A comparison of the Quarterly Index to Current Contents/Life Sciences and the Science Citation Index as indexes to Current Contents/Life Sciences.
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Abstracting and Indexing↗
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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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[50th anniversary of the Academy of Medical Sciences (USSR Academy of Medical Sciences -- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences)].
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Academies and Institutes↗
Anatomy of a successful K-12 educational outreach program in the health sciences: eleven years experience at one medical sciences campus.
The Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) is the administrative home of a nationally recognized educational outreach program in the health sciences for K-12 teachers (includes school nurses, counselors, etc.) and students. This program is called the Partners in Health Sciences (PIHS) program. It began in the summer of 1991 and is based on an annual needs assessment of the state's teachers. PIHS is a program available to all teachers and students in the state. It has several different components: (1) a cafeteria of 21 days of mini-courses offered in the summer to meet the professional development needs of K-12 biology/health teachers and other school personnel; (2) weekly, interactive telecommunication broadcasts for students during the academic year; (3) intensive, 5-day workshops that train five selected teachers at a time (10 per year) to use an authoring software program to develop grade-appropriate interactive, computer-assisted, instructional (CAI) modules for Internet (http://k14education.uams.edu) use by teachers and students; (4) a monthly science night for students and their parents at a local science magnet high school; (5) field trips to the UAMS campus for teachers and their students; (6) community-requested presentations by program faculty; and (7) availability of earning undergraduate and graduate credit for science education majors in the College of Education, University of Arkansas at Little Rock. The data presented in this report span the period from 1991 through 2001. For all program activities, 14,084 different participants have consumed a total of 50,029 hours of education.
Academic Medical Centers↗
Natural science and medicine: social science and medicine: some methodological controversies.
The paper is in five parts. A discussion of the flaws in social science as seen from the viewpoint of medical science is followed by a consideration of what they hold in common--the shared institutions and ideal programme of Science. The major differences that still remain are then characterized in two further sections; the first concentrates on the issues raised by the human species' distinctive place in evolution, while the second discusses the problems and advantages created for social science by its necessary closeness to lay thought. We conclude with a summary of the difficulties involved in scientific progress in social science and some speculation concerning disciplinary re-alignment.
England↗
Basic science, science, and medical education.
It is generally accepted that medical students should learn those stories from the basic sciences which enable medicine to be rational. But there are several reasons why science as an explanatory activity has much more to offer, particularly if the views of Popper are accepted. Unfortunately an appreciation of the nature of science is only accidentally acquired in traditional schools and current forces may well weaken its chances in newer schools. Some of the criticisms levelled at modern medincine which may be attributed to excessive science are misdirected. There is too little science, not too much.
Curriculum↗
Fostering science education and science careers at the University of Kentucky.
The Outreach Center for Science and Health Career Opportunities opened at the University of Kentucky Medical Center in July 1993, to provide a central site of coordination for the university's science education activities designed to link those "doing science" at the medical center with students, teachers, and the general population throughout Kentucky. By providing an infrastructure for outreach programs and by being highly visible to the public, the center attracts extramural funding, allows tracking of the program's students, and facilitates the development of science education partnerships between the university of Kentucky communities. The rationale for establishing the center, methods of operation, and impact on the region's science literacy problem are discussed.
Career Choice↗
[Longevity science research retrieval system using the thesaurus specifically developed for the science].
Gerontology is a new field including various disciplines such as medicine, engineering science, social science etc, and is sometimes called as "longevity science". Because of the wide area of the field, it is important to show the scope of the science and the development of its thesaurus contributes to this end. We developed a relevant thesaurus based on the research funded by Longevity Science Promotion Organization, and using the thesaurus, we also developed a database and retrieval system of the gerontology research. This system can be accessed on the Internet.
Aged↗
[The stress-coping paradigm, a complimentary contribution from social science and nursing sciences in the development of knowledge].
This article provides an illustration of the combined contributions of social sciences and nursing in the development and application of knowledge. More specifically, the article presents a discussion of the respect ive contributions of the social sciences and nursing in the development of knowledge about the stress-coping paradigm. First, the significant role of the social sciences in initially developing the concepts of stress and coping if revealed through a review of different research perspectives considered to date, most notably in sociology and social psychology . After presenting some key markers in the development of nursing as a professional discipline, this paper illustrates how work developed through multidisciplinary efforts in the area of social sciences is pertinent to the development of theory, empirical research and the practice of nursing. The singular contribution of nursing to the development of knowledge in stress-coping is emphasized. The author concludes by noting that the discipline of nursing is somewhat similar to social sciences and sha res some common interests, notably with regard to phenomena such as reac tion to stress.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Carrying capacity as "Informed Judgment": the values of science and the science of values.
Contemporary park and wilderness carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of standards of quality, which are defined as minimum acceptable resource and social conditions. Formulation of standards of quality involves elements of both science and values, and both of these elements must be integrated into informed judgments on the part of park and wilderness managers. That is, managers must ultimately make value-based judgments about the maximum acceptable level of visitor-caused impacts to the resource base and the quality of the visitor experience. However, such judgments should be as informed as possible by scientific data on the relationships between visitor use and resulting impacts and the degree to which park and wilderness visitors and other interest groups judge such impacts to be acceptable. Such information represents the "values of science" to managing carrying capacity in parks and wilderness. A growing body of literature has begun to address the corresponding "science of values," and how this type of information might be integrated in park and wilderness management. Visitor-based research has employed normative theory and techniques to explore the acceptability of a range of resource and social impacts related to visitor use, and findings from these studies are being integrated into a body of knowledge and applied in management decision-making. Conceptual and methodological extensions of the normative approach are currently being explored in a variety of park and wilderness contexts, and new theoretical and empirical approaches are being adapted to address trade-offs inherent in carrying capacity. In these ways, the science of values is progressing to meet the opportunities and challenges of the values of science to park and wilderness management. The concept of carrying capacity, along with the theoretical and methodological approaches described in this paper, can be extended to a large number of natural resource and environmental issues.
Conservation of Natural Resources↗
[Internationalism and science. Social and scientific bases of the European information science movement].
As part of a continuing line of research on scientific documentation we propose in this article a novel approach to the study of the European information science movement at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. We suggest that this movement took place within the context of increasing internationalism of scientific endeavours, a process which was paralleled by the standardization of units, weight and measures for the different sciences. We investigate problems arising from scientific communication in connection with other aspects apparently unrelated to Information Science. Specifically, we refer to conflicts between nationalism and colonialism; concordance and discord between science policy and the corporate interests of nonscientific associations; higher educational policy; the professionalization of sciences; and the economic interests at stake as a consequence of the use of different information models.
Europe↗
An investigation of the educational needs of health sciences library manpower. 3. Manpower supply and demand in health sciences libraries.
An investigation of the manpower requirements of health sciences libraries and of educational programs appropriate to these manpower needs was begun in March 1968. To date, 4,727 libraries have been identified as being used by 14,000 health sciences institutions and programs. Of this total, 2,628 are hospital libraries; 1,328 are health sciences libraries and collections located outside of hospitals; and 771 are academic or public libraries. Within these libraries some 14,938 persons are directly involved, either full- or part-time, in the delivery of health sciences library services. Of the total work force, 5,861 persons are employed in hospital libraries and 9,077 are employed in health sciences libraries and collections. The ratio between professional and nonprofessional employees is 1:2; professional and nonprofessional status was assigned by the chief librarian. Survey data indicate a 7 percent manpower shortage in positions classified as professional, and a 3 percent shortage in positions classified as nonprofessional.
Journal Article↗
The science literacy crisis, philosophical issues, and the origin sciences.
Since 1983, when the National Commission on Excellence in Education released its much-awaited report, A Nation at Risk, the United States has perceived itself to be in the midst of a serious education crisis. While nearly everyone is in agreement that most areas of the educational enterprise are in need of some revision and revitalization, problems related to science education have clearly received the lion's share of reform-minded attention. The present essay reviews the various symptoms of the so-called science literacy (education) crisis; speculates on the unique role that the philosophical underpinnings of the "cosmic" (Weisskopf, 1994) or origin sciences may play in these problems; and offers some suggestions as to how academic research scientists interested in these areas might more readily and effectively involve themselves in efforts to improve science education at all levels of the educational system.
Biological Evolution↗
Art, science and social science in nursing: occupational origins and disciplinary identity.
This paper forms part of a wider study examining the history and sociology of nursing education in England between 1860 and 1948. It argues that the question of whether nursing was an art, science and/or social science has been at the 'heart' of a wider debate on the occupational status and disciplinary identity of nursing. The view that nursing was essentially an art and a 'calling', was championed by Florence Nightingale. Ethel Bedford Fenwick and her allies insisted that nursing, like other professions, was a 'scientific' and technical enterprise. Social scientists later came to challenge nursing's claim to professionalism by analysing nursing work first within the context of industrial psychology. But they also advocated a rapprochement between nursing, health services and social science research, a challenge which we are in nursing, still striving to meet. This paper argues for a strong coalition of nursing with its former nineteenth century ally, social science, in the continuing struggle for change within nursing and health care policy. Rather than searching for some rarified and purified essence of nursing knowledge, it argues that nurses need to join forces with sociologists and economists in striving to shape the agenda for health services research and provide the evidential basis for health policy transformation more generally.
Art↗
B. F. Skinner and G. H. Mead: on biological science and social science.
Skinner's contributions to psychology provide a unique bridge between psychology conceptualized as a biological science and psychology conceptualized as a social science. Skinner focused on behavior as a naturally occurring biological phenomenon of interest in its own right, functionally related to surrounding events and, in particular (like phylogenesis), subject to selection by its consequences. This essentially biological orientation was further enhanced by Skinner's emphasis on the empirical foundations provided by laboratory-based experimental analyses of behavior, often with nonhuman subjects. Skinner's theoretical writings, however, also have affinity with the traditions of constructionist social science. The verbal behavior of humans is said to be subject, like other behavior, to functional analyses in terms of its environment, in this case its social context. Verbal behavior in turn makes it possible for us to relate to private events, a process that ultimately allows for the development of consciousness, which is thus said to be a social product. Such ideas make contact with aspects of G. H. Mead's social behaviorism and, perhaps of more contemporary impact in psychology, L. Vygotsky's general genetic law of cultural development. Failure to articulate both the biological and the social science aspects of Skinner's theoretical approach to psychology does a disservice to his unique contribution to a discipline that remains fragmented between two intellectual traditions.
Behaviorism↗
Integrating science and practice: Reclaiming the science in practice.
This article is intended to be somewhat provocative, stimulating discussion in our efforts to better integrate science and practice. Three major areas of divisiveness between science and practice are posited-understanding of practitioners' approach to practice, definition of scholarship, and the role of theory and diagnosis in practice. Some general principles are offered that may further our thinking about integration of the applications of science in the practice of psychology and the participation of practitioners in science: (a) all practitioners do evidence-based practice; (b) scholarship has many forms, each of which provides an important piece of the puzzle of advancing knowledge; and (c) "eclectic" is a theoretically and practically meaningful term.
Evidence-Based Medicine↗
Natural science and nursing science: where do the horizons fuse?
The natural sciences have an influential effect on society, contemporary world-views, and other scientific disciplines. A brief history of the major advances in the natural sciences and the associated philosophies provides a platform for scholarly discourse regarding the subsequent influence on nursing epistemology. The concepts of knowledge and understanding are differentiated and a cautionary word is expressed not to cast aside the natural sciences and their corollary philosophies as nursing embarks upon its epistemological journey into the 21st century. Aesthetics is presented as a possible fusion of horizons of nursing and natural science.
Creativity↗
Rethinking Big Science. Modest, mezzo, grand science and the development of the Bevalac, 1971-1993.
Historians of science have tended to focus exclusively on scale in investigations of largescale research, perhaps because it has been easy to assume that comprehending a phenomenon dubbed "Big Science" hinges on an understanding of bigness. A close look at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Bevalac, a medium-scale "mezzo science" project formed by uniting two preexisting machines--the modest SuperHILAC and the grand Bevatron--shows what can be gained by overcoming this preoccupation with bigness. The Bevalac story reveals how interconnections, connections, and disconnections ultimately led to the development of a new kind of science that transformed the landscape of large-scale research in the United States. Important lessons in historiography also emerge: the value of framing discussions in terms of networks, the necessity of constantly expanding and refining methodology, and the importance of avoiding the rhetoric of participants and instead finding words to tell our own stories.
California↗
Making science accessible to deaf students. The need for science literacy and conceptual teaching.
Upon examination of current literature, there is a noticeable disparity between suggested science teaching practice and what actually happens in the classroom. This disparity may be more pronounced in science classrooms of deaf students for several reasons discussed in this paper. Science education professionals recommend conceptual teaching, but rote, procedural teaching is often the reality. This is a call to arms for teachers of the deaf to teach science conceptually in an effort to afford deaf students more opportunities to grasp meaning and not function merely at the recall level.
Achievement↗