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PubMed1986

[How can we better help the relatives of schizophrenic patients?].

The strain to which relatives of schizophrenics are subjected is described on the basis of communications received from relatives of schizophrenic patients of the psychiatric hospital in which the authors of this article work. Relief can be offered to the relatives via two types of groups of relatives made up as follows: "Short-term" information groups for relatives of patients who have the disease for the first time, and "long-term" groups for relatives of schizophrenics with a repeated record of hospitalisation. The work done by such a "long term" group is described: A subject-centred group of relatives without patients with decreasing frequency of attendance by group leaders after one year and topic orientation according to concrete everyday tasks of living together. The formation of these groups of relatives aims at affording relief to those relatives who are largely depressed and feel isolated because of the burden that has been placed on them by the patient, to provide them with information and to offer a system of mutual learning to acquire a relaxed way of approach and dealing with the patient which will reduce the likelihood of relapses. Other possibilities of affording relief to the relatives are described, such as certain days on which relatives can meet with each other and with the doctors and nurses in the hospital to discuss all problems the relatives have to tackle and which, they feel, bear them down. These "days of the relatives" have proved very successful and have been giving a lot of encouragement to the families concerned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Working memory limitation as a source of confusion in the abstract THOG task.

Limitations of working memory are proposed as a major determinant of problem difficulty in the THOG task. This task is a logical reasoning task which uses an exclusive disjunction and requires hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Four experiments with students of mathematics or psychology were used to test the hypotheses that, first, guiding participants' attention facilitates the task and, second, the use of paper and pencil as external problem representation reliefs working memory load. Focusing participants' attention upon a critical aspect of the task does not improve solution rates. Students of mathematics were better than students of psychology, but only if they were allowed to use paper and pencil or to work on the task repeatedly. These results partially support the working memory hypothesis. They point toward the importance of training and practice in relatively simple meta-cognitive skills in logical reasoning.

Attention↗
PubMed1993

A mental health relief programme in Armenia after the 1988 earthquake. Implementation and clinical observations.

An international mental health relief programme for children and adults was implemented in Soviet Armenia after the 7 December 1988 Spitak earthquake. This paper presents: (a) the steps considered essential in the selection, preparation and support of mental health workers for the relief work; (b) a method which facilitated the screening and treating of large numbers of students in their classrooms; (c) the rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (74%) and major depressive disorder (22%) of 582 victims clinically evaluated before entering treatment three to six months after the earthquake; (d) clinical observations of significant psychological problems that may be overlooked in brief crisis-orientated psychotherapy; (e) multiple severe post-earthquake adversities (such as the collapse of the social network, the recurrence of after-shocks, the delay of reconstruction and the ongoing political turmoil) which contributed to the psychological problems of the victims and delayed their recovery; (f) the extension of the outreach programme beyond its traditional therapeutic role to an advisory one to other relief organisations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of effects of two interval-training programmes on lactate and ventilatory thresholds.

Twenty-one women subjects were matched in terms of their Vo2max and assigned to one of two groups: (1) training at 30 s; or (2) 2 min with a 1:1 work: relief ratio (1:1 WR) before participating in a 7-week training programme which began at an intensity of 85% Vo2max and increased 5% every two weeks (90% and 95% Vo2max). The subjects trained to exhaustion four times per week. Maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max), lactate threshold (Tlac) and ventilatory threshold (Tvent) were determined before and after the training programme. After training, there were significant increases (P < 0.05) in Vo2max (5% and 6%), Tlac (19.4% and 22.4%), and Tvent (19.5% and 18.5%). There were no significant group differences on any dependent measure but this research adds support to previous training studies in that a strong correlation (P < 0.05) between Tlac and Tvent is maintained from before to after the test. It was concluded that both formats of high intensity aerobic interval-training produce similar changes in Vo2max, Tlac and Tvent and that these changes appear to be independent of the length of the work interval.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Post-traumatic stress disorder among school age Palestinian children.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the prevalence of PTSD among Palestinian school-age children. Variables that distinguish PTSD and non-PTSD children were examined, including child characteristics, socioeconomic status, family environment, and parental style of influence. METHOD: Participants were 1,000 children aged 12 to 16 years. They were selected from governmental, private, and United Nations Relief Work Agency (UNRWA) schools in East Jerusalem and various governorates in the West Bank. Questionnaires were administered in an interview format with children at school, and with the available parent at home. RESULTS: A substantial number of children experienced at least one lifetime trauma (54.7%). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was diagnosed in 34.1% of the children, most of whom were refugees, males, and working. Although the expected association between family environment, parental style of influence and PTSD symptomatoplogy was found in this study, family ambiance (child's experience of anxiety in home environment) was the only predictor in the final model. CONCLUSIONS: The results stress the importance of assessing PTSD in schools settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Outcome after microdiscectomy: results of a prospective single institutional study.

BACKGROUND: Although lumbar microdiscectomy is one of the most frequently performed spinal procedures, little consensus exists in the literature regarding results. Whereas retrospective reports boast success rates as high as 98%, prospective studies are less sanguine with statistics in the 73-77% range. METHODS: Prospective single-institution outcome study of all patients undergoing virgin unilateral single-level microdiscectomies by study surgeons November 1990 to March 1992. Outcome determined by patient-reported responses to mail questionnaire or phone interview by a disinterested party. RESULTS: There were 374 patients operated on, average age 42.4 years with mean length of symptoms 9.4 months, and 31.5% were Workman's Compensation cases. Total complication rate was less than 4%, and follow-up was accomplished for 86% of the patients. Overall success rate was 74% using a strict combination of patient-reported pain relief, work status not affected, absence of narcotic use, and satisfaction with the procedure. Using a multivariate logistic regression analysis, only Workman's Compensation claim and length of symptoms (>6 months) were related to success, with a positive outcome in 86% of non-Compensation patients with brief symptoms contrasting with 29% in Compensation cases of greater than 6 months duration. CONCLUSIONS: A prospective analysis of the frequency of success after microdiscectomy yields results lower than anticipated based on retrospective studies and finds success related to the non-anatomic factors of length of symptoms and Workman's Compensation claims.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of interval training and a taper on cycling performance and isokinetic leg strength.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in isokinetic leg strength parallel changes in cycling performance during a six-week high-intensity aerobic interval training program and a subsequent two-week taper. Eleven male collegiate cyclists participated in one competitive cycling graded exercise test, four consecutive days of aerobic intervals (30 min @82.2 +/- 0.74% HRmax, 1:1 work:relief), and four continuous rides (1-2 hr @65-80% HRmax) weekly. Pedalling cadence during training was generally 70-80 rpm suggesting a knee joint velocity of approximately 210 degrees.sec-1. Cycling performance and peak isokinetic torque (TQpk) for knee flexors (HAM) and knee extensors (QUAD) @30, 120, 210, and 300 degrees.sec-1 were assessed before, every two weeks during, and each week for two weeks following six weeks of interval training. Performance increased significantly during training (15%) and increased further during the taper (8%). QUAD TQpk @30 and 120 degrees.sec-1 increased significantly during training and the taper. In contrast, QUAD TQpk @210 and 300 degrees.sec-1 and HAM TQpk for all velocities were not significantly elevated following training. Interestingly, QUAD TQpk @300 but not 210 degrees.sec-1 significantly increased during the taper. Data from this study demonstrates that high-intensity aerobic interval cycling can promote gains in QUAD strength which occur primarily at contraction velocities slower than those utilized during cycling training. Additionally, a two-week taper can produce significant improvements in cycling performance (8%) and QUAD strength (8-9%) at 30 and 120 degrees.sec-1, however, the time-courses for these improvements do not parallel one another.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Infrared coagulation versus rubber band ligation in early stage hemorrhoids.

The ideal therapy for early stages of hemorrhoids is always debated. Some are more effective but are more painful, others are less painful but their efficacy is also lower. Thus, comfort or efficacy is a major concern. In the present randomized study, a comparison is made between infrared coagulation and rubber band ligation in terms of effectiveness and discomfort. One hundred patients with second degree bleeding piles were randomized prospectively to either rubber band ligation (N = 54) or infrared coagulation (N = 46). Parameters measured included postoperative discomfort and pain, time to return to work, relief in incidence of bleeding, and recurrence rate. The mean age was 38 years (range 19-68 years). The mean duration of disease was 17.5 months (range 12 to 34 months). The number of male patients was double that of females. Postoperative pain during the first week was more intense in the band ligation group (2-5 vs 0-3 on a visual analogue scale). Post-defecation pain was more intense with band ligation and so was rectal tenesmus (P = 0.0059). The patients in the infrared coagulation group resumed their duties earlier (2 vs 4 days, P = 0.03), but also had a higher recurrence or failure rate (P = 0.03). Thus, we conclude that band ligation, although more effective in controlling symptoms and obliterating hemorrhoids, is associated with more pain and discomfort to the patient. As infrared coagulation can be conveniently repeated in case of recurrence, it could be considered to be a suitable alternative office procedure for the treatment of early stage hemorrhoids.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Heroin use in The Netherlands.

This article describes developments in The Netherlands with a special focus on those issues that can be described as "typically Dutch": the divergent "opium-act," the methadone buses, the Junkie League, and the plans for heroin maintenance. It also gives an impression of the important role of the Dutch Government in the organization of the relief work system. The article concludes that in some ways the Dutch have learned to live with certain developments, and that they have ceased to look for a one and only solution.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2001

[The medical system and its characteristics during the Koryo Dynasty period].

This article explores the medical system of the Koryo Dynasty period and its social characteristics. First, the structure of medical system and roles of medical institutions during the Koryo Dynasty period will be summarized. Then, the characteristics of the medical system will be identified through exploring the principles of its formation in a view of social recognition of medical care and a view of public policy. During the Koryo Dynasty period, medical experts were trained in national education institutions from the early days of Dynasty. After trained, they were appointed to the posts at government service with their medical profession. In the meantime, they sought ways to ascend their social position. Physicians of Oriental medicine were appointed to the posts at each local government and troops to take charge of medical treatments of the common people. Also, the state tried to assume the reins of medical system by actively taking part in circulation (collection and distribution) of herb. Taeuigam and Sangyakguk represent central medical institutions of the Koryo, taking charge of medical service for the aristocracy and the bureaucracy. The Common people were treated at DongSeoDaeBiWOn, JeWuiBo, HyeMinGuk, and YakJum in SeoKyung. However, activities of these institutions became less active around the days of military officials regime, as officers became negligent and financial base went broken. The roles of medical institutions of the Koryo government were not restricted to the treatment of diseases. Policies for the common people were constituted by two main policies, the policy for encouraging agriculture and the policy for giving relief to people. Medical institutions, with other social systems, had a social responsibility to support the governing system of the Koryo and maintain the stability of the society. In this aspect, medical institutions such as DongSeoDaeBiWon and JeWuiBo, and relief institutions such as UiChang, were all related and connected organically, and they were results of, and bases of the relief policy. However, medical system for the common people was made up first for practical needs and then improved successively. Allocation of medical experts and execution of relief work were carried out by each local government, except the case of serious disaster, which central government took part in. As the Koryo Dynasty went into its latter period, temporary institutions and one - time benefits replaced permanent institutions. These four characteristics described above were systemic characteristics of medical system during the Koryo Dynasty period.

History, Medieval↗
PubMed1984

The acquisition of muscular strength: the influence of training velocity and initial VO2 max.

To examine velocity specific training and to determine if VO2 max is related to the increase in muscular strength and power, 12 elite male swimmers (means age = 18.8 years) were blocked on VO2 max and assigned high intensity, high velocity training. Subjects performed 2 or 3 circuits of two 20s sets at each of six variable resistance stations at a work relief ratio of 1:3. Subjects trained four times weekly, for five weeks. Loads were set to achieve limb velocities of approximately 180 degrees X s-1. Increases (p less than 0.001) in all knee peak torques at 180 degrees X s-1 were observed. A decrease (p less than 0.02) was noted in right knee extension at 30 degrees X s-1, while other peak torques at that velocity remained constant. Anaerobic power increased (p less than 0.001) across the training programme. No differences in the magnitude of training effects were observed between High or Low Aerobic groups with the exception of right knee extension at 180 degrees X s-1, where the Low Aerobic group demonstrated the greater improvement (p less than 0.009). In conclusion, this type of velocity specific training can elicit improvements in peak muscular torques at or near the training velocity. Apparently, initial VO2 max did not limit the attainment of muscular strength and power.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Disaster mitigation and preparedness: the case of NGOs in the Philippines.

The Philippines is very vulnerable to natural disasters because of its natural setting, as well as its socio-economic, political and environmental context--especially its widespread poverty. The Philippines has a well-established institutional and legal framework for disaster management, including built-in mechanisms for participation of the people and NGOs in decision-making and programme implementation. The nature and extent of collaboration with government in disaster preparedness and mitigation issues varies greatly according to their roots, either in past confrontation and political struggles or traditional charity activities. The growing NGO involvement in disaster management has been influenced by this history. Some agencies work well with local government and there is an increasing trend for collaborative work in disaster mitigation and preparedness. Some NGOs, however, retain critical positions. These organisations tend to engage more in advocacy and legal support for communities facing increased risk because of development projects and environmental destruction. Entry points into disaster mitigation and preparedness vary as well. Development-oriented agencies are drawn into these issues when the community members with whom they work face disaster. Relief organisations, too, realise the need for community mobilisation, and are thus drawn towards development roles.

Community Participation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting surgical outcome for pain relief and return to work.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated a new psychological test (Paindex) for identifying and quantifying psychological factors associated with poor surgical outcome, and predicting the degree of pain relief and return to work. METHOD: This test was administered to 120 randomly selected patients before carpal tunnel and laminectomy surgeries. RESULTS: This test correctly predicted the probability of pain relief and return to work in 46 of the 50 laminectomy patients (92%), and 63 of the 70 carpal tunnel patients (90%). The overall test sensitivity was 86% and the specificity 94%. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that this can be a useful adjunctive test for identifying psychological problems that could have a bearing on the decision to operate and then problems that could occur after surgery, particularly in cases where the extent and degree of pain and disability are judged to be considerably in excess of the objective medical findings.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting surgical outcome for pain relief and return to work.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated a new psychological test (Paindex) for identifying and quantifying psychological factors associated with poor surgical outcome, and predicting the degree of pain relief and return to work. METHOD: This test was administered to 120 randomly selected patients before carpal tunnel and laminectomy surgeries. RESULTS: This test correctly predicted the probability of pain relief and return to work in 46 of the 50 laminectomy patients (92%), and 63 of the 70 carpal tunnel patients (90%). The overall test sensitivity was 86% and the specificity 94%. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that this can be a useful adjunctive test for identifying psychological problems that could have a bearing on the decision to operate and then problems that could occur after surgery, particularly in cases where the extent and degree of pain and disability are judged to be considerably in excess of the objective medical findings.

Absenteeism↗