a sporadic, but not insignificant, sociology of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has begun to emerge. However, to date, the systematic sociological study of the apparent affinity between CAM, nursing as a profession and its practitioners has been absent from it. In this paper we argue for the need for a rigorous sociology of nursing and CAM and set out a provisional framework through which this might be operationalized. Three broad themes, as well as cross-cutting issues, are outlined. The way in which the challenges of CAM are mediated at the level of the individual and the profession are pivotal to analysis. An understanding of this mediation is crucial both as a means of extending knowledge, and as a means of engaging with complex issues such as the role of evidence, and the equity of provision, that are likely to accompany any extension of CAM mainstreaming.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed2002

Positivism in sociological research: USA and UK (1966-1990).

Positivism has been declared dead in sociological theory circles, yet questions remain as to its viability among researchers. The authors present diagnostic evidence about positivism in sociological practice through a content analysis of journal articles published in the late 1960s and the late 1980s in the sociological journals of the USA and Britain. Using an index based on seven elements of positivism that were characteristic of the 'theory construction' movement of the late 1960s, the authors find evidence of the effects of time and nation on the use of positivism. Disaggregation of the index reveals that most of the observed change is associated with the elements of 'instrumental' positivism, particularly statistics. The results raise questions about the relationship between theory and research and about sociologists' philosophies of science.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2005

The relevance of medical sociology to psychiatry: a historical view.

Collaboration between sociology and psychiatry is traced to the 1920s when, stimulated by Harry Stack Sullivan and Adolph Meyer, the relationship was activated by common theoretical and research interests. Immediately after World War II, this became a true partnership, stimulated by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, and the growing influence of psychoanalytic theory. The effects of a sociology that focused on issues of health and illness proceeded to grow in medical education, research, and the treatment of mental illness until 1980, when a distinct shift of emphasis in psychiatry occurred. In its role as educator of future physicians, postwar psychiatry developed a paradigm of biopsychosocial behavior but, after 3 decades, changed to a biopharmacological model. The definition of mental illness as a deviant extreme in developmental and interpersonal characteristics lost favor to nosological diagnoses of discrete or dichotomous models. Under a variety of intellectual, socioeconomic, and political pressures, psychiatry reduced its interest in and relationship with sociology, replacing it in part with bioethics and economics. In this article, the detailed underpinnings of these changes are described and interpreted.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed2004

Story teller or story analyst? How useful is the storied narrative for a critical sociology of CAM and nursing?

Despite recent developments in the sociology of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), a critical analysis of the apparent affinity between CAM and nursing has, to date, remained essentially undeveloped. An empirical project is currently being conducted as an initial step to address the absence of such important critical research. A total of 30 written life history narratives were obtained from nurses working with and using CAM to explore such matters as professional boundaries and nurses' authentication strategies and conceptualisation and operationalisation of CAM. This paper addresses questions and conflicts that arose as the analytical tools were considered for these narrative accounts. Specifically, the paper explores whether the storied narrative sits easily with a critically oriented sociology of CAM; the differences between the role of "storyteller" or "story analyst"; and ask whether there is potential for developing a critical sociology of CAM nursing that retains the essence of personal stories.

Complementary Therapies↗