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PubMed2006

Effects of constant, 9 and 16-h light cycles on sperm quality, semen storage ability and motile sperm subpopulations structure of boar semen.

This study was performed to test the effect that two separate, daily, constant-light regimes of both 9 and 16 h could have on the main parameters of boar-semen quality analysis, as well as on the motile sperm subpopulations structure and the ability of its conservation at 16 degrees C. Results show that both luminous regimes have slight, specific effects on the main parameters of boar-semen quality analysis, as well as on the motile sperm subpopulations structure. Furthermore, the conservation ability at 16 degrees C of boar semen was not significantly different between both photoperiods. When a temporal study was performed, results showed that semen quality and motility parameter changes were stabilized at nearly constant values from the second month of the study to the last month in both luminous regimes, indicating a rapid light-related effect on testicular function. Our results indicate that light regimes oscillating from 9 h daily to 16 h daily are of little importance in the control of boar-semen quality in a farming environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of floor and cage housing of male turkeys on semen production and fertility of fresh and stored semen.

Broiler-type male turkeys housed in individual cages were compared with those housed in litter floor pens with respect to fertility, semen volume, concentration of spermatozoa, body weight, foot abnormality, and mortality. The effect of short-term storage of semen on fertility was also examined. There was no significant difference (P greater than .05) between the fertilities of the males in cages and those on floor when semen was diluted and inseminated fresh (92 vs. 88%) or diluted and stored for 6 hr at 15 (79 vs. 84%) or 3 C (77 vs. 85%). The males in cages produced as much semen as those on floor and with similar concentrations of spermatozoa. Those in cages had significantly (P less than 01) reduced body weight, higher incidence of foot abnormality, and higher percent mortality. Storage of semen for 6 hr reduced fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between the fertility of fresh and frozen stallion semen and semen quality.

Studies were designed to investigate whether sperm motility determined with a Hamilton-Thorn HTM-2000 motility analyzer (HTM), or the percentage of spermatozoa that passed through glass wool (GW), Sephadex (S), or glass wool/Sephadex (GWS) filters could be used to predict the fertilizing potential of fresh or frozen semen. In the fresh semen study, 10 randomly selected ejaculates from 4 stallions exclusively used for A.I. breeding were assayed during the season. The 521 mares used were inseminated with 500 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa after gynaecological examination every 2 days. In the frozen semen study, 32 ejaculates from 9 stallions were frozen and inseminated into 177 clinically and ultrasonographically normal mares within 12 h of ovulation with 10(9) spermatozoa, regardless of quality. In the fresh semen study, first cycle pregnancies ranged from 25-69% (average 50%) and differed among stallions (P less than 0.05), as did GWS, S, motile spermatozoa (MOT), mean progressive motility (MPV) and lateral head displacement (LHD) (P less than 0.001). GW and GWS filters, but not MOT, ranked the stallions according to fertility. The highest correlations were found between first cycle fertility and GWS (r = 0.86) and between that and MOT (r = 0.80). In the frozen semen study, first cycle and season pregnancy rates among the stallions were 32-70% (average 50%) and 60-90%, respectively. Significant correlations were obtained between the pregnancy rate per cycle and GWS (r = 0.93) and S (r = 0.84), but not between fertility and motility parameters.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The excretion of caffeine in the semen of men: pharmacokinetics and comparison of the concentrations in blood and semen.

The concentration of caffeine in the blood and semen of men was measured after an oral dose of 200 or 400 mg caffeine. Caffeine was rapidly absorbed (mean tmax = 0.76 +/- 0.12 hour), with an average maximum concentration in the blood of 7.4 micrograms/ml for the 400-mg dose and 3.4 micrograms/ml for the 200-mg dose. The mean clearance of caffeine was 161 and 156 ml/min, while the mean volume of distribution was 50 and 47 liters for the 400- and 200-mg doses, respectively. Distribution of caffeine into the semen was rapid, with a concentration of caffeine in the semen almost identical to that observed concurrently in the blood (blood/semen concentration ratio = 0.97). The mean half-life of caffeine in the blood and semen was 3.7 and 3.6 hours, respectively, indicating that the decline of caffeine in the blood is very similar to that in semen. Thus, caffeine partitions rapidly into and out of the prostatic and seminal vesicular secretions, which contribute to the formation of the ejaculate.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The efficiency of cryopreserved semen versus fresh semen for in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer.

The efficiency of cryopreserved donor semen versus fresh donor semen in an in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer programme was evaluated. Thirty-nine in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer cycles were performed using fresh donor semen (group A) and 74 cycles were carried out using cryopreserved semen (group B). All patients underwent a uniform controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using high doses of human menopausal gonadotropins. Oocytes were retrieved transvaginally under ultrasound imaging. Semen (fresh or frozen-thawed) were prepared for insemination by a washing technique. Each ovum was inseminated with 500,000-600,000 motile spermatozoa. No significant difference was noted between the two groups regarding female age, duration of infertility, and number of ova retrieved per aspiration. Even though the fertilization rate in group B was significantly lower than in group A (55.5 +/- 3.8 vs 70.4 +/- 3.5, P = 0.008), pregnancy rates per embryo transfer were similar--39.3 and 38.5%, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between the duration of sexual abstinence and semen quality: analysis of 9,489 semen samples.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between duration of sexual abstinence and various characteristics of normal and subnormal semen. DESIGN: A retrospective study based on computerized data. SETTING: Fertility and IVF unit at a university medical center. PATIENT(S): Nine thousand, four hundred eighty-nine semen samples from 6,008 patients were analyzed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) manual and grouped according to sperm concentration (10(6)/mL) into severe (0.2-4 x 10(6)), moderate (>4-10 x 10(6)), and mild (>10-19.99 x 10(6)) oligozoospermia, and normozoospermia (> or =20-250 x 10(6)) groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): In each group mean values of semen volume, sperm concentration, percentage of motile sperm and of normal morphology (according to WHO or Kruger criteria), total sperm count, and total motile sperm count per ejaculate were related to duration of abstinence. RESULT(S): Among the 3,506 oligozoospermic samples, the peak mean sperm motility of 30.3% was observed after 1 day of abstinence. Similarly, the mean percentage of normal morphology among mild-moderate oligozoospermic samples (n = 2,260) reached peak values of 7.4%-8.6% between 0-2 days of abstinence. The 5,983 normozoospermic samples showed a significant decrease in the percentage of sperm motility and normal morphology to mean values of 33.1% and 7.0%, respectively, on days 11-14 of sexual abstinence. CONCLUSION(S): Our data challenge the role of abstinence in male infertility treatments and suggest that to present the best possible semen samples, patients with male factor infertility should collect the semen after just 1 day of sexual abstinence. Patients presenting normal sperm analysis or sperm donors for cryopreservation purposes should be advised not to exceed 10 days of sexual abstinence.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of semen extender and semen processing on motility and viability of frozen-thawed dog spermatozoa.

The aims of the present study were, to assess the effects of semen centrifugation, two different diluents and two different freezing methods on post-thaw semen quality in canine semen, and to elucidate the interdependence of these parameters. For this purpose, the sperm-rich fractions of ejaculates from 12 healthy male beagles were divided into four aliquots. Two aliquots were centrifuged and resuspended with two TRIS-egg yolk based extenders: with Uppsala and Gill extender (Gill). The diluents differed in the concentration of glycerol and in the admixture of Equex STM paste (Nova Chemical Sales Inc., Scituate, MA, USA). Diluted semen was frozen either in a styrofoam box or with a computerized freezing machine and an optimized freezing curve (IceCube 1,810; Sy-Lab, Purkersdorf, A). The change in temperature inside the straws was measured during the freezing procedure. Thawed semen samples were assessed for motility and viability (SYBR-14/PI) using the computer assisted sperm analyzer SpermVision (Minitüb, G) and a modified triple staining technique (flow cytometry). Deep freezing in the machine resulted in better motility and viability than in the box. The combination centrifugation-Uppsala extender-machine was superior to all other combinations, which was most evident after storage at +5 degrees C for 7 h (motility: 53.1%, viability: 64.9%). Post-thaw longevity and progressive motility were significantly improved by the use of the here introduced freezing curve. This was shown to be partly caused by less pronounced fluctuations of temperature inside the straws when compared to box-freezing.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Human semen relaxin and its correlation with the parameters of semen analysis.

The relaxin content of 92 normal semen samples and 85 semen samples selected at random was correlated to the parameters measured on routine semen analysis in those samples. The concentration of immunoactive relaxin in a sample of semen plasma did not correlate with any of the parameters commonly used for semen analysis: count, percent motility, grade of forward progression, volume, and morphology.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Semen traits and fertility of White Leghorn males shown to be positive or negative for lymphoid leukosis virus in semen and feather pulp.

1. Males from strains selected for high egg production (and other economic traits) and from unselected control strains were used to determine the frequency of shedding of lymphoid leukosis virus (LLV) into semen. The effect of the male's LLV status on semen production, fertility and hatchability was also examined in males of the unselected control strains. 2. The frequency of detection of exogenous LLV in semen by the phenotypic mixing test, and high concentrations of the viral group specific antigen in feather pulp by the complement fixation test, were both higher in control strains than in strains selected for high egg production. 3. Semen production was not reduced in LLV-shedding males. 4. Significant associations of LLV shedding with higher incidence of abnormal spermatozoa and reduced fertility were found in some populations but not in others. No significant effect of LLV shedding on hatchability was detected. 5. Tests for group specific antigen in feather pulp proved useful in identifying males that shed LLV in semen.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Behavioural responses of cockerels to semen collection and their influence on semen characteristics.

One-hundred-and-twenty cockerels of Strain L2 Taiwan Country chicken from the National Chung-Hsing University were tested for their behavioural responses to semen collection at 21 to 30, 34 to 43 and 57 to 66 weeks of age. At every age period, semen was collected from every cockerel 4 times within a 1-week period. 2. Cockerel performances on most semen traits, including volume, concentration, total number of sperm, ease of collection and sensitivity to massage were very consistent within each age period. 3. Males that did not respond nervously to handling or were less sensitive to massage appeared to produce less semen. However, contamination was more serious in males that responded very nervously or were very sensitive to massage. 4. Sensitivity to massage, like semen volume, is an invariant character as indicated by the high correlation between measures taken at different age periods.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[A method for collecting semen by fingers in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and properties of the semen collected].

We tried to make a successful collection of semen by human fingers, using ten African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) aged from 5-7 years, which were bred and reared at Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science. Under anesthesia, the animals were laid side way and their penis were gently stimulated by fingers. Semen was successfully obtained from five animals aged 6-7 years, but it was impossible to collect semen from the remaining five animals aged 5 years. It took only 5-15 seconds from the beginning of stimulation to the end of semen collection. The volume of semen collected, the number of spermatozoa and spermatozoal motility rate averaged 1.5 ml, 3.1 x 10(8)/ml, and 46%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Uterine immune reaction and reproductive performance of sows inseminated with extended semen and infused with pooled whole dead semen.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of infusing whole dead semen (WDS) after AI with diluted commercial semen on uterine inflammatory reaction and embryonic survival rate in gilts. Sixty Yorkshire-Landrace gilts were assigned at their second estrus to one of the following AI treatments: 1) commercial semen adjusted to 1 x 10(9) sperm cells (S1) per dose, followed by an infusion of 80 mL of WDS (S1-WDS); 2) S1 followed by an infusion of 80 mL of Beltsville Thawing Solution (S1-BTS); 3) commercial semen adjusted to 3 x 10(9) sperm cells (S3) per dose, followed by an infusion of 80 mL of BTS (S3-BTS); and 4) a negative control group, in which gilts received two infusions of 80 mL of BTS (BTS). Two days after the first AI, eight gilts from Groups 1, 2, and 4 were slaughtered and reproductive tracts were collected. One horn was cut open longitudinally along the antimesometrial aspect and endometrial samples were taken and immediately frozen for analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance for inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. The other horn was flushed with 20 mL of PBS, and the contents of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were determined by ELISA. On d 25 after AI, gilts from Groups 1, 2, and 3 were slaughtered and their reproductive tracts were collected to evaluate the number of fetuses and corpora lutea. On d 2 after the first AI, only TGF-beta1 was detected in the flush of all gilts, and no difference was observed between S1-WDS, S1-BTS, and BTS gilts. Endometrial levels of IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA were marked in all gilts, but they were not affected by the AI treatments, whereas the mRNA abundances for IL-1 and IL-2 were negligible. Infusions of WDS or BTS after a fertile AI did not affect IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, or IGF-II mRNA levels compared with gilts infused with BTS only, whereas the mRNA abundance for the IGF-II receptor was decreased (P < 0.05) in WDS-infused gilts. In gilts inseminated with S1 doses, infusion of WDS did not affect the number of live embryos. Although infusions of WDS did not affect the mRNA level and secretion of the cytokines measured and did not improve embryonic survival rates, further studies are needed to better understand the influence of semen composition on the uterine response after mating.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Persistence of semen quality during the reproductive period in two strains of turkeys differing in semen yield.

Semen yield, sperm concentration and frequency of bent sperm were measured during the ninth week following stimulatory lighting (in January) and correlated with similar measurements obtained 1-1/2 and 4-1/2 months later in the reproduction period for two strains of medium bodied turkeys differing in semen yield. These correlations, based on measurements made early in the reproductive period, were not large enough so that the male's subsequent performance could accurately be predicted. Strain differences were also apparent in correlation coefficients for semen yield. The correlation coefficients were larger for the strain having the smallest yeild. In general, the significant correlation coefficients between semen yield and sperm concentration were positive and those between semen yield and percent bent sperm and between sperm concentration and percent bent sperm were negative. However, the correlation coefficients tended to be low in magnitude.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A new poultry semen extender. 1. Effects of extension on the fertility of chicken semen.

Maximum extension of chicken semen in the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender was determined by varying the dilution rate and the number of sperm per insemination. Levels of fertility were high (greater than 88%) in White Leghorn hens inseminated weekly with diluted (1:4) semen containing as few as 20 million sperm. The results also showed that (a) insemination intervals greater than 7 days resulted in a significant decline in fertility, (b) fewer sperm were needed in the insemination dose when diluted semen is held at 5 degrees C. than at 25 degrees C. and (c) high fertility levels (greater than 90%) can be achieved with semen diluted 1:10 provided the insemination dose contains at least 100 million sperm.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of three cryopreservation methods and two semen extenders on the quality of dog semen after thawing.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two diluents, one with and the other without Orvus ES paste, and three methods of cryopreservation on the quality of dog semen after thawing. The investigation was carried out on 126 ejaculates collected from 37 dogs. In Expt 1, sperm-rich fractions of ejaculates were frozen in 0.25 ml minitubes and pellets. In Expt 2, each sperm-rich fraction of ejaculate was divided and extended in two diluents, one with and the other without Orvus ES paste. Samples of semen were frozen in pellets and 0.5 ml French straws. Motility, percentage of spermatozoa with normal acrosomes and longevity of spermatozoa were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in semen samples frozen in pellets than in samples frozen in 0.25 ml minitubes. Aspartate aminotransferase activity in extracellular fluid was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in semen frozen in pellets. There were no significant differences in quality after thawing between semen samples frozen in pellets and 0.5 ml French straws. Longevity, unlike acrosome status and aspartate aminotransferase activity, was greater in samples extended in Tris-buffered diluent with addition of Orvus ES paste, regardless of the method of cryopreservation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen for artificial insemination: its effect on conception and semen analysis parameters.

Semen specimens from 24 donors in an artificial insemination program--selected for women whose infertile status was determined to be male factor-related and for whom no female factor could be determined--were cultured for the presence of Ureaplasma urealyticum. A life table statistical analysis indicated that conception did not occur sooner in the U. urealyticum-negative group (n = 14) compared with those women inseminated with the U. urealyticum-containing semen (n = 10). In addition, no significant differences were detected in semen analysis count, grade, or motility between semen with or without U. urealyticum. We found no differences in the occurrence of fetal morbidity or mortality in ten conceptions between the women impregnated with Ureaplasma-positive (n = 14) and Ureaplasma-negative (n = 6) semen. Thus, our study does not support the role of U. urealyticum as a cause of male factor-related infertility or early pregnancy loss.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1978

Statisical comparison of the parameters of semen analysis of whole semen versus the fractions of the split ejaculate.

The split ejaculate has proven to be a reliable method for concentrating sperm in a small volume. However, there is some controversy whether the spermatozoa in the most sperm-rich fraction of the split ejaculate has better motility than the spermatozoa in whole semen. In this study, at least two specimens of whole semen and two split ejaculates were obtained from 45 infertile males. The mean values for the parameters of the semen analysis were compared statistically. Our data indicate that increased sperm density is a consistent finding with the split ejaculate, even for severely oligospermic men. However, improved sperm motility with the split ejaculate is more variable. On the other hand, patients with mild oligospermia (10 to 40 million sperm/ml of whole semen) and high semen volumes (greater than 5.0 ml) demonstrated improvement in all parameters in the split ejaculate.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Quality of semen stored in on-the-farm semen tanks.

We assessed the damage to frozen semen packaged in French straws stored for 2 yr in 60 on-the-farm semen tanks on 56 Washington dairy farms. Percentage of motile spermatozoa and percentage of spermatozoa with intact acrosomes were not affected significantly by position of the semen on the rack (top or bottom goblet). The semen in 3 of the 60 tanks was lost to tank failure.

Acrosome↗