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PubMed2005

Macro-scale effective constitutive relationships for two-phase flow processes in heterogeneous porous media with emphasis on the relative permeability-saturation relationship.

Macro-scale simulations often play an important role in the assessment and remediation of contamination by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in the subsurface. Effective parameters for the macro scale are required for these simulations in order to avoid a detailed discretisation of the geological structures. Starting from the observed influence of heterogeneities on multiphase flow processes at the macro scale, we present an upscaling procedure from the local to the macro scale for the derivation of constitutive relationships for multiphase flow processes. The approach is based on the assumption of an equilibrium of (capillary) forces, which allows the application of a percolation model. This results in saturation distributions for different capillary pressures. Averaging these distributions gives rise to a macroscopic capillary pressure-saturation relationship. For the saturation distribution, relative permeabilities and effective conductivities are computed depending on the structure and the flow direction. These are averaged with the help of the renormalisation method. The evolving relative permeability-saturation relationship for the macro scale shows a saturation-dependent anisotropy and pronounced residual saturations of the nonwetting phase (which were not assumed for the local scale). The anisotropy reflects the underlying structure of the considered system that needs not to be known in detail.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2000

Psychiatric disorders and dissatisfaction with social relationships: does type of relationship matter?

The specificity of the association between 9 Axis I psychiatric disorders and quality of the relationship with spouse, relatives, and friends was evaluated for married participants who completed the Ontario Health Survey Mental Health Supplement (N = 4,933). When the authors controlled for the quality of other social relationships, not getting along with one's spouse was related to 6 disorders, with the strongest associations found for generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, panic, and alcohol problems; 4 associations remained significant when they controlled for comorbid disorders. Not getting along with relatives and friends was generally unrelated to psychiatric disorders when they controlled for the other social relationships. Results indicate that the association between marital quality and psychiatric disorders is not an artifact of general social dissatisfaction and that this association is significant for several disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Mind-reading accuracy in intimate relationships: assessing the roles of the relationship, the target, and the judge.

Using a video-review procedure, multiple perceivers carried out mind-reading tasks of multiple targets at different levels of acquaintanceship (50 dating couples, friends of the dating partners, and strangers). As predicted, the authors found that mind-reading accuracy was (a). higher as a function of increased acquaintanceship, (b). relatively unaffected by target effects, (c). influenced by individual differences in perceivers' ability, and (d). higher for female than male perceivers. In addition, superior mind-reading accuracy (for dating couples and friends) was related to higher relationship satisfaction, closeness, and more prior disclosure about the problems discussed, but only under moderating conditions related to sex and relationship length. The authors conclude that the nature of the relationship between the perceiver and the target occupies a pivotal role in determining mind-reading accuracy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Relationship perceptions and persistence: do fluctuations in perceived partner commitment undermine dating relationships?

The authors propose specific temporal profiles that reflect certainty versus doubt about where a partner stands with respect to a dating relationship over time. Two multiwave longitudinal studies focused on within-participant changes in perceived partner commitment. Results from multilevel modeling indicate that individuals whose perceptions of partner commitment fluctuate over time were more likely to be in a relationship that eventually ended than were individuals whose perceptions remained relatively steady. For individuals in recently initiated relationships, the association of fluctuation in perceived partner commitment with later breakup was significant regardless of the initial level of perceived partner commitment or the trend, and for all participants, it remained significant when initial level, trend over time, and fluctuation over time of other meaningful variables were controlled.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

New kinds of care, new kinds of relationships: how purchasing services affects relationships in giving and receiving personal assistance.

This paper draws on interviews with users of direct payments and focus group discussions with the personal assistants (PAs) who assist them with personal and daily living activities. It discusses the benefits and the drawbacks of directly employing such assistance, from the perspectives of both the purchasers and the providers of these services. The paper shows that direct payments can enable disabled people to purchase a much wider range of flexible help, better continuity, greater control and an enhanced quality of life, compared with conventional services. PAs also valued the trust and close relationships they developed with their employers. However, these benefits were much less marked when direct payment users recruited and employed personal assistants through care agencies. On the other hand, both direct payment users and PAs also sometimes experienced difficulties in managing the relationships between them. Some of these problems could be alleviated by changes in the support provided by direct payment schemes themselves; other difficulties were more intractable and arose from the nature of the work and the close relationships which it entailed. The paper recommends a number of measures which could reduce the risks and vulnerability of both disabled direct payment users and personal assistants, without reducing the enhanced quality of life which direct payments can confer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

The relationship between kallikrein and water excretion and the conditional relationship between kallikrein and sodium excretion.

1. The renal kallikrein-kinin system has previously been linked with renal control of sodium and water excretion. The present investigations were carried out to examine more closely these relationships. 2. In physiological studies with rabbits, urinary kallikrein was measured by a modification of the [3-H]TAME method. 3. With rabbits on free sodium and water intake, urinary kallikrein was positively correlated with both sodium and water excretion. Kallikrein excretion was also negatively correlated with urinary osmolality. 4. In rabbits on chronic high and low sodium diets, urinary kallikrein was positively correlated with urinary volume but not with sodium excretion. 5. In rabbits held to a constant fluid intake but with sodium intake changed, urinary kallikrein was not correlated with sodium excretion. 6. These results indicate that the positive correlation of kallikrein excretion with sodium excretion under conditions of free sodium and water intake may be only secondary to the positive relationship of kallikrein excretion with urinary volume. 7. The results of the present investigations do not support the hypothesis that the renal kallikrein-kinin system is necessarily involved in renal control of sodium excretion under normal conditions but it is where a change in sodium intake leads to a change in fluid intake and consequently of urinary volume. 8. In the above experiments, urinary kallikrein was always positively correlated with urinary volume and negatively correlated with urinary osmolality. This may indicate a functional relationship between renal kallikrein and water excretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Relationship patterns in alexithymia: a study using the core conflictual relationship theme method.

BACKGROUND: Alexithymia is a disturbance in regulating affective states. Clinical observations suggest that alexithymic patients relate to others in a specific way. This paper explores whether specific relationship or transference patterns are typical of alexithymia. SAMPLING AND METHODS: Relationship patterns were assessed by means of the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method, standard categories version. This method examines transference patterns and was applied to clinical interview data collected from a sample (n = 31) of mental health outpatients. Alexithymia was assessed by means of a score on the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale corrected for the degree of depression (measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II). Data were analysed by means of the leaps and bounds regression algorithm for selecting optimal subsets of indicators and by bootstrapping to determine 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: First, we observed that alexithymia can be meaningfully explained by typical wishes, typical subjective perceptions of how others respond and one's own typical responses to others. This result indicates that the more marked a patient's alexithymic traits are, the more probable it is that specific transference themes come to the fore. Second, a set of three core indicators of trait alexithymia was mapped: little concern about being good to others, a strong perception of others as cooperative, and weak levels of reacting to others and to conflict by means of somatic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Alexithymia is related to a double interpersonal indifference: not much is expected from others, nor is there a personal urge to fulfill the expectations of others. Moreover, in alexithymia somatic symptoms proved to be non-reactive to interpersonal situations. Implications for diagnosis and treatment are highlighted. Limitations of our study are that alexithymia was only assessed with a self-report measure and that conclusions are based only upon data from a heterogeneous mental health sample.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1995

The interpersonal relationship in clinical practice. The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory as an assessment instrument.

The biomedical model that has long been central to medical practice is gradually being expanded to a broader biopsychosocial model. Relationship-building skills commensurate with the new paradigm need to be understood by educators and taught to medical practitioners. The person-centered, or humanistic, model of psychologist Carl Rogers provides a theoretical approach for the development of effective biopsychosocial relationships. The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI) was developed in 1962 as an assessment instrument for the person-centered model. In this article, the person-centered model and the use of the BLRI as an assessment instrument of this model are discussed. Current and potential uses of the BLRI are explored.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence of extradyadic sex in male couples of mixed HIV status and its relationship to psychological distress and relationship quality.

This study assessed the prevalence of extradyadic sex and the relationship between such activity and psychological distress and relationship quality in male couples of mixed HIV serostatus. Sixty-three couples were interviewed and had sufficient data for inclusion in all analyses. With regard to sexual activity during the year prior to being interviewed, 19 (30%) couples were monogamous, 18 (29%) described themselves as "open," 13 (21%) kept extradyadic sex a secret from their partners, and in 13 couples there was only partial knowledge of extradyadic sex. Though not statistically significant, monogamous and open couples consistently scored lower numerically on measures of psychological distress and higher on measures of relationship quality, compared to "partial knowledge" and "secretive" couples. When pooled, monogamous and open couples scored significantly higher on measures of dyadic consensus, affectional expression, dyadic satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction compared to the combined subgroup of partial knowledge and secretive couples.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Relationship between the 4 mmol running velocity, the time-distance relationship and the Léger-Boucher's test.

The relationship between distance and best time is roughly linear for distances between 1500 and 5000 m. The slope of this relationship has the dimension of a velocity (Vlim) which can be sustained during a long time. The individual time-distance relationships and the resulting Vlim have been studied in 32 subjects practicing different athletic activities by measuring exhaustion time for 2 to 4 constant-velocity running exercises performed to exhaustion. The velocity corresponding to 4 mmol.l-1 of blood lactate (V4 mmol) has been compared with Vlim. As maximal oxygen uptake is a major factor determining V4 mmol, Vlim and V4 mmol have also been correlated with the result of a field test which is assumed to measure maximal aerobic power (Léger-Boucher's test). This test consists in running until exhaustion at a velocity which increases every two minutes. The higher the velocity at exhaustion (Vléger) is, the higher the maximal oxygen uptake is assumed. Both Vlim and Vléger were very well correlated with V4 mmol (r greater than 0.90) and the average value of Vlim was almost equal to the average value of V4 mmol (13.89 vs 13.71 km.h-1). However, it was not possible to estimate V4 mmol accurately from the values of Vlim or Vléger because the standard errors of estimates were too large.

Exercise↗
PubMed1989

Morphemic relationships in the lexicon: are they distinct from semantic and formal relationships?

The influence of morphemic relationships on the repetition priming effect, which is presumed to provide an index of lexical organization, was examined in several experiments. An attempt was made in all experiments to minimize nonlexical contributions to these lexical effects by placing related items in a context of unrelated items. Priming among regularly and irregularly suffixed morphemic relatives, associates, and synonyms was examined. Morphemic relatives and associates yielded significant priming, although priming was largest for regularly suffixed morphemic relatives. Priming was not obtained for synonyms. In previous research (Napps & Fowler, 1987), priming was not found among orthographically and phonologically related words. The results are interpreted to mean that morphemic priming is not the result of the convergence of semantic, orthographic, and phonological relationships, but rather that morphemic relationships are represented explicitly in the lexicon.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Exploring the role nurses play at different stages of the birthing process. Developing strong and long-term relationships with women by examining relationship-building stages prior to delivery, during delivery, and after delivery.

The health care community is becoming increasingly aware of the need to develop strong and long-term relationships with the women who make up the majority of the health care market. The perceived quality of obstetric care positively impacts future revenue streams by creating "family" loyalty for an umbrella of other health services offered by the provider organization. This article examines the differential impact that various service performance dimensions have on women's perceptions of quality for different stages of the birthing process, and how relationship-marketing principles can be utilized to develop loyal partnerships. The three distinct relationship-building stages are examined--birthing experiences prior to delivery, during delivery, and after delivery--along with their implications for perceptions of quality analyzed.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Lack of relationship between infection by Helicobacter pylori and vomiting that usually occurs during pregnancy, although possible relationship with severe forms of emesis.

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that infection by Helicobacter pylori may cause severe vomiting during pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum). Two studies were carried out in order to examine the relationship between this infection and less severe vomiting. DESIGN AND METHODS: The first study was a retrospective study involving 3438 women who required admission to the hospital during pregnancy. In 178 women, vomiting was recorded as one of the diagnoses at the time of discharge. In 162 of these women, a serum specimen was available to study the presence of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies (anti-HP Ab). The second study examined the presence of vomiting and anti-HP Ab in an additional 250 pregnant women who were admitted to the Maternity Ward for childbirth. In this study, the duration and intensity of emesis during the previous months was recorded. RESULTS: In the first study, no significant difference was found between the prevalence of anti-HP Ab in the 162 women in the study and a control group of women without emesis (43.2 vs 42.9%, p = NS). In the second study, there was no significant difference in seroprevalence between the women with emesis and the control group without vomiting, with the exception of the more severe cases (anti-HP Ab 77.8%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study do not show that there is a relationship between infection by Helicobacter pylori and less severe vomiting during pregnancy. Nevertheless, we believe that additional studies should carried out in order to determine the relationship between the more severe cases of emesis during pregnancy and this treatable infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The relationship study on the relationship between procrastination behaviors and bad personality disposition].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between procrastinate behavior of college students and bad personality disposition. METHODS: 566 college students were selected and followed through adopting the measurement on the procrastination scale of college students and Personality Disorders Questionnaire (PDQ-4). RESULTS: Results showed that male and female college students did not have remarkable difference in terms of procrastination. High level procrastinators had a higher level of scores on bad personality disposition. In addition, College students' procrastination had close relationship with bad personality disposition (r = 0.341, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: College students' procrastination had close relationship with bad personality disposition which did not match the findings from McCown's results on american college students.

China↗
PubMed1993

[Asymmetry and mutuality in the analytic relationship: lessons for today from the relationship between Freud and Ferenczi].

Against the background of the controversy between Freud and Ferenczi on the nature of the psychoanalytic relationship, Hoffer examines the perennial issue of the way in which analysts come to terms with the warring claims of asymmetry (Freud) and mutuality (Ferenczi) in analysis. While discerning an inherent tendency towards mutuality in the psychoanalytic constellation, the author nevertheless calls for the upholding of asymmetry because the psychoanalytic relationship is not a relationship "of the usual kind". The analyst, he contends, must sustain the tension between mutuality and asymmetry and use this reflected tension as a therapeutic instrument for fathoming the patient's psychic reality.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities of flavonoids and their analogues: in vitro, in vivo, structure-activity relationship, and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies.

Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are important parasitic diseases affecting millions of people in Africa, Asia, and South America. In a previous study, we identified several flavonoid glycosides as antiprotozoal principles from a Turkish plant. Here we surveyed a large set of flavonoid aglycones and glycosides, as well as a panel of other related compounds of phenolic and phenylpropanoid nature, for their in vitro activities against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania donovani. The cytotoxicities of more than 100 compounds for mammalian L6 cells were also assessed and compared to their antiparasitic activities. Several compounds were investigated in vivo for their antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal efficacies in mouse models. Overall, the best in vitro trypanocidal activity for T. brucei rhodesiense was exerted by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 68 ng/ml), followed by 3-hydroxyflavone, rhamnetin, and 7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone (IC50s, 0.5 microg/ml) and catechol (IC50, 0.8 microg/ml). The activity against T. cruzi was moderate, and only chrysin dimethylether and 3-hydroxydaidzein had IC50s less than 5.0 microg/ml. The majority of the metabolites tested possessed remarkable leishmanicidal potential. Fisetin, 3-hydroxyflavone, luteolin, and quercetin were the most potent, giving IC50s of 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 1.0 microg/ml, respectively. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone and quercetin appeared to ameliorate parasitic infections in mouse models. Generally, the test compounds lacked cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. By screening a large number of flavonoids and analogues, we were able to establish some general trends with respect to the structure-activity relationship, but it was not possible to draw clear and detailed quantitative structure-activity relationships for any of the bioactivities by two different approaches. However, our results can help in directing the rational design of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and quercetin derivatives as potent and effective antiprotozoal agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Quantitative structure-retention relationship studies using immobilized artificial membrane chromatography I: amended linear solvation energy relationships with the introduction of a molecular electronic factor.

Linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) amended by the introduction of a molecular electronic factor were employed to establish quantitative structure-retention relationships using immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography, in particular ionizable solutes. The chromatographic indices, log k(IAM), were determined by HPLC on an IAM.PC.DD2 column for 53 structurally diverse compounds, including neutral, acidic and basic compounds. Unlike neutral compounds, the IAM chromatographic retention of ionizable compounds was affected by their molecular charge state. When the mean net charge per molecule (delta) was introduced into the amended LSER as the sixth variable, the LSER regression coefficient was significantly improved for the test set including ionizable solutes. The delta coefficients of acidic and basic compounds were quite different indicating that the molecular electronic factor had a markedly different impact on the retention of acidic and basic compounds on IAM column. Ionization of acidic compounds containing a carboxylic group tended to impair their retention on IAM, while the ionization of basic compounds did not have such a marked effect. In addition, the extra-interaction with the polar head of phospholipids might cause a certain change in the retention of basic compounds. A comparison of calculated and experimental retention indices suggested that the semi-empirical LSER amended by the addition of a molecular electronic factor was able to reproduce adequately the experimental retention factors of the structurally diverse solutes investigated.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

Structure-activity relationships in engineered proteins: analysis of use of binding energy by linear free energy relationships.

The activity of mutant enzymes can be analyzed quantitatively by structure-activity relationships in a manner analogous to Brønsted or Hammett plots for simple organic reactions. The slopes of such plots, the beta values, indicate for the enzymatic reactions the fraction of the overall binding energy used in stabilizing particular complexes. In particular, information can be derived about the interactions between the enzyme and the transition state. The activities of many mutant tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases fit well simple linear free energy relationships. The formation of enzyme-bound tyrosyl adenylate (E.Tyr-AMP) from enzyme-bound tyrosine and ATP (E.Tyr-ATP) results in an increase in binding energy between the enzyme and the side chain of tyrosine and the ribose ring of ATP. Linear free energy plots of enzymes mutated in these positions give the fraction of the binding energy change that occurs on formation of the transition state for the chemical reaction and the various complexes. It is shown that groups that specifically stabilize the transition state of the reaction are characterized by beta values much greater than 1. This is found for residues that bind the gamma-phosphate of ATP (Thr-40 and His-45) and have previously been postulated to be involved in transition-state stabilization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases↗