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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Post-stroke motor and functional evaluations: a clinical correlation using Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, Berg balance scale and Barthel index.

UNLABELLED: Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Sequels deriving from this event may lead to motor disability and from mild to severe deficits. In order to better classify sensory-motor dysfunction, balance and ability to perform activities of daily living, quantitative and qualitative evaluation scales have been used. OBJECTIVE: To correlate the scales Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, Berg balance scale and Barthel index. Twenty subjects with sequel after a single, unilateral stroke in chronic phase (>6 months post ictus) were evaluated for about one hour. RESULTS: Barthel scale was statistically related to the total motor score of Fugl-Meyer assessment (r=0.597, p=0.005). The lower limb section at Fugl-Meyer had positive correlation with Berg scale (r=0.653, p=0.002) and with the balance section of Fugl-Meyer own scale (r=0.449, p=0.047). Both balance scales were correlated one with other (r=0.555, p=0.011). Statistical divergence appeared when Barthel's Index was correlated with Berg's Scale (r=0.425, p=0.062), and it is not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The use of both quantitative and qualitative scales was shown to be a good measuring instrument for the classification of the general clinical performance of the patient, especially when positively related joint evaluations are applied.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Application of a scaling model to establish and validate an interval level pain scale for assessment of acute pain in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To establish interval level measurement in a prototype composite measure pain scale (CMPS) for assessment of acute pain in dogs and to investigate the scale's validity. ANIMALS: 20 clinically normal dogs, 20 dogs with medical conditions, and 117 dogs undergoing surgery. PROCEDURE: First, a scaling model was applied to the CMPS descriptors to establish weights for each and create a continuous scale. Subsequently, 5 observers independently used the scale to score signs of pain in 4 groups of dogs (control dogs, dogs with medical conditions, and 40 dogs undergoing soft tissue or orthopedic surgery). Scores from each group and from groups of conditions perceived to cause no, mild, moderate, and severe pain were compared. In addition, the scale was applied to 77 dogs undergoing orthopedic or soft tissue surgery and scores were compared with simultaneously derived numeric rating scale (NRS) scores; comparisons were made between surgical groups and with time after surgery. RESULTS: Calculated scale descriptor weights ranged from -2.0 to 2.0 and were transformed to create a continuous scale from 0 to 10. Median CMPS scores differed significantly among the 4 study groups and among pain severity groups and were typically greater with increasing perceived pain severity. Agreement was determined between CMPS and NRS scores, and there was a significant and expected time effect and difference between the CMPS scores of dogs undergoing orthopedic and soft tissue surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that this interval level measurement scale is a valid measure of acute pain in dogs.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

[Geographic differences of bronchopulmonary cancer mortality in France and spatial scales of analysis: significance of scale change in health geography].

BACKGROUND: It is important to choose a valid spatial scale to study health differences in a geographical perspective. Many scales can be valid and a combination is required to understand the spatial distribution of a given health problem. Geographic distribution of lung cancer was studied in France using different scales to illustrate the importance of changing scales in health geography. METHODS: Standardized rates (direct method) for lung cancer were calculated for the period 1988-92 and mapped at different scales. RESULTS: Original spatial structure was observed for each scale. This proved that different interactions occur at each scale between environmental and social factors. Changing the scale allowed a better understanding of variations in the spatial distribution of lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of a regional scale to study health geographical distributions is questioned. Changing the scale would allow proposing action to improve health promotion.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Translation and validation of the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS Social Anhedonia Scale, M.L. Eckblad, L.J. Chapman et al., 1982). Study of the internal and concurrent validity in 126 normal subjects].

The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (SAS) with 40 items (Eckblad et al., 1982) which studies the social dimension of anhedonia has been validated in the United-States (Mishlove & Chapman, 1985). However, no french translation and validation of this scale has been made to date. This work presents the french translation of the Social Anhedonia Scale and its validation. After a back-translation and final adjustment, it has been submitted to a sample of 126 control subjects from the general population. Furthermore, they were asked to fill two other scales: the Chapman Physical Anhedonia (PAS) with 61 items and the Fawcett Pleasure Scale (36 items), both of them exploring the subjects answer in terms of anhedonia/hedonia towards social, sensorial and/or physical experiences. The internal validity has been determined on the one hand by the Cronbach alpha coefficient which showed a strong unidimensional characteristic (0.80) and the other hand by the correlation of each item with the total score using the point biserial coefficient which ranged from .204 to .559. The concurrent validation has been determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient between the french version of social anhedonia scale and the french version of physical anhedonia scale. The values were .42, p = .001. Furthermore, this two scales are significant inversely correled to the french version of the pleasure scale: r = -.22, p = .0125 for the first, and r = -.26, p = .0027 for the second. The internal and concurrent validity of the french version of the revised social anhedonia scale should allow to improve our understanding of anhedonia in psychiatry and psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Monitoring improvement using a patient-rated depression scale during treatment with anti-depressants in general practice. A validation study on the Goldberg Depression Scale.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a pilot study on the value of the Goldberg Depression Scale as an instrument for monitoring improvement in depressed patients treated with anti-depressants in general practice. DESIGN: A comparative study using simultaneous ratings on the observer-based 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale and the patient-rated Goldberg Depression Scale. SETTING: General practice. PATIENTS: Twenty-one patients meeting the ICD-10 criteria of a moderate depressive episode were assessed at the time of inclusion and through three follow-up visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores on the Goldberg Depression Scale compared to the Hamilton Depression Scale. RESULTS: An acceptable internal and external validity of the Goldberg Depression Scale was demonstrated. The Loevinger coefficient varied from 0.25 at the time of diagnosis to 0.57, 0.65 and 0.69 by visits two, three and four. Factor analysis identified only one general factor explaining 50% or more of the variants, except at visit 1. When the Goldberg Depression Scale was correlated to the Hamilton Depression Scales, a coefficient of 0.74 was obtained (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This pilot study indicates that the Goldberg Depression Scale is suitable for monitoring improvement in depressed patients treated in general practice. Further studies are recommended.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed2005

Ten-year review of rating scales, VII: scales assessing functional impairment.

OBJECTIVE: This is the seventh in a series of 10-year reviews of rating scales. Here the authors present scales measuring functional impairment, a sequela of mental illness. The measurement of functional impairment has assumed importance with the recognition that symptom resolution does not necessarily correlate with functional improvement. METHOD: The authors reviewed functional impairment from multiple sources over the past 20 years. Thus, this article includes a variety of scales ranging from those that have been subject to critical review with strong psychometric support to those that have not been critically reviewed but are in widespread use to those that are still finding their niche. RESULTS: These scales represent a continuum of constructs from symptoms to functional impairment to contextual factors that affect youths' functioning. Most older scales have focused on developmentally delayed youths. Newer scales strive to measure functional impairment separate from symptomatology. Some newer scales are also keyed to determination of level of service need. CONCLUSIONS: Scales measuring functional impairment can elucidate the impact of illness on youths, identify targets for treatment, determine service needs, and monitor treatment effectiveness. These scales are widely used in community mental health and health service delivery. They can assist in providing evidence-based treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The comprehesive psychopathological rating scale--CPRS--in patients with schizophrenic syndromes. Inter-rater reliability and in relation to Mårtens' S-scale.

In the course of a multicenter controlled trial of the effects of neuroleptic drugs on patients with schizophrenic or paranoid syndromes a comparison was made between the Swedish symptom rating scale--Mårtens' S-scale especially designed for patients with schizophrenic syndromes--and a new rating scale--the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale--CPRS. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the two scales was found to be 0,48 and as the inter-rater reliability for both scales was found to be quite satisfactory the validity of the scales is discussed. The CPRS scale was found to be easy to handle even for untrained doctors and in a separate study of inter-rater reliability where 5 doctors saw 16 patients a quite satisfactory reliability rk = 0,70--0.97, was found for 33 out of 39 items. In some items, espically those concerning different aspects of affective disturbances a lower inter-rater reliability was found but these items have been revised in later versions of the scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The Cronholm-Ottosson Depression Scale: the first depression scale designed to rate changes during treatment.

In 1960 Ottosson published the first specific depression rating scale (the Cronholm-Ottosson Depression Scale) designed to be sensitive in measuring change during antidepressive therapy. Ottosson and his group have never used factor analysis to validate the scale, as the items of the scale were used factor analysis to validate the scale, as the items of the scale were selected on a preconceived idea for homogeneity, i.e. having a monotonic correspondence to the underlying dimension of severity of depression. The most appropriate method of testing the construct validity of the Cronholm-Ottosson Depression Scale is latent structure analysis. Using the original Ottosson data, a latent structure analysis has been made showing that the 8 items of the scale are homogeneously related, i.e. can be ordered on one dimension of severity of depression. The descriptive statistic of a 50% reduction of pretreatment score (or more) equaled the global clinical score of moderate to excellent improvement. Both scales showed that, already after 4 electroconvulsive treatments, about 80% of depressed patients who received adequate fits had moderate to excellent improvement, whereas only around 40% of depressed patients who received inadequate fits improved moderately or excellently.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed2001

Development of a novel, weighted, quantifiable stroke scale: Japan stroke scale.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several stroke scales are available for estimation of the severity of stroke, but none of them provides information regarding the relative weights of the observed variables. To define an integrated severity of stroke, we developed a quantifiable stroke scale with weighted variables that apply conjoint analysis to calculate the relative weight of each item. METHODS: We selected 10 variables (consciousness, language, neglect, hemianopsia, gaze, pupillary abnormality, facial palsy, plantar reflex, sensation, and weakness) based on the multivariate analysis of the Keio Stroke Patient Database Battery. The variables were categorized and evaluated for their distribution and sensitivity. The categorizations were then modified and rechecked. The procedure was repeated until the appropriate categorization was obtained from 198 patients. A temporary stroke scale without weight was then formulated, and the reliability of the scale was examined and revised with 80 new stroke patients. As a next step, 150 neurologists were asked to rank a set of 27 virtual patients, each with a different combination of variables, according to severity. From these rankings, conjoint analysis was used to derive utility scores (weights) for each factor level. RESULTS: The relative weights of each of the factors were as follows: consciousness 49.8%, language 9.9%, weakness of lower extremity 7.3%, pupillary abnormality 6.8%, gaze palsy 5.6%, weakness of arm 4.3%, weakness of hand 3.7%, neglect 3.7%, facial palsy 2.4%, plantar reflex 2.2%, hemianopsia 2.2%, and sensory impairment 2.1%. The total score for a patient could be calculated from the sum of the scores for each of the variables ranging from -0.38 to 27.86. Scoring of 100 patients with acute stroke was carried out, and the changes in scores were followed for validation. Longitudinal clinical monitoring of the patients correlated well with the scores in each patient. The interrater and intrarater reliabilities of the scale were excellent (weighted kappa 0.83; Cronbach's alpha 0.998). CONCLUSIONS: The Japan Stroke Scale is a parametric stroke scale that provides a quantitative measure of the severity of stroke. Each of the variables of the scale has a relative weight according to the severity of stroke. Reliability and responsiveness were proved to be excellent. The present data revealed a potentiality for the Japan Stroke Scale to be a universally accepted and reliable standardized system from the clinimetrical point of view.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Swedish Reaction Level Scale.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the Swedish Reaction Level Scale (RLS85), two level-of-consciousness scales used in the assessment of patients with head injury, were compared in a prospective study of 239 patients admitted to a regional head injury unit over a 4-month period. Assessments were made by nine staff members ranging from house officer to registrar, after briefing about the two scales. Data were also collected on age, nature of injuries, surgical treatment, and condition at discharge or transfer using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Both the GCS and the RLS85 reliably identified comatose patients and those with minor head injury, but were much less effective in defining the response level in patients considered to have a moderate head injury. Only 41% of the patients allocated to a moderate-head-injury category by the GCS and the RLS85 were common to both groups. Where a mismatch occurred, neither scale allocated patients to a 'better' or 'worse' category more frequently than the other. Assessment of patients' conscious levels using the GCS was difficult in only two cases. One patient had facial injuries, and the other was intubated. The RLS85 was reported by all users to be simpler to use than the GCS, but the latter is much more widespread in use. Both scales function well in cases of severe and minor head injury, but have weaknesses when defining moderate head injury. Level-of-consciousness scales are only an aid to assessment and the final choice between the two scales must remain a matter of personal or departmental preference.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Effects of ultrasonic scaling and hand-activated scaling on tactile sensitivity in dental hygiene students.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine if tactile sensitivity varies in dental hygiene students who use the ultrasonic scaler, as compared to those who scale with hand-activated instruments. METHODS: A two-group, randomized subjects, pretest-posttest design was carried out mid-semester for five weeks on 40 first-year dental hygiene students who met the inclusion criteria of this study and who agreed to participate. A convenience sample of 40 consenting, first-year dental hygiene students were randomly assigned to one of two groups (experimental or control). After establishing a baseline tactile sensitivity score with the Vibratory Sensory Analyzer (VSA), experimental group subjects used the ultrasonic scaler to remove 4 cc's of artificial calculus from a typodont in a controlled, simulated clinical setting for 45 minutes, while each control subject manually scaled 4 cc's of artificial calculus on a typodont in a controlled, simulated situation for 45 minutes. Immediately following exposure to either the ultrasonic scaler or hand-activated scaling instruments, tactile sensitivity scores were obtained using the VSA. Analysis of variance with one repeated measures factor was used to determine between group and within group differences on the pretest and posttest tactile sensitivity scores. RESULTS: Results revealed that tactile sensitivity increased after a 45-minute scaling session with the ultrasonic scaler. Pretest to posttest changes in tactile sensitivity for the ultrasonic scaling group exhibited a much larger threshold as compared to those in the hand-activated scaling group, supporting a gain in students' level of sensitivity with stimulus (vibration). Tactile sensitivity decreased in those who used hand-activated scaling instruments. The thumb, index, and middle fingers of students in both groups showed similarities in tactile sensitivity, with the index finger being the most sensitive. CONCLUSION: Tactile sensitivity decreases with hand-activated scaling and increases with ultrasonic scaling over a 45-minute period. Short-term vibration exposure from the ultrasonic scaler is insufficient to negatively affect tactile sensitivity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

The use of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, the Merrill-Palmer Scale of mental tests (non-verbal items) and the Reynell Developmental Language Scales with children in contact with the services for severe mental retardation.

Psychological tests were administered to a complete population of severely retarded children aged 0-14, from one area of south-east London. The fifty-six children selected for the present study included all those who had obtained scores on measures of social maturity, visuo-spatial skills not involving symbolic concepts, and level of language comprehension. The results show very low correlations between the age-related quotients obtained for each measure. This suggests that, in severely retarded children, marked discrepancies can occur between different areas of cognitive and social development. Some children could be classified as moderately or mildly retarded on one type of test but as profoundly retarded on another. The profiles on the tests can be related to diagnosis and behaviour pattern. The findings highlight the problems of assessment and educational placement of retarded children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Pathways and kinetics of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform reductions by nano-scale Fe and Fe/Ni particles: comparison with commercial micro-scale Fe and Zn.

Groundwater and wastewater contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) can be treated with zero-valent metals. The practicality of this treatment method depends on the reduction rates of the target compounds and their byproducts. In this study, nano-scale Fe and Fe/Ni particles were synthesized so that they could be used to rapidly degrade carbon tetrachloride (CT) and chloroform (CF). Their BET surface areas were around two orders higher than those of commercial micro-scale Fe and Zn particles. Batch reduction experiments carried out with a metal loading of 2.5 gl(-1) showed that complete reduction of CT by the nano-scale Fe/Ni and Fe particles could be achieved within 20 min and 60 min, respectively. With the commercial micro-scale Fe and Zn particles applied at 125 gl(-1), complete CT reduction could only be achieved after 4h and 1.5h, respectively. Reductions of CT and CF with the nano-scale particles followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the specific reaction rate constants with the nano-scale Fe/Ni particles were 2-8 times higher than those of the nano-scale Fe particles. CT was degraded through hydrogenolysis to CF, and subsequently via both complete reduction pathway to methane and hydrogenolysis pathway to dichloromethane (DCM). Significantly more methane was generated with the use of the nano-scale Fe/Ni particles than with the nano-scale Fe particles. While the commercial Zn particles were more reactive than the commercial Fe particles, they failed to transform CT directly into methane, causing accumulation of DCM in the aqueous phase.

Carbon Tetrachloride↗
PubMed2006

New Q membrane scale-down model for process-scale antibody purification.

Process-scale antibody production requires polishing steps with extremely high product throughput and robust operation. In this communication, the Sartobind Q membrane adsorber for process-scale antibody production is evaluated as an alternative to Q column chromatography. Although the capacity seen with large-scale membrane adsorbers is competitive with column chromatography, the same throughput is not achieved with the current scale-down models. The operational issues currently found in membrane scale-down models, including backpressure, which significantly compromises the membrane's capacity, were examined. A new scale-down model was designed to mimic the liquid flow path found in the large-scale capsule, and a new process capacity equivalent at both small and large scale was successfully achieved. Results of a 4-model virus study with a redesigned Sartobind Q absorber scale-down model at the new process capacity are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The Skin Picking Scale: scale construction and psychometric analyses.

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports on the development of the Skin Picking Scale (SPS), a six-item paper-and-pencil measure for the assessment of skin picking. METHODS: 28 severe self-injurious and 77 non-self-injurious skin pickers initially completed an eight-item severity scale modeled after the Yale--Brown Obsessive--Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). RESULTS: Group comparisons and part--whole correlations for individual scale items resulted in a six-item scale with a total score range of 0--24. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of.80 indicated moderate internal consistency for the scale. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between SPS total scale scores and self-reported average duration of skin picking episodes. Significant correlations were also reported between SPS total scale scores and both Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores, as well as self-reported intensity of emotions during the picking process. Lastly, sensitivity and specificity analyses suggest that a SPS cut-off score of 7 differentiates severe self-injurious and non-self-injurious skin pickers. CONCLUSION: The SPS is a valid and reliable self-report scale for the assessment of severity in medical and psychiatric patients who endorse skin picking.

Adolescent↗