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PubMed2005

The association of total antioxidant capacity with sex hormones.

OBJECTIVE: Although sex hormones have potential cardioprotective effects, their effects on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) are not very well known. The aim of the study was to evaluate TAC in men who have decreased and normal testosterone levels and in women in menopausal and premenopausal period. DESIGN: Ninety-seven subjects with similar age intervals, men aged <45 years and female aged <50 years, were divided into four groups: 1) 10 men with normal testosterone levels, as control, 2) 36 men with decreased testosterone, 3) 19 women in menopause, surgically induced, and 4) 32 women in premenopausal period. Testosterone and estrogen levels were measured by chemiluminescence assay and TAC were measured by using a more recently developed automated measurement method. RESULTS: The TAC was significantly lower in Group 2 and Group 3 than those of Group 1 and Group 4 (ANOVA, p<0.001). A strong correlation between TAC, and testosterone and estrogen were found (r=0.807, p<0.001; r=0.685, p<0.001, testosterone and estrogen respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The observed relationship between sex hormones and TAC may have a role in mechanism of their cardioprotective effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

"Insects do not have sex hormones": a myth?

Mammals have two genes (SRY and DMT1) for testis formation-androgenesis, an anti-testis gene, DAX1, an anti-Müllerian duct hormone, and steroid sex hormones. Drosophila uses the sex-lethal, transformer, and doublesex genes for sexual differentation and is supposed to lack sex hormones. However, the statement that insects do not have sex hormones loses much of its credibility if one considers (1) the classical endocrinological work on sexual differentiation in the firefly Lampyris and in the hevea tussock moth Orgyia; (2) the recent identification of an androgenic hormone and its role in sex determination in the isopod Armadillidium; (3) the similarity between steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) of mammals and fushi tarazu factor 1 (FTZ-F1) of Drosophila; and (4) the steroidogenic effect of gonadotropins secreted by the brain of female locusts and mosquitoes and of male gypsy moth. In our model, based on data from the literature, ecdysone, when present in high concentrations, might function as an androgenic sex steroid. It is also the precursor of 20-OH-ecdysone, which is the moulting hormone of insects, and in vitellogenic females of many species, the counterpart of estrogens as well. Other gender-specific hormones are likely to exist in the brain-gonad axis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A revised interpretation of the TRH test results in female depressed patients. Part I: TSH responses. Effects of severity of illness, thyroid hormones, monoamines, age, sex hormonal, corticosteroid and nutritional state.

Thyrotropin secreting hormone (TSH) levels were recorded in baseline conditions and 20 and 60 min after thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration (200 micrograms i.v.) in 60 depressed females categorized according to DSM-III. Basal TSH (TSHB) and peak TSH responses (TSHP) were measured using ultrasensitive RIA assays. The use of delta max TSH (TSHP minus TSHB) had no advantage over the use of TSHP since both factors were almost linearly (r = 0.98) correlated. TSHP was largely (72% of the variance) predicted by TSHB. It was suggested that TSHP consisted of two components. The first part was a relative deduction from TSHB. The second part was the newly proposed concept of the residual TSH (TRHR). This part was computed by partialling out the relative effects of TSHB on TSHP by means of regression analysis. In clinical practice two relevant factors should be used to evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis: (1) TSHB reflecting the setpoint of the HPT axis and (2) TSHR reflecting the latent capacity of the HPT axis to respond to overwhelming amounts of exogenous TRH. TSHB was significantly reduced in severely depressed patients (296.X3, 296.X4) as compared with minor depressives (300.40, 309.00). These differences could be attributed to significantly increased free thyroxine levels and to noradrenergic hyperactivity in the severely depressed females. TSHR correlated significantly and negatively with follicle stimulating hormone levels, age, body mass index and the post-dexamethasone cortisol values. TSHR was significantly reduced in the post-menopausal state.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Endurance training effects on plasma hormonal responsiveness and sex hormone excretion.

A prospective study of the hormonal effects of a moderate exercise training program (4-wk control, 8-wk training) was conducted in seven young women. Sixty-minutes continuous bicycle ergometer tests of fixed relative intensity were performed at the beginning, middle, and end of the training period. The capacity of these acute bouts of exercise to affect circulating levels of stress markers, reproductive hormones, and hormones with possible antireproductive potential was measured. In addition, the urinary excretion of reproductive hormones was monitored continuously via serial overnight urine collections. Within testing sessions, plasma concentrations of all stress markers and antireproductive hormones rose significantly. Across testing sessions, only beta-endorphin + beta-lipotropin and cortisol exhibited an increment in peak responses as training progressed. Plasma reproductive hormone levels showed insignificant acute changes, and cyclic menstruation and preovulatory gonadotropin surges continued in all subjects. However, ovarian function was disturbed in four subjects as evidenced by a decreased excretion of estriol, free progesterone, or both. Transient infertility is a known clinical accompaniment of hormonal changes of comparable subtlety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Deiodinase type 1 activity is expressed in the prostate of pubescent rats and is modulated by thyroid hormones, prolactin and sex hormones.

The aim of this study was to characterize the type of 5'-deiodinase activity in the prostate of pubescent rats (7-8 weeks), to establish its distribution in the lobes (ventral, dorsolateral, and anterior), and to analyze its modulation by prolactin (PRL), testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)). Our results showed that the enzymatic activity was highly susceptible to inhibition by 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil and gold thioglucose, its preferential substrate was reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT(3)), it exhibited a low dithiothreitol requirement (5 mM), and the apparent K(m) and V(max) values for substrate (rT(3)) were approximately 0.25 microM and 9.0 pmol liberated/mg protein per hour, respectively. All these characteristics indicate the preferential expression of type 1 deiodinase (D1), which was corroborated by demonstrating the presence of D1 mRNA in prostate. D1 activity was detected in all lobes and was most abundant in the dorsolateral. Although we detected type 2 deiodinase (D2) mRNA expression, the D2 activity was almost undetectable. D1 activity was enhanced in animals with hyperthyroidism and hyperprolactinemia, in intact animals treated with finasteride (inhibitor of local DHT production), and in castrated animals with E(2) replacement. In contrast, activity diminished in castrated animals with testosterone replacement. Our results suggest that thyroid hormones, PRL, and E(2) exert a positive modulation on D1 activity, while testosterone and DHT exhibit an inhibitory effect. D1 activity may be associated with prostate maturation and/or function.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cross-sex hormone treatment does not change sex-sensitive cognitive performance in gender identity disorder patients.

Cognitive performance in untreated early onset gender identity disorder (GID) patients might correspond to their born sex and not to their perceived gender. As a current mode of intervention, cross-sex hormone treatment causes considerable physical changes in GID patients. We asked, as has been suggested, whether this treatment skews cognitive performance towards that of the acquired sex. Somatically healthy male and female early onset GID patients were neuropsychologically tested before, 3 and 12 months after initiating cross-sex hormone treatment, whereas untreated healthy subjects without GID served as controls (C). Performance was assessed by testing six cognitive abilities (perception, arithmetic, rotation, visualization, logic, and verbalization), and controlled for age, education, born sex, endocrine differences and treatment by means of repeated measures analysis of variance. GID patients and controls showed an identical time-dependent improvement in cognitive performance. The slopes were essentially parallel for males and females. There was no significant three-way interaction of born sex by group by time for the six investigated cognitive abilities. Only education and age significantly influenced this improvement. Despite the substantial somatic cross-sex changes in GID patients, no differential effect on cognition over time was found between C and GID participants. The cognitive performance of cross-sex hormone-treated GID patients was virtually identical to that of the control group. The documented test-retest effect should be taken into consideration when evaluating treatment effects generally in psychiatry.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Genetic aspects of the reactions of humoral immunity to collagen in man and animals. II. Modifications of the autoimmune status to collagen type I in NZB x NZW (F1) mice by sex hormones during ontogeny].

The sex hormones, estradiol and testosterone, are able to modulate the status of spontaneous reactions of humoral immunity to type I collagen in ontogenesis of NZB x NZW (F1) females. Administration of estradiol to puber and unpuber females leads to a significant increase in the reactivity levels. The autoimmune status to type I collagen in NZB x NZW (F1) males is nonreactive to sex hormones influence. The results obtained corroborate the suggestion of the important role of sex hormones in formation of sex dimorphism and age variability to autoimmunity to type I collagen.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of physiological concentrations of sex hormones on the formation of "early" sheep red blood cell rosettes by human lymphocytes. Possible relations with the presence of sex-hormone-cytosol-receptors in lymphocytes.

The formation of "early" sheep red blood cell rosettes by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes was increased by incubation with physiological concentration of 17 beta-Estradiol. This effect was shown to be hormone specific. Whole cell incorporation of radioactive hormones and analysis by gel filtration of cytosols incubated with labeled hormones have shown a saturable fixation of estrogens and androgens. These results raise the possibility that normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes are target cells for sex steroid hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sex hormones and biogenic amine turnover of sex offenders in relation to their temperament and character dimensions.

Relationships between Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions and plasma sex hormone levels and biogenic amine turnover were studied in male prison inmates convicted of rape (n=61) or child molestation (n=24) and normal male controls (n=25). The participants completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), which includes the temperament dimensions Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Persistence as well as the character dimensions Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence. Plasma levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone were estimated in plasma samples and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in urine samples. Both sex offender groups had higher Novelty, Seeking and lower Reward Dependence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness scores compared with the controls. Plasma levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were significantly higher in rapists than in controls. Novelty Seeking scores were positively correlated with LH levels in rapists, and with testosterone levels in child molesters. Harm Avoidance scores were negatively correlated with 5-HIAA levels in rapists and with HVA levels in child molesters. In rapists, the calculated free androgen index showed a negative correlation with 5-HIAA. For the sex offender sample as a whole, the subgroup with high testosterone levels had higher Harm Avoidance scores, the subgroup with low HVA levels had lower Cooperativeness scores, and the subgroups with high 5HIAA or MHPG levels had lower Persistence scores. The results indicate that Novelty Seeking behavior in the group of rapists is associated with a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In addition, low serotonin turnover and low dopamine turnover seem to be associated with a passive-avoidant behavioral style in rapists and child molesters, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women.

Serum sex hormones may be related to the risk of several diseases in postmenopausal women. In the current report, the authors examined the epidemiology of serum sex hormones in 176 healthy, white postmenopausal women (mean age 58 years) recruited from the metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area. The data were collected during 1982-1983; none of the women were on estrogen replacement therapy. Serum concentrations of estrone, estradiol, testosterone, and androstenedione were measured by a combination of extraction, column chromatography, and radioimmunoassay. Neither age nor time since menopause was a significant predictor of sex hormones. The degree of obesity was a major determinant of estrone and estradiol. The estrone levels of obese women were about 40% higher than the levels of nonobese women. There was a weak relation between obesity and the androgens. Cigarette smokers had significantly higher levels of androstenedione than nonsmokers, with little difference in serum estrogens between smokers and nonsmokers. Both estrone and estradiol levels tended to decline with increasing alcohol consumption. Physical activity was an independent predictor of serum estrone. More active women had lower levels of estrone. There was a positive relation of muscle strength with estrogen levels. The data suggest interesting relations between environmental and lifestyle factors and serum sex hormones. These environmental and lifestyle factors are potentially modifiable and, hence, if associations between sex hormones and disease exist, modification of these factors could affect disease risks.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Plasma concentrations of sex hormones in postmenopausal women in non-alcoholic cirrhosis.

Sex hormone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured in the plasma of postmenopausal women with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n = 24) and compared with levels in matched controls (n = 21). Plasma oestradiol was elevated: 80 vs 30 pmol/l, P less than 0.005 (median values). Plasma SHBG was elevated, 15 vs 10 mg/dl, P less than 0.001. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels were low, 0.35 vs 2.0 mumol/l, P less than 0.0005, as were plasma androstenedione levels, 2.5 vs 4.5 nmol/l, P less than 0.05. There was no significant difference in plasma testosterone. These data suggest that liver disease per se alters sex hormone and sex hormone binding globulin levels in postmenopausal women.

Aged↗