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PubMed1999

Satisfaction with the process of lead remediation in an urban Australian community.

OBJECTIVE: To assess householders' satisfaction with the process of residential lead abatement in an urban Australian population. METHOD: The study area consisted of suburbs immediately surrounding a lead-related industry on Australia's east coast. Nineteen of 20 remediated households in the study area agreed to participate in the survey. One trained interviewer conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with one 'key' person from each remediated household. Participants were asked for their personal views as well as general household views about the rationale for, process and results of lead remediation. RESULTS: The 19 households varied from three to seven people and contained 1-5 children (16 years or under). The opinions of residents of remediated households were polarised, with the majority being either greatly satisfied or greatly dissatisfied with the process. Level of satisfaction was clearly linked to perceived quality of the remediation works. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction with household lead remediation could be improved by ensuring effective communication between all parties; providing clear, simple, but detailed information about the remediation works to be undertaken on each household; providing timely support for householders when problems arise; and ensuring that all contractors are skilled, reputable and have acceptable communication skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Interactions between herbal remedies and antirheumatic drugs.

Many patients with rheumatological conditions use herbal remedies as an adjunct to their conventional antirheumatic medication, often without seeking advice. Herbal remedies are exempt from the usual drug safety requirements and may be a cause of both adverse effects and drug interactions. Data on interactions between herbal remedies and conventional antirheumatic medication is scarce. Reasons include a perception that herbal remedies are safe, a lack of reporting by patients and healthcare professionals and a lack of knowledge about the pharmacology and composition of herbal remedies, as well as adulteration. Interactions are likely between herbal remedies with antiplatelet or nephrotoxic effects and NSAIDs, hepatotoxic herbal remedies and disease-modifying antirheumatic medication, and between St. John's Wort and cyclosporin.

Antirheumatic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Forecasting the number of soil samples required to reduce remediation cost uncertainty.

Sampling scheme design is an important step in the management of polluted sites. It largely controls the accuracy of remediation cost estimates. In practice, however, sampling is seldom designed to comply with a given level of remediation cost uncertainty. In this paper, we present a new technique that allows one to estimate of the number of samples that should be taken at a given stage of investigation to reach a forecasted level of accuracy. The uncertainty is expressed both in terms of volume of polluted soil and overall cost of remediation. This technique provides a flexible tool for decision makers to define the amount of investigation worth conducting from an environmental and financial perspective. The technique is based on nonlinear geostatistics (conditional simulations) to estimate the volume of soil that requires remediation and excavation and on a function allowing estimation of the total cost of remediation (including investigations). The geostatistical estimation accounts for support effect, information effect, and sampling errors. The cost calculation includes mainly investigation, excavation, remediation, and transportation. The application of the technique on a former smelting work site (lead pollution) demonstrates how the tool can be used. In this example, the forecasted volumetric uncertainty decreases rapidly for a relatively small number of samples (20-50) and then reaches a plateau (after 100 samples). The uncertainty related to the total remediation cost decreases while the expected total cost increases. Based on these forecasts, we show how a risk-prone decision maker would probably decide to take 50 additional samples while a risk-averse decision maker would take 100 samples.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1995

Health risks of herbal remedies.

Herbal remedies can result in indirect health risks when they delay or replace a more effective form of conventional treatment or when they compromise the efficacy of conventional medicines. Herbal remedies can also be associated with direct health risks. Long-standing traditional experience may tell much about striking and predictable symptoms of acute toxicity but it is a less reliable tool for the detection of reactions which are inconspicuous, develop gradually or have a prolonged latency period, or which occur uncommonly. Another reason why safety claims cannot always be based on traditional empiricism is that not all herbal remedies are firmly rooted in traditional medicine. The risk of a herbal remedy producing an adverse reaction depends not only on the remedy and its dosage but also on consumer-related parameters, such as age, genetics, concomitant diseases and concurrent use of other drugs. Another important determinant of the toxicity of herbal remedies is their quality. What is already known about the risks of herbal remedies must be systematically collected, disseminated and acted upon. What is yet unknown must be found out by herbal postmarketing surveillance and experimental research.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy of herbal remedies used by herbalists in Oyo State Nigeria for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infections--a survey and an observation.

In the course of evaluating the contribution of phytomedicine to possible drug discovery of antimalarial drugs, an ethnomedical survey of specialized children traditional clinics was done. In the observational multi center study, efficacy of eight different herbal remedies, each consisting of 3-8 ingredients and administered by herbalists were investigated in clients enrolled in the six traditional clinics in Oyo (urban center) and Otu (rural center) of Oyo State, Nigeria. The clients, aged between six months and fifteen years with clinical symptoms of malaria were enrolled in the clinics of the herbalists, as their usual practice. Oral informed consents were obtained from their parents or guardians. Microscopic diagnosis of malaria infection was used to evaluate parasitaemia and validate efficacy of herbal remedies. Results of the analysis showed that, of the 163 clients of the herbalists, only 62 (30 from Oyo, 32 from Otu) had microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection. Only results from 54 clients (29/30 (Oyo) and 25/32 (Otu) with P. falciparum infection could be evaluated. Plasmodium falciparum infection in 88% (23/29) of clients from Oyo responded to treatment with the herbal remedies while cure rate in clients from Otu was 42% (13/25). Parasite densities ranged from 171 to 53,613 parasites/microl blood and 87 to 36,209 parasites/microl blood in patients from Oyo and Otu respectively. The herbalists administered the remedies and Gossypium arboreum, Anarcadium occidentalis, Citrus medica, Phyllanthus amarus and Lippia multiflora were the main ingredients in the efficacious remedies. The herbalists gave detailed descriptions of each of the 8 herbal remedies proffered. The results confirm the efficacy of two of the eight herbal remedies, thereby validating the role of ethnomedicine as a possible source for the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Acute renal failure associated with the use of traditional folk remedies in South Africa.

The use of folk remedies is widespread throughout Africa. Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the most severe, but under-recognized, complications of folk remedy use. This report aims to describe the clinical presentation, outcomes, and nature of renal injury in patients with folk-remedy-associated ARF. Clinical data were evaluated retrospectively in 78 patients with ARF associated with recent folk remedy use. ARF was defined as elevated serum urea and creatinine above the age-appropriate normal ranges, persistent oligoanuria, worsening renal function with time, or need for dialysis. Overall mortality in patients with ARF was 41%. Mortality was higher in adults (45.5%) than in infants (36.6%), in patients with both renal and liver dysfunction (62.5%) than in those with renal dysfunction alone (22.6%), and in HIV-positive (44.4%) versus HIV-negative (34.6%) patients. Vomiting (51.3%) and diarrhea (43.6%) were the most frequent presenting symptoms. Metabolic acidosis (80.8%) and volume depletion (62.8%) were the most frequent clinical findings. The definable causes of ARF were pre-renal (26.9%), acute tubular necrosis (ATN; 26.9%), hepatorenal syndrome (6.4%), urinary tract infection/sepsis (7.7%), and primary renal disorders (7.7%). Twenty-seven patients had concomitant medical conditions unlikely primarily related to folk remedy ingestion. In conclusion, ARF occurring after use of folk remedies in South Africa is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The most common contributors to ARF in this setting are volume depletion and ATN. Significantly, although a proportion of patients have underlying systemic or renal conditions that may contribute to renal dysfunction, in the majority of patients, folk remedy use appears to be the most likely proximate cause. In view of the large numbers of Africans living abroad, more widespread awareness of this important clinical problem needs to be raised.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2005

Gene expression profiling predicts liver responses to a herbal remedy after partial hepatectomy in mice.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that regenerating liver responses to a herbal remedy could be presented by gene expression profiling. Compositions of the ingredients in the remedy containing Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Bupleurum scorzonerifolfium Wild (S/B remedy) were analyzed and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. By using a 70% partial hepatectomy in BALB/c mice as an in vivo model, the effects of high dose (50 mg/kg) and low dose (1 mg/kg) S/B remedy were evaluated by cDNA microarray, followed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR confirmation. Factors affecting proliferative activities of mouse hepatocytes were measured by DNA flow cytometry, BrdU incorporation assay and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level. Based on global gene expression profiles, the results showed that the low dose S/B remedy down-regulated expression of immediate early genes and cell cycle-related genes, whereas the high dose had opposite effects. The gene expression was further verified by real-time RT-PCR. Proliferative activities, in terms of synthetic phase fractions and G2/M phase fractions, in vehicle, low dose, and high dose groups were 18.45+/-2.56%, 14.65+/-1.06%; 9.27+/-0.85%, 7.80+/-0.11%; and 18.90+/-2.17%, 22.95+/-0.25%, respectively. The serum IL-6 level was also dose-dependent in both low and high dose S/B remedy-treated mice. We conclude that in vivo gene expression profiling correlates with liver responses to a herbal remedy, which provides a new direction for pharmaceutical studies on human diseases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prompt remediation of water intrusion corrects the resultant mold contamination in a home.

More patients are turning to their allergists with symptoms compatible with allergic rhinitis, allergic sinusitis, and/or bronchial asthma after exposure to mold-contaminated indoor environments. These patients often seek guidance from their allergists in the remediation of the contaminated home or office. The aim of this study was to determine baseline mold spore counts for noncontaminated homes and report a successful mold remediation in one mold-contaminated home. Indoor air quality was tested using volumetric spore counts in 50 homes where homeowners reported no mold-related health problems and in one mold-contaminated home that was remediated. The health of the occupant of the mold-contaminated home also was assessed. Indoor volumetric mold spore counts ranged from 300 to 1200 spores/m3 in the baseline homes. For the successful remediation, the mold counts started at 300 spores/m3, increased to 2800 spores/m3 at the height of the mold contamination, and then fell to 800 spores/m3 after remediation. The occupant's allergic symptoms ceased on complete remediation of the home. Indoor volumetric mold counts taken with the Allergenco MK-3 can reveal a potential indoor mold contamination, with counts above 1000 spores/m3 suggesting indoor mold contamination. Once the presence of indoor mold growth is found, a prompt and thorough remediation can bring mold levels back to near-baseline level and minimize negative health effects for occupants.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the REMEDi drug profiling system.

One hundred and sixteen samples for toxicological analysis (78 urines and 38 stomach contents) were analysed both with the Bio-Rad REMEDi Drug Profiling System and with a set of immunoassays and standard chromatographic procedures (HPLC, GC/NPD and GC/MS). As a screening method, REMEDi performed only moderately well, compared with immunoassays. Amphetamines and tricyclic antidepressants were detected by REMEDi in 80% and 68%, respectively, of the positive immunoassay results. Positive immunoassay screening tests were more often confirmed by the conventional chromatographic methods (80%) than by REMEDi (35%). The highest confirmation score for REMEDi was observed in the amphetamine group (9 of 12), while low scores were obtained for barbiturates (1 of 7) and benzodiazepines (13 of 75). However, in these samples REMEDi detected 53 additional compounds, which were neither reactive in the immunoassay screening tests, nor detected by the standard chromatographic procedures. These results clearly demonstrate that REMEDi can be a useful complementary technique in the clinical toxicology laboratory, since it expands the range of drugs covered by the immunoassays and provides a rapid, preliminary report in emergency situations.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Remediating polluted soils.

This review focuses on treatment-based remediation of soils and the acquisition of data to support and monitor this remediation. Only in the last two decades has significant progress been made in regulating for soil pollution, with a parallel development of methodologies for soil assessment and remediation. However, soil complexity remains a problem for pollutant measurements relevant to environmental risk and informative to the design or evaluation of remediation technologies. Understanding the distribution of pollutants between different soil phases and the kinetics of transfer between these pools is fundamental to prediction for these processes; further progress is needed to characterise less accessible pollutant pools and to develop guidelines for their analysis. Available remediation options include physical, chemical and biological treatments, and these options offer potential technical solutions to most soil pollution. However, selecting the most appropriate approach requires detailed information on how pollutants interact with soil physio-chemical properties. Only general information is available as to the effectiveness of specific treatment systems for particular soil type-pollutant combinations. Given the high degree of heterogeneity in physio-chemical characteristics and pollutant distribution of affected soils, prediction of treatment timescales and levels of residual contamination remains a problem. On sites with a range of organic and inorganic pollutants present, combinations of different treatment approaches may offer the best prospect for effective remediation. Further work is needed to provide evidence that residual contamination does not pose significant risk and to evaluate effects of treatments on general soil function in relation to this contamination.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1999

The effects of neurocognitive remediation on executive processing in patients with schizophrenia.

Approaches to cognitive remediation have differed across studies. Most of the larger studies have concentrated on group treatments designed without the benefit of recent laboratory-based studies. The current study describes a randomized trial of an intensive cognitive remediation program involving individual daily sessions of 1 hour for up to 3 months. It targets executive functioning deficits (cognitive flexibility, working memory, and planning) that are known to be problematic in people with schizophrenia. Procedural learning, as well as the principles of errorless learning, targeted reinforcement, and massed practice, was the basis of the intervention. The program was compared with an alternative therapy (intensive occupational therapy) to control for some of the effects of therapeutic contact. Some improvements in cognition followed both therapies. A differential effect in favor of cognitive remediation therapy was found for tests in the cognitive flexibility and the memory subgroups. There was a trend for those receiving atypical antipsychotic medication to benefit more from cognitive remediation for tests of cognitive flexibility. Although there were no consistent changes in symptoms or social functioning between groups, if improvement in cognitive flexibility tasks reached a threshold then there is some evidence that social functioning improved, even over the short duration of the trial. In addition, cognitive remediation differentially improved self-esteem. This study supports the view that cognitive remediation can reduce cognitive deficits and that this reduction may affect social outcome, at least in the short term.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The effectiveness of radon remediation in Irish schools.

An advisory reference level of 200 Bq m(-3) and a statutory reference level of 400 Bq m(-3) apply to radon exposure in Irish schools. Following the results of a national survey of radon in Irish schools, several hundred classrooms were identified in which the reference levels were exceeded and a remediation program was put in place. This paper provides an initial analysis of the effectiveness of that remediation program. All remediation techniques proved successful in reducing radon concentrations. Active systems such as radon sumps and fan assisted under-floor ventilation were generally applied in rooms with radon concentrations above 400 Bq m(-3). These proved most effective with average radon reduction factors of 9 to 34 being achieved for radon sumps and 13 to 57 for fan assisted under-floor ventilation. Both of these techniques achieved maximum radon reduction factors in excess of 100. The highest average reduction factors were associated with the highest initial radon concentrations. Passive remediation systems such as wall and window vents were used to increase background ventilation in rooms with radon concentrations below 400 Bq m(-3) and achieved average radon reductions of approximately 55%. Following the installation of active remediation systems, the radon concentration in adjacent rooms, i.e., rooms in which the radon concentration was already below 200 Bq m(-3) and therefore did not require remediation, was further reduced by an average of 25%. The long-term effectiveness of a number of radon sump systems with at least three years operation showed no evidence of fan failures. This study showed an apparent increase in sump effectiveness with time as indicated by an increase in radon reduction factors during this period.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2005

The development of a computer-assisted cognitive remediation program for patients with schizophrenia.

In the last decade, impairments in several cognitive domains have been recognized as a central feature of schizophrenia. Consistent evidence has accumulated that documents the contribution of these deficits to poor outcome in social and occupational functioning, and thus they are important targets for psychosocial as well as pharmacological intervention. After reviewing the literature on cognitive remediation for brain injury as well as schizophrenia patients, consulting with research groups which have implemented cognitive remediation programs for schizophrenia, and conducting pilot work with patients, our group has developed a broadly-targeted computer-based remediation intervention that is based on using exercises that engage several cognitive capacities simultaneously, teaching of a set of cognitive strategies by a supportive therapist in a one-on-one setting, and addressing many of the treatment issues that are specific to schizophrenia. The strategies that are emphasized in the intervention are derived from the learning and remediation literatures and include the following: 1) Verbalization to enhance encoding and recall of stimuli; 2) Breaking problems down to promote organized problem solving; 3) Articulation of problem solving to encourage deliberate responding and self-monitoring; 4) Self-checking of performance and adjustment as necessary; 5) Strategic probe questions to prompt participants to monitor their work and make planful responses; 6) Scaffolding aids to provide ongoing support as needed. We are currently conducting a randomized trial of the intervention in which patients complete 24 sessions of remediation or an equivalent number of sessions with a therapist using computer games that have minimal cognitive demand. Our initial experience with the intervention is encouraging and suggests that it is feasible, the tasks are extremely well-received and patients are willing to come to the clinic several times per week to work on them. It is premature to assess whether participation in cognitive remediation is effective in improving cognition, but patients have thus far demonstrated improvement on trained computer exercises. The potential of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions, alone and in combination, for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is a promising research issue.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of remedial, failure, and successful secondary school students across self-perception and past and present school performance variables.

Three groups of Grades 9-10 adolescents were compared across a combination of self-perception and school performance variables (past and present). The three groups studied were (1) students in remedial math and English classes (Remedials), (2) unsuccessful regular-stream students failing three or more subjects (Failures), and (3) successful regular-stream students failing no more than one course (Controls). The sample of 96 students was predominantly female, and subjects were enrolled in a general nonuniversity preparatory program at a commercial high school in an inner-city working-class district. Five sets of measures were used: Self-Perception Measures (Peer, Family, and Academic Self-Concept scales, as well as self-report measures of Study Habits and Educational Aspirations), Current, Past and Follow-up School Performance Measures (academic and nonacademic), and Attribution Measures (student and teacher attributions of reason for failure). Results indicated significant differences between the three groups on several variables. Compared with the Controls, both Remedials and Failures had lower Academic Self-Concepts and lower Reading Levels, but only the Remedials had significantly lower levels of Intellectual Functioning, in addition to lower Math Achievement Levels than the Controls. The Failure group was significantly lower than the other two groups on Family Self-Concept, Attendance, and Overall Grade Percentage (both at the initial and follow-up periods), and they had records showing a higher frequency of elementary school Behavior Problems. Thus it was suggested that school failure was related to emotional difficulties to a significantly greater degree for the Failure group as compared to the Remedial group, which was characterized by more straightforward academic and intellectual deficits. Finally, Failures and Remedials and their teachers tended to attribute the student's failure in particular courses fairly equally to either the student's difficulty in grasping the subject matter, or to insufficient effort, whereas those Controls who were failing a course tended to blame their failure on "Teacher Problems."

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

Effects of a Korean traditional herbal remedy on psychoneuroendocrine responses to examination stress in medical students: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Ondamtanggamibang, a Korean traditional herbal remedy, as a treatment of stress-related psychophysiological variables in healthy medical students experiencing examination stress. Forty volunteers were randomly assigned to either an herbal remedy group (n = 20) or a placebo control group (n = 20). After treatment, systolic blood pressure and plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and cortisol concentrations decreased significantly in the herbal remedy group. The herbal remedy group also exhibited beneficial changes in psychological variables such as anxiety, depression, stress and emotional state. These results suggest that a Korean traditional herbal remedy may reduce systolic blood pressure and catecholamine levels, possibly by stabilizing the sympathetic nervous system. This herbal remedy also reduced the negative psychological symptoms, stress and heightened the emotional state experienced by medical students during examinations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Use of herbal remedies by diabetic Hispanic women in the southwestern United States.

OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the use and documentation of herbal remedies used by Hispanic women with Type II diabetes enrolled in two Community Health Centers in the Southwest USA. A secondary purpose was to review the literature on identified herbs to assess their likely effects on diabetes. DESIGN: Open-ended structured interviews were conducted on a convenience sample (n = 23) of participants. Medical and medication charts were reviewed for the interviewed participants, and for a random sample of enrolled Hispanic diabetic patients (n = 81) who were not interviewed. SETTING: Two Community Health Centers in the Southwest USA. PARTICIPANTS: Enrolled patient, Hispanic females with Type II diabetes. INTERVENTION: Subjects were interviewed about their use of herbal therapies and supplements. Information collected from medical and pharmaceutical charts included documented use of herbal remedies; standard therapies prescribed and diabetes control (hemoglobin A1C values). For those herbal remedies reported, literature reviews were conducted to determine if there was supporting evidence of harm or efficacy for the stated condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reports of herbal use, and types of remedies used. RESULTS: Among the interviewed participants, 21 of 23 (91%) reported using one or more herbal remedies. Among a random sample of patient medical charts, seven (6.7%) contained documentation of diabetes-specific herbs, and 16 (15.4%) had documented general herb use. A total of 77 different herbal remedies were identified, most of which were contained as part of commercial preparations, and appeared to supplement, rather than replace standard medical therapy for diabetes. CONCLUSION: Use of herbal therapies is not uncommon among diabetic patients. Many of the herbs reported have potential efficacy in treating diabetes or may result in adverse effects or interactions. In practical use, however, the herbs reported in this study are unlikely to have a significant effect on clinical outcomes in diabetes, either positively or negatively.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
PubMed2002

How natural are 'natural herbal remedies'? A Saudi perspective.

OBJECTIVE: There is a rapidly growing trend in the consumption of herbal remedies in industrialised and developing countries. Users of herbal remedies are at risk of toxicity and adverse interactions of herbal preparations due to their frequent contamination with metals and adulteration with synthetic drugs. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of herbal remedies present on the market in Saudi Arabia in recent years. METHODOLOGY: 247 herbal remedies and related preparations were examined from 2000-2001 at the Toxicology Laboratory, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Herbal powder samples were the most common sample type examined (n = 80), followed by complete, packed preparations (n = 59), single undescribed capsules or pills (n = 46), loose plant leaves or seeds (n = 28), creams (n = 18) and liquid or jelly samples (n = 16). All samples were subjected to toxicological screening for organic substances using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, screening for heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, and lead) using inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and microbiological examination. RESULTS: The preparations analysed were used to treat the following indications: leukaemia and other forms of cancer (n = 22); obesity (n = 18); diabetes mellitus (n = 14); rheumatic disorders (n = 14); skin pigmentation problems (n = 11); or to enhance male sexual activity (n = 9). In 123 cases, the indication of use was not known. 39 samples contained high concentrations of heavy metals. This was particularly striking in remedies used to treat leukaemia (arsenic content of 522-161,600 ppm) and in creams for whitening skin (mercury content of 5,700-126,000 ppm). Eight preparations contained synthetic drugs (e.g. benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants in sedative preparations, cyproheptadine in a remedy to gain bodyweight, ibuprofen and dipyrone in herbal capsules used to treat rheumatism). 18 samples were contaminated with micro-organisms. 14 samples contained toxic substances of natural origin. Of the 247 examined preparations, 77 (i.e. over 30%) were disqualified due to high heavy metals content, bacterial contamination or presence of toxic organic substances. CONCLUSION: The study shows an urgent need to control the production, importing and selling of herbal preparations.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
PubMed2005

Design of aquifer remediation systems: (2) estimating site-specific performance and benefits of partial source removal.

A Lagrangian stochastic model is proposed as a tool that can be utilized in forecasting remedial performance and estimating the benefits (in terms of flux and mass reduction) derived from a source zone remedial effort. The stochastic functional relationships that describe the hydraulic "structure" and non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) "architecture" have been described in a companion paper (Enfield, C.G., Wood, A.L., Espinoza, F.P., Brooks, M.C., Annable, M., Rao, P.S.C., this issue. Design of aquifer remediation systems: (1) describing hydraulic structure and NAPL architecture using tracers. J. Contam. Hydrol.). The previously defined functions were used along with the properties of the remedial fluids to describe remedial performance. There are two objectives for this paper. First, is to show that a simple analytic element model can be used to give a reasonable estimate of system performance. This is accomplished by comparing forecast performance to observed performance. The second objective is to display the model output in terms of change in mass flux and mass removal as a function of pore volumes of remedial fluid injected. The modelling results suggest that short term benefits are obtained and related to mass reduction at the sites where the model was tested.

Fresh Water↗