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PubMed2002

Micro-shear bond strength of dual-cured resin cement to glass ceramics.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sandblasting, etching, and a silane coupling agent on the ability of dual-cured resin cement to bond to glass ceramics designed for in indirect adhesive restoration. METHODS: A cast glass ceramic (Olympus Castable Ceramics) with a crystalline phase consisting of mica and beta-spondumene was selected as the substrate material. The glass surfaces, which were sandblasted, polished, or etched with phosphoric acid or hydrofluoric acid (HF), were bonded with a dual-cured resin cement (Panavia Fluoro Cement) using a dentin adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond), both with and without a silane coupling agent. A micro-shear bond test was carried out to measure the bond strength of the resin cement to the glass surface. Each glass surface was bonded and tested using the shear test. In addition, surfaces with the bonding removed after the shear bond test, the adhesive interface between the glass and cement, and an etched glass surface without any bonding, were studied morphologically using scanning electron microscopy or field emission scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Usage of a silane coupling agent effectively raised the bond-strength values of resin cement (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.01). The effectiveness of using phosphoric acid etching to improve bonding was not clear (Fisher's PLSD, P>0.01). HF-etching for 30s seemed to over-etch the glass surface, resulting in adverse effects on bonding (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.01). SIGNIFICANCE: The micro-shear bond strength between Olympus Castable Ceramics and resin cement can be increased by the silane coupling agent used along with an acidic primer.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Water sorption and flexural properties of a composite resin cement.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the water sorption and determine the influence of water on flexural properties of a composite resin cement of 2 different viscosities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dual-cured composite resin cement of 2 different viscosities was tested according to International Standards Organization standards for dental composite materials. The samples tested for water sorption were stored in distilled water for 7 or 60 days. The samples tested for flexural properties were divided into 2 groups and stored either wet in distilled water or dry for 1, 7, or 60 days. After storage, a flexural test was performed with 3-point bending equipment. RESULTS: A significant increase in water sorption for both viscosities was registered as the storage time increased, but no significant difference between the 2 viscosities was recorded. Significantly lower strength and modulus were found for specimens that were wet stored for 60 days compared with the dry-stored ones, and significant changes in deflection at break were also registered. There were no differences in flexural properties between the 2 viscosities. Because of the lubricant and plasticizing effect of water on composite resin materials, the secant modulus and deflection at break seem to be valid methods to describe the complete deflection behavior. CONCLUSION: Water has an important effect on the flexural properties of composite resin cement after 60 days of storage time. No significant differences in water sorption and flexural properties were found between the high and low viscosities of the composite resin cement studied.

Absorption↗
PubMed1993

The evaluation of dual cement resins in orthodontic bonding.

Dual-cement resins are composite resins that are both light activated and chemically cured. They can be cured completely with a visible light source or by the catalyst and base reaction of the material. With the control of setting time, dual cements appear to offer clinicians advantages in orthodontic bonding. The purposes of the present research are to compare various dual cements in regard to orthodontic bonding and to evaluate them in relation to currently used chemically cured and light-cured composite resins for bonding stainless steel mesh-backed orthodontic brackets. Seven currently available orthodontic bonding systems (three light cured and four chemically cured) and three dual cements were evaluated. Each of the 10 groups contained 15 noncarious mandibular incisors. Mandibular incisor brackets were bonded to the teeth in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation. After bonding, the teeth were stored for 5 days in water at 37 degrees C. An Instron machine (Instron Corp., Canton, Mass.) was used to test samples. All samples were compared with Concise orthodontic bonding composite (3M, St. Paul, Minn.). The results of this investigation show that it is possible to bond solid, mesh-backed metal orthodontic brackets to teeth with a dual cement. The shear bond strengths of the dual cements, as tested in the laboratory, should be adequate to withstand normal orthodontic forces. Increased control of the setting time of the dual cements will allow the clinician more time to correctly position brackets and to remove excess resin before curing. In addition, the clinician can be assured of complete polymerization with the chemical properties of the dual cement resins.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Effect of endodontic irrigation on bonding of resin cement to radicular dentin.

The influence of endodontic irrigation on shear bond strengths of resin cement to radicular dentin was investigated. Human radicular dentin blocks were divided into four groups and subjected to one of four endodontic irrigations: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) group, 17% EDTA for 60 s; EDTA/sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) group, 17% EDTA for 60 s followed by 10 ml of 5% NaOCl for 15 s; NaOCl group, 10 ml of 5% NaOCl for 15 s; and control group, no treatment. Morphological changes of dentin surface after endodontic irrigation were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A resin block was bonded to the radicular dentin after irrigation using resin cement with either wet-bonding (Uni-Etch/One-Step; Bisco) or self-etching (Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus; Bisco) adhesives. Shear bond strengths were measured and the penetration of resin tags into dentinal tubules at resin-dentin interface was observed by SEM. With the wet-bonding system, the shear bond strengths for the EDTA/NaOCl group, in which dentinal tubules openings and uniform resin tag penetration into dentinal tubules were observed, were significantly higher than the EDTA and control groups. With the self-etching system, the shear bond strengths were significantly lower in the EDTA group compared with the NaOCl and control groups. The effects of endodontic irrigation on the bonding of resin cement to radicular dentin depended on the dentin bonding system used.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Bond durability of resin cements to Au-Pd-Ag alloy under cyclic impact load.

The bond durability of resin cements to a 12% Au-Pd-Ag alloy was studied through cyclic impact tests with different loads. A piece of casting alloy was bonded to a cast block with two types of resin cements, Super Bond C&B and Bistite II. A shear load was applied onto a small piece of alloy until debonding of the specimen, using different weights of plungers, 130 g, 230 g, 330 g and 430 g. The specimen bonded with Super Bond exhibited a higher resistance than that with Bistite II. The fracture modes of the debonded cements were completely different from each other. That is, Bistite II showed a bulk fracture of cement by the crack penetrating through the cement layer. On the other hand, Super Bond showed damages limited to the surface and no bulk fracture. The mode of fracture was dependent not on the loading weight but the types of resin cements used.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

[Retention of fiber posts dependent on different resin cements].

Tooth-coloured adhesive inserted fiber posts are used to restore endodontically treated teeth. In this investigation, the tensile bond strength of two different fiber posts systems (ER DentinPost and DT Light Post) in combination with five different resin cements was tested. The posts were inserted into artificial root canals in bovine dentin using Clearfil Core, RelyX Unicem, Panavia 21ex, Panavia F2.0 und Calibra. Titan posts (ER-Kopfstift), inserted with zincphosphate cement served as control group. ER DentinPost inserted with Clearfil Core had significantly higher tensile bond strengths than in combination with Panavia F2.0 (221.70 +/- 17.99 N) or Calibra (212.37 +/- 45.20 N). DT Light Post in combination with Calibra (338.20 +/- 46.40 N), Panavia F2.0 (321.69 +/- 40.11 N) and Panavia 21ex (290.41 +/- 55.28 N) showed significantly higher tensile bond strengths compared to adhesive cementation with RelyX Unicem (211.57 +/- 32.35 N) and Clearfil Core (131.67 +/- 51.72 N). The tensile bond strength of the control group was in the upper third of the values (315.43 +/- 51.38 N). Optical analysis of the post surface after decementation demonstrated in all cases adhesive-cohesive mixed fractures. The adhesion of resin cement to the fiber posts and resin cement to root canal dentin is influenced by different factors. The combination of fiber post systems with the type of resin cement has a great influence on the tensile bond strength.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of compatibility between different types of adhesives and dual-cured resin cement.

PURPOSE: The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bonding compatibility between different adhesives and a dual-cured resin cement, using a conventional tensile bond test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The adhesives used were: Prime & Bond (PB) (Dentsply) (PB), Scotchbond Multi Purpose (SB) (3M), and the activator Self Cure (SC) (Dentsply). The dual-curing resin cement used was Enforce (EF) (Dentsply). Six groups with five specimens in each were tested: G1: EF/PB/EF (light cured); G2: EF/SB/EF (light cured); G3: EF/PB+SC/EF (light cured); G4: EF/PB+SC/EF (only chemically cured); G5: EF/EF (light cured); G6: EF/EF (only chemically cured). The resin cement was applied in two stainless steel molds with a cone-shaped perforation measuring 4 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness, and the adhesive was applied between them. Ten minutes after specimens were cured, the tensile strength was measured in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. RESULTS: The mean values (MPa) +/- SD obtained in each experimental group were: G1: 1.4 +/- 0.2; G2: 1.3 +/- 0.2; G3: 1.2 +/- 0.4; G4: 0.8 +/- 0.2; G5: 1.2 +/- 0.1; G6: 0.7 +/- 0.1. The results were statistically evaluated using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p < or = 0.05). Statistically significant differences among groups were found only between G1 and G4, and G1 and G6. CONCLUSION: There was no incompatibility among the different adhesives used with dual-cured resin cement. The lowest tensile bond strength values occurred in the absence of photoactivation.

Acetone↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of a resin coating on bond strengths of resin cement to dentin.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the effect of a resin coating consisting of a dentin bonding system and a flowable resin composite on the microtensile bond strength (micro-TBS) of a resin cement to dentin in indirect composite restorations and (2) compare the bond strengths of direct and indirect composite restorations. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Occlusal surfaces of human premolars were ground to obtain flat dentin surfaces and were divided into seven groups. For indirect restorations, the dentin surfaces of the experimental groups were bonded with a dentin bonding system (DBS), Clearfil SE Bond (SE) or Single Bond (SB) with and without a flowable resin composite, Protect Liner F (PLF), temporized for one day and cemented with a resin cement (Panavia F) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The dentin surfaces of the control group were temporized without prior treatment, and indirect composite (Estenia) was bonded with Panavia F. For the direct restorations, either SE or SB was applied to the dentin surface and the entire surface was built up with direct composite (Clearfil AP-X). After 24 hours in water storage, micro-TBS was measured at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Fisher's protected least significant difference test (p < .05). RESULTS: The original bond strength of the resin cement (Panavia F) to dentin significantly improved with the use of a resin coating technique in indirect restorations (p < .05). The combination of DBS + PLF showed significantly higher bond strengths compared with the single use of DBS. The combination of SE + PLF as a resin coating provided the highest bond strengths in indirect restorations (p < .05). However, the best bond strengths were observed when SE and SB were used for direct composite restorations (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The application of a resin coating consisting of a dentin bonding system and a flowable resin composite on the dentin following cavity preparation significantly improved the micro-TBS of the resin cement Panavia F to dentin in indirect restorations. However, the bond strengths of indirect composite restorations were significantly lower than those of direct composite restorations even with the resin coating technique. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Indirect composite restorations may require a resin coating to improve the bonding performance of the resin cement Panavia F to dentin. However, adhesive systems with direct composite restorations still provide superior bond strengths compared with indirect restorations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bonding of resin cements to a metal substrate: influence of pretreatment on the adherence energy.

The adherence of resin cements to restoration as well as tooth structure is of prime importance for the longevity of cemented restorations. It was the aim of the study to investigate the effect of an acid and a base primer on (i) surface polarity of a nonprecious alloy and on (ii) adherence energy of resin cements bonded to the alloy. The beams were pretreated with a 3% acetone solution of either maleic acid or N,N-diethanol-p-toluidine, and the solvent evaporated. The polarity was determined by means of measurements of contact angles. The adherence energy was measured by means of the wedge test, according to which 2 beams were glued together with the resin cement. A wedge was introduced between the joined beams to create a fissure, and on the basis of the length of the fissure, the adherence energy was calculated. It was found that the polar component of the surface free energy of the alloy increased as a consequence of the pretreatments. The results also showed that the pretreatments gave rise to an increase in adherence energy of 11-15 J/m2, equivalent to relative increases of 22-54%. The observed increases in adherence energy may be due to an increase in polar interactions at the interface between adhesive and substrate.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed2003

Mechanical property characterization of resin cement after aqueous aging with and without cyclic loading.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine changes in flexural properties of resin cement under cyclic loading and aqueous aging. METHODS: Panavia F flexural modulus and strength were measured by static loading to failure after 48-h, 31-d, and 60-d aqueous aging at 37 degrees C with and without cyclic loading at clinical stress levels. Six specimens were used for each experimental condition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to characterize the morphology of the fractured surfaces to potentially identify resin cement components particularly susceptible to degradation under simulated clinical function. RESULTS: A two-factor ANOVA (p< or =0.05) and Least Significant Difference post hoc test indicated that cyclic loading produced a significant increase in the flexural modulus with no significant effect on the flexural strength. In contrast, aqueous aging time produced a significant decrease in flexural strength with no effect on the flexural modulus. The SEM fracture analysis indicated that resin matrix fracture occurred in static-aqueous specimens; while in the aqueous-cycled specimens, resin matrix fracture occurred in addition to an increasing proportion of filler/resin interface fracture as a result of both increased aqueous aging and increased flexural cycles. SIGNIFICANCE: Evidence suggests that after aqueous aging with cyclic loading to simulate resin cement clinical function, initial degradation may be related to breakdown of the filler/resin interface bond. Such breakdown is potentially reflective of slow crack propagation that may contribute to in vivo resin cement cohesive failure.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of surface treatment of prefabricated posts on bonding of resin cement.

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of various surface treatments of prefabricated posts of titanium alloy (ParaPost XH), glass fiber (ParaPost Fiber White) and zirconia (Cerapost) on the bonding of two resin cements: ParaPost Cement and Panavia F by a diametral tensile strength (DTS) test. The posts received surface treatments in three categories: 1) roughening by sandblasting and hydrofluoric acid etching; 2) application of primer by coating with Alloy Primer, Metalprimer II and Silane and 3) a combination treatment in the form of roughening (sandblasting or etching) supplemented by the application of a primer or in the form of the Cojet system. After surface treatment, the post was embedded in a cylinder of resin cement (diameter = 4.0 mm, height = 4.0 mm). The surface-treated post was centered in the resin cement-filled mold with the aid of fixation apparatus. Fifteen minutes from the start of mixing the resin cement, the specimen was freed from the mold and stored in water at 37 degrees C for seven days. Following water storage, the specimen was wet-ground to a final length of approximately 3 mm. The DTS of specimens was determined in a Universal Testing Machine. The bonding of resin cement to titanium alloy posts was increased by several surface treatments of the post. However, coating with primers as sole treatment had no effect on bonding. With the DTS method applied, none of the surface treatments had an effect on the bonding to glass fiber posts. The bonding of both resin cements to zirconia posts was improved by Cojet treatment, while sandblasting, followed by silane application, improved bonding of Panavia F.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1992

Adhesive strength between teeth and resin cements for porcelain laminate veneer.

We performed an experiment on adhesive strength between teeth and resin cements for porcelain laminate veneer. A compression shear test was performed using three types of resin cement in extracted human anterior teeth. In dentin, the effects of various surface treatment methods were also evaluated. All three types of resin cement showed high adhesive strengths to enamel, but low adhesive strengths to dentin that were less than 1/2 of those to enamel. Treatment of the dentin surface with both a surface treatment agent and primer significantly increased adhesive strength.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Influence of different adhesive resin cements on the fracture strength of aluminum oxide ceramic posterior crowns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The influence of different types of adhesive resin cements on the long-term prognosis of aluminum oxide ceramic posterior crowns is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of aluminum oxide ceramic on maxillary posterior crowns cemented with different resin luting agents before and after cyclic thermomechanical loading. Material and methods Forty-eight maxillary first molars were prepared and restored with standardized aluminum oxide ceramic (In-Ceram Alumina) crowns. The test specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=16). The crowns were luted with an acrylic resin cement (Super-Bond C&B, control, Group SB) and 2 composite luting agents (Panavia F, Group PV; and Rely X Unicem, Group RX). Half of the specimens were exposed to thermomechanical fatigue in a masticatory simulator. All specimens were tested for fracture strength (N) using quasistatic loading. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the fracture strength (alpha=.05). RESULTS: All specimens survived the exposure to the simulator. The following median fracture strength values were obtained without/with thermomechanical fatigue loading: Group SB, 2726 N/2673 N; Group PV, 2520 N/2083 N; and Group RX, 2036 N/2369 N. The fracture strength in Group PV after thermomechanical fatigue loading was significantly lower compared to the fracture strength in Group PV without artificial aging (P =.016), as well as significantly lower compared to Group SB with artificial aging (P =.003). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, all tested cements are capable of successfully luting aluminum oxide ceramic crowns. The fracture strength of Group PV after artificial aging was comparatively low.

Compressive Strength↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of a self-curing adhesive-resin cement system on luting glass-fiber posts into root canals: an SEM investigation.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new bonding-luting system in resin tag, adhesive lateral branch, and hybrid layer formation when used in combination with an experimental fiber post. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty anterior teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were selected for this study. They were endodontically treated and randomly divided into three groups of 10 samples each: group 1 = Excite light-cured bonding agent in combination with Variolink II resin cement; group 2 = Excite dual-cured bonding agent self-activated by an experimental microbrush in combination with MultiLink resin cement; and group 3 = one-step bonding system in combination with Dual Link resin cement. In groups 1 and 3, the primer-adhesive solution was light cured before placing the resin cement and the post, whereas in group 2 the adhesive/luting materials were not light cured. Twenty FRC Postec translucent posts (groups 1 and 2) and 10 EndoAesthetic translucent fiber posts (group 3) were used. One week later, the root samples were processed for scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations. RESULTS: Microscopic examinations of restored interfaces from group 2 revealed a resin-dentin interdiffusion zone higher than that seen in samples from groups 1 and 3 (P < .05). At the apical and middle thirds, the samples from group 2 showed significantly more resin tags than the other two groups. CONCLUSION: The dual-cure self-activating system showed a more uniform resin tag and resin-dentin interdiffusion zone formation along root canal walls than light-curing systems.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1989

[Influence of thermal cycling on the adhesive strength of adhesive resin cement].

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of thermal cycling on the adhesive strength of the adhesive resin cements. Four kinds of adhesive resin cements, which belonged to the commercial composite resin inlay products, were used for the study. They were CR Inlay Cement, Duo Cement, Dual Cement and P-30 diluted with Enamel Bond. The shear adhesive strengths to tooth substance and composite resin inlay were measured. Adhesive strength to etched enamel : CR Inlay Cement showed the highest values of 274 kg/cm2 after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and 230 kg/cm2 after 300 thermal cycles at 4 degrees C for 3 min and at 60 degrees C for 3 min. Adhesive strength to etched dentin : P-30 diluted with Enamel Bond showed the highest values of 64 kg/cm2 after 24-hour immersion in water, and 63 kg/cm2 after 300 thermal cycles. Adhesive strength to composite resin inlay : CR Inlay Cement showed the highest values of 310 kg/cm2 after 24-hour immersion in water, 306 kg/cm2 after 300 thermal cycles, and 297 kg/cm2 after 1000 thermal cycles. Adhesive resin cements other than CR Inlay Cement, showed a decrease in adhesive strengths to tooth substance and composite resin inlay after thermal cycling. Especially, Dual Cement and Duo Cement showed considerable decreases.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1997

Effect of adding ethylene glycol dimethacrylate to resin cements: durability against thermal stress of adhesion to titanium.

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of the addition of a dimethacrylate to resin cements on bond strength between titanium and resin after thermocycling. Titanium disks, polished and treated with a phosphate monomer, were bonded to acrylic rods using two types of experimental resin cements. The cements were composed of methyl methacrylate (MMA) containing a tributylborane initiator and 0-10 wt% of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and two types of polymer component of hard poly (MMA) or soft fluoropolymer (2-6F). The bonded specimens were subjected to a thermocycling test in water and then to tensile strength testing. The addition of 5% or more dimethacrylate monomer to the two MMA-based resin cements caused a drastic decrease in bond strength to the metal after the thermocycling test. The resin prepared with soft 2-6F as a polymer component was significantly more durable than the rigid type resin based on PMMA. However, even a 1% addition of ECDMA to the 2-6F resin resulted in a significant decrease in durability.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Bonding of dual-curing resin cements to dentin.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was three-fold: 1) to determine the strength of the bond between a number of dual-curing resin cements and dentin treated with corresponding adhesive systems, 2) to determine the effect on bond strength of not light curing the cements, and 3) to investigate whether application of a solution of sodium sulfinate or ascorbic acid would increase the bond strength in the cases where the manufacturer's version of an adhesive system resulted in low bond strength with chemically cured cement, ie, cement cured without light. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The adhesive systems comprised 5 simplified systems (Adper Scotchbond 1 XT, ED Primer II, Excite DSC, OptiBond Solo Plus, and Prime and Bond NT), and as controls, two three-step etch and rinse systems (Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus and Gluma Solid Bond). The corresponding dual-curing resin cements were RelyX ARC, Panavia F 2.0, Variolink II, Nexus 2, Calibra, RelyX ARC, and 2Bond2. The cements were either light and chemically cured or only chemically cured. The adhesive systems were used as recommended by the manufacturers, which for some systems involved inclusion of a so-called activator or catalyst when used with chemically cured cement. Sodium sulfinate and ascorbic acid were applied as a 1% ethanol solution. The bond strengths were measured in shear after storing specimens for 24 h in 37 degree C water. RESULTS: When the dual-curing resin cements had been both light and chemically cured, the bond strengths increased in this order: Gluma Solid Bond < ED Primer II < Prime and Bond NT < Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus < Excite DSC < Adper Scotchbond 1 XT < OptiBond Solo Plus. Omission of light curing of the cements decreased the bond strengths with OptiBond Solo Plus and Prime and Bond NT. The use of activator in conjunction with OptiBond Solo Plus and Prime and Bond NT increased the bond strength to chemically cured cement, but not to the level obtained when the cement was both light and chemically cured. The use of the catalyst of Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus did not increase the bond strength with chemically cured cement. Pretreatment with a solution of sodium sulfinate or ascorbic acid increased the bond strength with chemically cured cement in the case of OptiBond Solo Plus, whereas only the solution of sodium sulfinate was effective with Prime and Bond NT. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware that in situations where a dual-curing resin cement cannot be light cured, some adhesive systems suffer a loss of efficacy, even when respective activators are used. Pretreatment with a 1% ethanol solution of sodium sulfinate may restore much of the lost bond strength.

Ascorbic Acid↗