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PubMed1978

Immunoregulatory circuits among T-cell sets. I. T-helper cells induce other T-cell sets to exert feedback inhibition.

These experiments test the hypothesis that cells carrying the Ly1+23- surface phenotype are programmed exclusively for helper and not suppressive activity regardless of external conditions such as the mode or type of antigen stimulation. To this end, we have stimulated purified populations of Ly1 cells with antigen in vitro using conditions devised to induce unselected T cells to express optimal levels of antigen specific T-suppressor activity. We find that after such stimulation, Ly1 cells generate SRBC-specific T-helper activity but not T-suppressive activity. These findings establish that the Ly1.2+,2.2/3.2- surface phenotype is a stable, and probably invariant, marker of T cells that are programmed to express only helper activity and have lost the capacity to directly suppress the antibody response. These findings support the concept that the genetic program for a single differentiated set of cells combines information for cell surface phenotype and function. We also demonstrate that antigen-stimulated Ly1 cells, in addition to inducing B cells to secrete antibody, can induce or activate other sets of resting T cells to develop profound suppressive effects. The surface phenotype of this feedback suppressive T-cell set is shown to be: Ly1+2+3+Qa1+. These findings, taken together, indicate that activation of resting Ly123 cells by immune Ly1 TH cells may represent an important homeostatic immunoregulatory mechanism.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Suitable monitoring approaches to antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings: setting the research agenda.

The delivery of antiretroviral therapy in the developing world requires guidelines for the appropriate monitoring of therapy, including monitoring for treatment effectiveness and treatment failure, drug toxicities, adherence to therapy, and the emergence of resistant organisms. Guidelines developed in wealthy industrialized countries, which rely heavily on laboratory tests often unavailable in the developing world, may not be feasible or appropriate for resource-limited settings. Even if the standard of care routinely delivered in industrialized settings cannot be replicated, antiretroviral treatment programs with less-intense monitoring have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality from human immunodeficiency virus. Research to identify monitoring strategies that provide the greatest benefit to those living with human immunodeficiency virus in resource-limited settings and that use the available technologies and resources needs to be conducted within a conceptual and ethical framework that takes into account differences between rich and poor countries.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The HANDS project: studying and refining the automated collection of a cross-setting clinical data set.

The consistent availability of a core set of clinical nursing data is essential to promote quality patient care. Although important work to improve terminology and enhance comparability of data is underway, the efforts do not address the immediate need for useful nursing data sets and valid methods of collection at the point of data entry. The Hands-on Automated Nursing Data System (HANDS) project is dedicated to refining a feasible methodology for gathering, storing, and retrieving a standardized nursing data set. To date the project team has developed and tested a prototype research tool that is automated and contains the structured terminologies (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, Nursing Outcomes Classification, and Nursing Interventions Classification) to represent nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions, respectively. The Phase I project development activities are reported in this article, along with Phase II and III plans for testing and refining the methodology under actual clinical conditions. Results and lessons learned during Phase I are reported.

Automation↗

PubMed2001

Change from a North American setting to a European setting: impressions from a NY-trained adult nurse practitioner.

There are many challenges that an American-trained nurse practitioner faces in Switzerland. Having an international perspective, I will be able to combine the best of two settings. My goal is to be a role model for the ways in which advanced nursing practice can be an asset in the health care setting and to inspire nurses to pursue this path in preventive, rehabilitative, or acute cardiovascular settings throughout Switzerland.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed2003

Mathematical extrapolation of image spectrum for constraint-set design and set-theoretic superresolution.

Several powerful iterative algorithms are being developed for the restoration and superresolution of diffraction-limited imagery data by use of diverse mathematical techniques. Notwithstanding the mathematical sophistication of the approaches used in their development and the potential for resolution enhancement possible with their implementation, the spectrum extrapolation that is central to superresolution comes in these algorithms only as a by-product and needs to be checked only after the completion of the processing steps to ensure that an expansion of the image bandwidth has indeed occurred. To overcome this limitation, a new approach of mathematically extrapolating the image spectrum and employing it to design constraint sets for implementing set-theoretic estimation procedures is described. Performance evaluation of a specific projection-onto-convex-sets algorithm by using this approach for the restoration and superresolution of degraded images is outlined. The primary goal of the method presented is to expand the power spectrum of the input image beyond the range of the sensor that captured the image.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Do high functioning autistic individuals treated in a residential setting differ in divided attention abilities from those treated in an out-patient setting?

The goal of this current study was to test divided attention abilities of a group adults with autism and normal intellectual functioning, treated in a residential setting versus those treated in an out-patient setting. Both groups were compared with a control group using the Sternberg (1969) reaction time paradigm. It appeared that the in-patient group suffered from a divided attention deficit compared to a norm group. The patients treated in an out-patient setting scored in between the norm group and the in-patient group. Findings are discussed with respect to the relevance for the day to day clinical practice.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' job satisfaction, stress, and recognition in a pediatric setting setting.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify a set of factors that describes nursing satisfaction in the pediatric setting. METHODS: An exploratory descriptive design was used. Surveys were distributed to all nurses employed at a children's hospital in the Southeast. The survey included: nursing satisfaction, organizational work satisfaction, job stress, and nurse recognition scales. Two hundred and forty-nine out of 534 pediatric nurses (46%) responded. Data were analyzed using factor analysis and correlation. FINDINGS: The results of this survey demonstrated that several factors predict pediatric nurses' job satisfaction and organizational work satisfaction. These factors include: pay, time to do the nursing care, confidence in one's ability, and task requirements. A relationship among nurses' job satisfaction, organizational work satisfaction, job stress, and recognition in the pediatric setting was also found. Nurses with more years of experience and longevity on the unit and at the hospital had more confidence, showed less concern about time demands, and were less concerned about pay and task requirements than younger nurses. Job stress correlated significantly and inversely with age, years as a nurse, and years in the organization. Older nurses were more satisfied with recognition they received than their younger counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the need to focus on programs to increase the confidence of novice nurses, improve institutional nursing recognition for all levels, enhance communication at all levels of the organization, and maintain competitive compensation.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

[Comparative studies on the setting time of various phosphate cements and on the effect of differentiated powder-fluid ratios and air humidity on the setting time].

A comparative experimental study served to determine the standard consistency and setting time of various phosphate cements (according to DIN 13903). One of the products under investigation did not comply with standard specifications; therefore, from the viewpoint of setting behaviour, it cannot be recommended for cementing fixed tooth-restorations. It was shown that variations in the powder-liquid ratio affected the setting time, whereas variations in air humidity in the range from 50 to 100% exerted no signficant effects, which might lead to a simplication of material testing and quality control.

Humidity↗

PubMed1982

The impact of fee setting procedures in a mental health center setting.

The impact of fee setting procedures on psychotherapy has received little research attention. Furthermore, there is a shortage of information about this area which is useful for both mental health management and clinicians. Procedures for establishing fees were examined from several perspectives: fees, cash, no shows, number of sessions, cancellations, months of service, ratings by the therapists of treatment outcome, satisfaction of the clients, and the ratings by the clients of treatment outcome. Overall, the results suggest that the procedures used to set fees may have no adverse effects upon the welfare of the clients or the operations of a center, although some client perceptions may be altered. Hence, rigorous future research with stronger manipulations becomes more ethically feasible.

Community Mental Health Centers↗

PubMed2006

Switching between univalent task-sets in schizophrenia: ERP evidence of an anticipatory task-set reconfiguration deficit.

OBJECTIVE: The present study used behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) indices of task-switching to examine whether schizophrenia patients have a specific deficit in anticipatory task-set reconfiguration. METHODS: Participants switched between univalent tasks in an alternating runs paradigms with blocked response-stimulus interval (RSI) manipulation (150, 300, 600, and 1200ms). Nineteen high functioning people with schizophrenia were compared to controls that were matched for age, gender, education and premorbid IQ estimate. RESULTS: Schizophrenia patients had overall increased RT, but no increase in corrected RT switch cost. In the schizophrenia group, ERPs showed reduced activation of the differential positivity in anticipation of switch trial at the optimal 600ms RSI and reduced activation of the frontal post-stimulus switch negativity at both 600 and 1200ms RSI compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Despite no behavioral differences in task switching performance, anticipatory and stimulus-triggered ERP indices of task-switching suggest group differences in processing of switch and repeat trials, especially at longer RSI conditions that for control participants provide opportunity for anticipatory activation of task-set reconfiguration processes. SIGNIFICANCE: These results are compatible with impaired implementation of endogenously driven processes in schizophrenia and greater reliance on external task cues, especially at long preparation intervals.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Revised linear solvation energy relationship coefficients for the 77-phase McReynolds data set based on an updated set of solute descriptors.

Linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) coefficients for the 77-phase McReynolds data set have been recalculated using updated solute descriptors in the revised solvation equation: [equation: see text] These revised LSER coefficients are presented and classified by cluster analysis into groupings of stationary phases which have comparable solubility properties. It was found that the groupings were similar to those proposed by Abraham using the original solvation equation and that any dissimilarities were readily explainable by the grouping methods that were applied. Comparison of the original coefficients with the revised set also shows that several stationary phases which had a statistically insignificant b1 value with the original equation now have significant b1 values when utilizing the revised solvation equation.

Models, Chemical↗

PubMed2003

Solving the set cover problem and the problem of exact cover by 3-sets in the Adleman-Lipton model.

Adleman wrote the first paper in which it is shown that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands could be employed towards calculating solutions to an instance of the NP-complete Hamiltonian path problem (HPP). Lipton also demonstrated that Adleman's techniques could be used to solve the NP-complete satisfiability (SAT) problem (the first NP-complete problem). In this paper, it is proved how the DNA operations presented by Adleman and Lipton can be used for developing DNA algorithms to resolving the set cover problem and the problem of exact cover by 3-sets.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

'Signature sets', minimal fragment sets for identifying protein disulfide structures with cyanylation-based mass mapping methodology.

Our cyanylation (CN)-based methodology for determining disulfide structure of cystinyl proteins overcomes the limitations of conventional proteolytic methods. However, the CN-based method has the potential drawback that occasionally some CN-induced cleavage fragments may not be detected. We show that CN-based methods can overcome the failure to detect fragments by demonstrating the existence of small 'signature sets' of fragments. The link between signature sets and the robustness of CN-based methodology is validated by two case studies.

Cyanides↗

PubMed1997

Interpreting infant looking: the event set x event set design.

Theory, data, and mathematical models presented suggest that perceptual processing may be crucial in young infant cognition. Prior results indicating early or innate physical knowledge are reinterpreted. Assumptions that young infants use higher level cognitive processes to infer, reason, believe, and so on are challenged in favor of perceptual processes and the effects of novelty and familiarity. The 2-test habituation design that compares looking at the "possible" with looking at the "impossible" and the problems of that design are considered. The authors' approach, based on regression analysis of Event Set X Event Set factorial designs, eliminates those problems, refines gauging the contribution of various variables, quantifies these contributions with standard parameter estimation, unconfounds the crucial variables, and tests which variables are responsible for looking time differences. Data are presented that support the perceptual processing perspective. Application of the new design to 2 seminal studies of infant cognition are suggested.

Attention↗

PubMed2005

The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof exchange-correlation functional applied to the G2-1 test set using a plane-wave basis set.

Present local and semilocal functionals show significant errors, for instance, in the energetics of small molecules and in the description of band gaps. One possible solution to these problems is the introduction of exact exchange and hybrid functionals. A plane-wave-based algorithm was implemented in VASP (Vienna ab-initio simulation package) to allow for the calculation of the exact exchange. To systematically assess the precision of the present implementation, calculations for the 55 molecules of the G2-1 quantum chemical test set were performed applying the PBE and PBE0 functionals. Excellent agreement for both atomization energies and geometries compared with the results obtained by GAUSSIAN 03 calculations using large basis sets (augmented correlation consistent polarized valence quadruple zeta for the geometry optimization and augmented correlation-consistent polarized valence quintuple zeta for the energy calculations) was found. The mean absolute error for atomization energies between VASP and the experiment is 8.6 and 3.7 kcalmol, as calculated with the PBE and PBE0 functionals, respectively. The mean deviations between VASP and GAUSSIAN are 0.46 and 0.49 kcalmol for the PBE and PBE0 functionals, respectively.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Set, setting, and matrix.

The future use of psychedelics as an aid to therapeutic change is bound to come. The best source of information on how to use these extraordinary drugs is clearly a detailed description of the successes (and failures) of those researchers who have used these compounds to bring curative, creative and growth-potentiating experiences to their patients. A study of their work is recommended in order to identify those elements that lead to successful sessions. Two known essential elements are "set," which involves the personality and experiences of the patient, and "setting," which has to do with the environment of the session. A third element of importance is that of "matrix," which includes consideration of the environment (1) from which an individual comes, (2) in which the individual lives during the time of the sessions, and (3) to which the individual returns after successful therapy--the everyday living space; these three elements are discussed.

Hallucinogens↗

PubMed2006

Complete set of ORF clones of Escherichia coli ASKA library (a complete set of E. coli K-12 ORF archive): unique resources for biological research.

Based on the genomic sequence data of Escherichia coli K-12 strain, we have constructed a complete set of cloned individual genes encoding Histidine-tagged proteins with or without GFP fused for functional genomic analysis. Each clone encodes a protein of predicted ORF attached by Histidines and seven spacer amino acids at the N-terminal end, and five spacer amino acids and GFP at the C-terminal end. SfiI restriction sites are generated at both the N- and C-terminal boundaries of ORF upon cloning, which enables easy transfer of ORF to other vector systems by cutting with SfiI. Expression of cloned ORF is under the control of an IPTG-inducible promoter, which is strictly repressed by lacI(q) repressor gene product. The set of cloned ORFs described here should provide unique resources for systematic functional genomic approaches including (i) construction of DNA microarray, (ii) production and purification of proteins, (iii) analysis of protein localization by monitoring GFP fluorescence and (iv) analysis of protein-protein interaction.

Escherichia coli K12↗

PubMed1996

Disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis: selection of a core set of variables and a first set in the development of a disease activity score.

A large number of variables are available for the assessment of disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of commonly used variables, to select a core set of valid variables for disease activity and finally to compute an AS disease activity score (AS-DAS). Data from two longitudinal studies were used. Principal component analysis and reliability analysis resulted in 11 factors: cervical mobility, lumbar flexion, subjective complaints, functional index (FI), enthesis index (EI), inflammatory response, IgA, IgM, root joints, swollen joints and spinal mobility. Based on discriminating power, reproducibility and correlation with disease duration, seven single variables were selected. In a subsequent discriminant analysis, an AS-DAS was computed of five variables, i.e. subjective complaints, FI, EI, root joints and C-reactive protein, which should be validated in the future. A core set of process variables solves the problem of multiple testing in clinical trials, and improves comparability.

Adolescent↗