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PubMed1994

The involvement of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the mediation of hypothermia, tremor, and salivation in male mice.

The potency of centrally administered non-selective (atropine and N-methyl scopolamine) and putatively selective muscarinic antagonists (pirenzepine, AF-DX 116 and 4-DAMP) in inhibition of oxotremorine-induced hypothermia, tremor and salivation in male mice has been compared with their potency in vitro in three functional systems, where muscarinic effects are mediated preferentially by M1 (i.e. superior cervical ganglion), M2 (i.e. atrium), and M3 (i.e. ileum) receptors. Atropine, N-methyl scopolamine and 4-DAMP potently abolished the effects of oxotremorine. Pirenzepine abolished tremor and salivation, whereas hypothermia was antagonized partially only. AF-DX 116 had but weak antagonistic effects. Atropine and N-methyl scopolamine were potent antagonists in all three in vitro test systems. High potency was also seen with 4-DAMP, in particular in the ileum preparation. Pirenzepine showed its highest potency in the ganglion preparation. AF-DX 116 was a weak and non-selective antagonist in all three in vitro preparations. Our studies indicate that the muscarinic induction of tremor and salivation may be preferentially mediated by M3 receptors whereas both M2 and M3 receptors may be involved in the mediation of hypothermia. However, the overall conclusion is that compounds with higher receptor subtype selectivity are needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Syndromes of a complex lesion of greater and lesser superficial petrosal nerves (paradoxical facial hyperaemia, salivation, lacrimation and mucus excretion).

After closed cranial trauma with paralysis of the facial nerve, a patient had a fracture into the petrosus apex with a bony bridge over the nerve, and a subdural haematoma, which were dealt with during an operation for nerve decompression. Examination of the patient 2.5 years later revealed the presence of the crocodile tears syndrome, mucus secretion and the salivary atropine paradox, i.e. severe hyperaemia of the paretic half of the face during intense salivation in response to atropine. Other patients who suffered similar trauma but had no operation demonstrated the same syndrome. The crocodile tears syndrome is considered to be a result of an ephaptic union of the central portion of the damaged lesser superficial petrosal nerve (SPN) with the peripheral portion of the greater SPN. The salivary atropine paradox is then due to the loss of the peripheral portion of the former nerve combined with denervation of the salivary parotid gland. Facial hyperaemia during intense salivation after atropine administration is explained as a result of the intensified release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the gland, stimulated by atropine, into the blood circulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of salivation on neural taste responses in freely moving rats: analyses of salivary secretion and taste responses of the chorda tympani nerve.

The outer surface of the mammalian taste receptor cell is usually covered with saliva, which may affect the initial process of gustation. To ascertain the interaction between salivation and gustation, salivary secretion from the submandibular and parotid glands and taste responses to the chorda tympani nerve were analyzed in the rat, during grooming, eating, and licking of the four standard taste stimuli (sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine hydrochloride). Regions of the tongue surface bathed by saliva secreted from the each gland were examined, and it was found that: (1) Rats frequently groomed, and the anterior part of the tongue, innervated by the chorda tympani nerve, was usually covered with a mixture of submandibular saliva and substances on the body surface. (2) Licking of acceptable sucrose and NaCl solutions elicited initial phasic and long-lasting tonic taste responses, and did not evoked saliva enough to wash away the stimuli from the oral cavity. Licking of rejectable quinine evoked only a small phasic taste response and was followed by taste rejection behavior, accompanied by maximum salivation which could wash out the stimuli. (3) When taste responses were compared under awake and anesthetized (the tongue adapted to water) condition, sucrose response was larger, while responses to other taste stimuli were smaller under the awake condition. Rise time of the phasic NaCl response was longer under the awake condition. These taste response alterations may reflect the effects of prolonged adaptation of the tongue to the mixture of submandibular saliva and body surface substances, and flow rate of licked taste stimuli on the tongue surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the effects of substance P and substance K on blood pressure, salivation and urinary bladder motility in urethane-anaesthetized rats.

The effects of substance P and substance K on blood pressure, salivation and urinary bladder motility were investigated in urethane-anaesthetized rats. On intravenous administration, both peptides produced dose-related reductions in blood pressure, substance P being 25-30 times more potent than substance K. Substance P induced a dose-dependent increase of salivation, while substance K was half as active and induced only 40% of the maximum effect of substance P. The two tachykinins induced contractions of the urinary bladder, substance K being about twice as effective as substance P. Substance K was more effective than substance P in activating micturition. These findings provide further evidence that multiple receptor types are involved in mediating the effects of tachykinins in peripheral organs.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2006

Salivation pattern of Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae; Triatominae) in mouse skin.

The objective of this work was to study the pattern of salivation of triatomines during feeding in mouse skin. Rhodnius prolixus was fed with a solution of the dye acridine orange or fluorescein. The saliva was efficiently labelled with acridine orange, probably due to the difference in pH between the salivary gland (6.0) and the hemolymph (6.5-7.0). This procedure was not effective at labelling the saliva of Triatoma infestans, however, fluorescent labelling of R. prolixus saliva allowed us to demonstrate that salivation occurs during entire feeding process. The saliva is released soon after the bite. In the probing phase, saliva is pumped continuously in the host skin, including around the blood vessels. During the engorgement phase, saliva is observed in a bolus within the blood vessel and some of it is sucked up by the insect, together with blood. The frequency of saliva emission inside the vessels was low (0.51+/-0.18 Hz). The saliva deposition in the microcirculation is continuous and modulated by the frequency of the cibarial pump because, when functioning at high frequency, cibarial pump sucks almost all saliva to the insect gut. This mechanism would determine the quantity of saliva deposited in the microcirculation as necessary, and consequently minimizing the host's immune response to salivary antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Changes in the noradrenaline and acetylcholine content of three major salivary glands and in the salivation and protein component patterns of whole saliva in chronically isoprenaline-administered mice.

One group of mice was injected subcutaneously with 20 mg/kg body wt isoprenaline each day for 10 days; another group (control) was injected with saline. Half the animals of each group were kept untreated for a further 10 days for restoration. Chronic administration of isoprenaline caused enlargement of parotid (4-fold) and submandibular glands (1.7-fold) but had no effect on sublingual glands. Concomitantly, noradrenaline and acetylcholine contents were, in parallel, increased in parotid, decreased in sublingual, and unchanged in submandibular glands. Under these conditions, pilocarpine- or isoprenaline-induced salivation was not affected but phenylephrine-induced salivation was augmented; the protein component patterns of saliva characteristic of the three sialogogues were also changed. In addition, secretory proteins whose synthesis was induced by isoprenaline were found to be secreted by stimulation with different types of sialogogues. Most changes were reversible. These results indicate that continued beta-adrenoceptor stimulation not only causes broadly altered forms of saliva, probably by involving, in part, alpha-adrenoceptor hypersensitivity, but also changes the activities of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to salivary glands in parallel, though the extent differs among the three glands.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2003

NaCl and sugar release, salivation and taste during mastication of salted chewing gum.

Salt perception impacts on food acceptability and nutrition and depends upon salt release from foods that was determined in situ during mastication of chewing gum with up to 10% (1800 mmol/kg) added NaCl. The mechanical action of chewing increased salivation, which was further increased by the presence of salt, particularly above 180 mmol NaCl/kg gum or above 100 mM NaCl in saliva. The average resting salivary flow rate was 1 ml/min, increasing to 4 and 6 ml/min with gums containing low and high salt, respectively. Thus, stimulation of salivation by salt occurred at a concentration well above the taste threshold of 20 mM NaCl. NaCl concentration in nonstimulated saliva was about 10 mM and increased to 500 mM after 30 s chewing of the 10% NaCl gum and returned to near nonstimulated levels after 4 min chewing. Changes in pH of saliva were more gradual, increasing to a maximum at about 2 min and remaining elevated after 4 min. Salty taste was related to the free chloride ion concentration in saliva irrespective of the initial salt concentration in the gum with an indication of adaptation after 3 min chewing. During chewing, salty taste increased ahead of the increase in salivary conductivity and the salt concentration in the sublingual saliva varied in a cyclic fashion about every 20 s. This is consistent with a cyclic swallowing of saliva and replacement with newly secreted saliva of low salt content and mastication releasing further salt from the gum.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Habituation of salivation and motivated responding for food in children.

Repeated presentation of food cues results in habituation in adults, as demonstrated by a decrement in salivary responding that is reversed by presenting a new food cue in adults. Food reinforced behavior in animals shows the same pattern of responding, with a decrease in responding to obtain the food, followed by a recovery of responding when a new food is presented. The present study assessed whether children would show the same pattern of a decrement of food reinforced responding followed by recovery of responding when a new food is presented for both salivation and food reinforcement tasks. Subjects were assigned to one of two groups that differed in the trial that the new food stimulus was presented to ensure recovery was specific to the introduction of the new food stimulus. In the salivation task, subjects were provided repeated olfactory presentations of a cheeseburger with apple pie as the new food stimulus, while in the food reinforcement task subjects worked for the opportunity to consume a cheeseburger, followed by the opportunity to work for consumption of apple pie. Subjects in both groups showed a decrement in salivary and food reinforced responding to repeated food cues followed by immediate recovery of responding on the trial when a new food was presented. Subjects increased their energy intake by over 30% in the food reinforcement task when a new food was presented. These results are consistent with the general process theory of motivation that suggests that changes in food reinforced responding may be due in part to habituation.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania: salivation, tearing and nasal secretion.

Autonomic functions have been studied in seven patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH). A test battery comprising tearing, salivation and nasal secretion was employed. Under basal conditions these parameters did not differ significantly from those in a control group. After stimulation with pilocarpine the patients responded rather inhomogeneously. This test battery may therefore help find and classify subgroups of these types of patients. During attacks, there is a clear discrepancy between minimal salivation on the one hand and the marked increase in tearing, nasal secretion and sweating on the other. CPH attacks may be associated with an increased firing of sympathetic impulses to the different organs. In the event of a uniform type of autonomic firing taking place during attack, these findings may suggest a different innervation pattern for the salivary glands compared to the other glands involved. The innervation pattern of these secretory organs may seem to be more intricate and sophisticated than hitherto assumed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in salivation to repeated food cues in obese and nonobese women.

In a series of studies we have shown that salivation, a cephalic phase preingestive response, habituates to repeated presentations of olfactory or gustatory cues in nonobese subjects. Previous research has studied the differences in anticipatory response to food cues in obese vs. nonobese subjects. This study was designed to assess if obese and nonobese females differed in their patterns of salivary response to repeated presentation of palatable food cues. The salivary response to 10 gustatory presentations of lemon yogurt was studied in 10 obese and 10 nonobese nonrestrained women. Results showed significant differences in the pattern of salivary responding, with obese subjects showing a significantly slower decline in salivation than nonobese subjects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that obese women differ from nonobese women in their pattern of response to repeated food cues. The results are discussed in relationship to models of intake that focus on differences in satiety or differences in the reinforcing value of food between obese and nonobese subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Supersensitivity of salivation in response to pilocarpine after withdrawal of chronically administered hyoscine in the mouse.

1. The duration of the effect of a single large dose of hyoscine, in reducing the salivary response of mice to pilocarpine, was established as less than 66 hours.2. Supersensitivity was observed, after daily oral dosing with hyoscine, in the increased salivation of mice in response to pilocarpine injected at least 66 h after withdrawing hyoscine.3. The minimum duration of pretreatment with hyoscine that resulted in supersensitivity was 5 days. The daily dose was more effective if divided.4. The period after withdrawal for which supersensitivity could be detected was 6 days.5. The maximum salivary response to pilocarpine was increased by chronic hyoscine pretreatment.6. The antagonism of a single dose of hyoscine to pilocarpine salivation, as expressed by the dose-ratio of pilocarpine, was not altered by chronic hyoscine pre-treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Salivation induced by prostaglandin F 2 and modification of the response by atropine and physostigmine.

1. Administration of PGF(2alpha) to the anaesthetized dog produced dose-related salivation accompanied by weak pressor and negative cardiac chronotropic effects. Injection of PGE(1) did not produce salivation.2. Electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve or injection of PGF(2alpha) produced salivary responses which were not affected by pretreatment with phentolamine, but were abolished by pretreatment with atropine. Treatment with hexamethonium reduced the response to nerve stimulation but did not alter the response to PGF(2alpha).3. Pretreatment with physostigmine augmented the salivary response to both nerve stimulation and PGF(2alpha).4. These experiments suggest that salivation produced by PGF(2alpha) is probably due in part, to liberation of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve terminals. These results are consistent with previously proposed modulatory functions of prostaglandins on neurotransmission.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1995

5-hydroxytryptamine in the salivary glands of adult female Aedes aegypti and its role in regulation of salivation.

A dense plexus of axons, immunoreactive to antisera against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and surrounding the proximal medial lobe of the salivary gland of adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, was demonstrated by means of whole-mount fluorescence immunocytochemistry. This innervation originates in the stomatogastric nervous system. 5-HT-immunoreactive innervation is absent in male salivary glands, suggesting that 5-HT is involved in blood-feeding. Furthermore, female mosquitoes treated with the 5-HT-depleting agent alpha-methyltryptophan (AMTP) and then allowed to feed on a rat exhibited a significantly longer mean probing period and a lower blood-feeding success rate than did control mosquitoes. When female mosquitoes were experimentally induced to salivate into mineral oil, AMTP-treated individuals secreted significantly less saliva than did control mosquitoes. These samples of saliva also contained significantly lower concentrations of apyrase, an enzyme important in blood-feeding. Injection of 5-HT into both AMTP-treated and control mosquitoes elicited significant increases in the volume of secreted saliva and/or its apyrase content. We conclude that 5-HT plays an important role in the control of salivation in adult female A. aegypti.

Aedes↗
PubMed2006

Comparative evaluation of exocrine muscarinic receptor binding characteristics and inhibition of salivation of solifenacin in mice.

Anticholinergic agents such as oxybutynin are clinically useful in the treatment of overactive bladder. However, oral administration of oxybutynin is frequently accompanied by side effects such as dry mouth, and novel bladder-selective anticholinergic agents such as solifenacin and tolterodine are now under development. The aim of the present study was to characterize the suppression of cholinergic salivation and exocrine muscarinic receptor binding of solifenacin on oral administration to mice in comparison with those of oxybutynin. Results showed that both drugs produced a significant increase in K(d) values for specific [N-Methyl-(3)H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([(3)H]NMS) binding in the mouse submaxillary gland, compared with control values. However, this enhancement in K(d) values was significantly smaller with solifenacin than with oxybutynin. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of solifenacin on pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was significantly weaker than that of oxybutynin. Solifenacin dissociated more readily from muscarinic receptors in the mouse submaxillary gland than oxybutynin. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the weak suppression of cholinergic salivation by solifenacin compared with oxybutynin may be partially attributed to its relatively fast dissociation kinetics from exocrine muscarinic receptors.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Potentiation of isoproterenol-induced salivation by labetalol.

The authors previously reported that low doses of labetalol potentiated isoproterenol (ISO)-induced salivation in mice. The present study was carried out to ascertain the potentiating effect of labetalol in in vitro experiments using rat parotid tissue slices and their isolated cells. ISO-induced amylase release was enhanced by low concentrations of labetalol (less than 10(-6) M), while it was inhibited by high doses (more than 10(-5) M). This potentiating effect of labetalol did not occur in the Ca-free medium used for incubation or in experiments using the dispersed parotid cells or the parotid tissues which were obtained from 6-hydroxy-dopamine- or reserpine-treated rats. The effect of ISO on cyclic AMP accumulation in parotid tissue was completely blocked by the addition of labetalol in concentrations which were sufficient to increase the ISO-induced amylase release. Labetalol also inhibited the ISO-induced reduction of potassium release in parotid tissue. From these results, it is concluded that increases in the secretion of amylase and potassium from salivary glands due to the stimulation of glandular alpha-adrenoceptors by endogenous norepinephrine may play an important role in the potentiating effect of labetalol on ISO-induced salivation in mice.

Amylases↗
PubMed1989

Neural substrates for reflex salivation induced by taste, mechanical, and thermal stimulation of the oral region in decerebrate rats.

In order to investigate the neural mechanisms of reflex salivary secretion, experiments were carried out on anesthetized, decerebrate rats from which the volumes of submandibular salivary secretion and the efferent discharges in the preganglionic parasymapathetic fibers innervating the submandibular gland were recorded. Salivary secretion was induced by either infusing a taste solution, or an aliquot of hot water (45-55 degrees C) into the oral cavity, or by pinching the frontal parts of the oral region with a pair of forceps. The reflex salivation induced by noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli was markedly reduced by lesioning either the caudal (VC), or the interpolar (VI) trigeminal sensory nuclei. Taste-elicited salivary secretion was significantly reduced by lesioning the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). Of 43 preganglionic parasympathetic fibers sampled, 27 responded to both noxious mechanical and thermal stimulation of the oral region, and to electrical stimulation of the VC. Ten fibers responded only to taste stimulation and to electrical stimulation of the NTS. The remaining 6 fibers responded to both taste and noxious thermal stimulation of the oral region. These fibers responded well to NTS stimulation, but gave only a slight response to VC stimulation. These results suggest that two distinct neural pathways exist which mediate reflex salivation in the lower brain stem of the rat, i.e., the taste pathway via the NTS and the nociceptive pathway via the trigeminal sensory nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Fibrolytic enzymes and parity effects on feeding behavior, salivation, and ruminal pH of lactating dairy cows.

Four multiparous and four primiparous lactating dairy cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effects of parity and inclusion of a fibrolytic enzyme product (Agribrands International, St. Louis, MO) on feeding and chewing behavior, salivation, and ruminal pH. Diets consisting of rolled barley, barley silage, and alfalfa haylage (55% forage, DM basis) differed in enzyme application: 1) control, 2) enzyme applied to concentrate (45% of TMR), 3) enzyme applied to supplement (4% of TMR), and enzyme applied to a premix (0.2% of TMR). Enzyme supplementation did not alter daily time spent eating or ruminating, but when enzymes were added to the ration daily, saliva production increased, with no difference among enzyme application treatments. Multiparous cows consumed a greater amount of feed, but spent a similar amount of time eating, compared to primiparous cows. Primiparous cows had shorter ruminating episodes, resulting in lower daily ruminating time compared with multiparous cows. Primiparous cows had lower daily saliva output compared with multiparous cows. These results indicate that application of this fibrolytic enzyme product did not alter the physical structure of the feed, as measured by feeding and chewing variables. The increase in total saliva production observed in cows fed enzyme-supplemented diets may be attributed to a physiological response to compensate for the increase in fermentation products during digestion. The increased intake for multiparous cows is attributed to increased eating rate and not to increased time spent eating. The higher DMI of multiparous cows resulted in increased rumination time needed to process the additional feed and increased salivation to buffer the greater production of VFA.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Salivation test in patients with affective disorders treated with amitriptyline, mianserin and electroconvulsive therapy].

The aim of this work was assessment of the peripheral anticholinergic effects by use of a salivary test in patients with depression on the background of affective disease, treated over four weeks in a psychiatric department by one of three methods: amitriptyline, mianserin or nondominant unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (NDULECT). There were 22 patients treated with amitriptyline, 26 mianserin and 20 by NDULECT. The degree of depression was assessed by Hamilton's scale of depression and was similar in the groups of patients compared. Also the amount of saliva excreted was similar in the material examined before treatment. Among the methods of treatment the most severe inhibition of salivation was noted in the group treated with amitriptyline, the least--after NDULECT. Mianserin reduced salivation to a small degree--taking up a middle position in the comparison of methods of treatment. Practically speaking there is a conclusion: in patients whose somatic condition contraindicates, during treatment of endogenous depression, unwanted symptoms occurring after inhibition of the cholinergic receptor, the most acceptable of the three methods would be the use of mianserin or NDULECT.

Adult↗