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Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: II. Learning four-item lists by trial and error.

Three rhesus macaque monkeys were trained to produce novel 4-item lists (A-->B-->C-->D) on which all items were displayed from the start of training. Subjects were previously trained to produce 4-item lists by adding one item at a time (A, A-->B, A-->B-->C, and A-->B-->C-->D; lists K. B. Swartz et al., 1991). Those lists could be mastered by responding to each new item last. To learn lists on which all items were displayed from the start of training, subjects had to recall the consequences of errors and correct responses to each item. Errors ended the trial; correct responses to A, B, or C allowed the trial to continue. A correct response to D produced food reward. Although the probability of executing a 4-item list correctly by chance was .04, each subject mastered 4 novel 4-item lists by trial and error. The ability of monkeys to use a trial-and-error strategy to learn novel lists provides a basis for studying the development of serial expertise in animals.

Animals↗

Semantic processing and serial learning by EMR adolescents.

In a previous study we found that providing the semantic strategy of stories linking to-be-remembered items facilitated free-recall in original learning and in retention after 2 months (Glidden & Warner, 1983). The present study replicated the previous study but with a serial-recall requirement. A story linking items within blocks of a to-be-recalled list was provided for EMR subjects. In comparison to control subjects, they recalled more in the early trials of original learning, but retention after 8 months was comparable for the two conditions. Future investigators should focus on how to train retarded subjects to generate their own semantic strategies for serial learning.

Adolescent↗