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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Characteristics of Yunnan Province rice landrace core collections under phosphorus deficiency].

Soil phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major yield-limiting factor in rice production. Employing 526 rice landrace accessions from 5 rice-planting regions and 16 prefectures in Yunnan Province, this paper studied their P-deficiency tolerance characteristics by comparing the relative plant dry weight under acid red soil condition. The results showed that Northwest Yunnan cold highland japonica rice-planting region was most abundant in P-deficiency tolerance core collection of indica, and there was no significant difference in japonica among five ecological zones of rice landraces. Nujiang, Lijiang, Dehong, Wenshan, Xishuangbana and Yuxi were most abundant in P-deficiency tolerance core collection of indica, and Lijiang, Wenshan and Chuxiong were most abundant in P-deficiency tolerance core collection of japonica. Indica had a higher P-deficiency tolerance than japonica. The P-deficiency tolerance of rice was significantly related with its genetic diversity, rice breeding and acid red soils.

Breeding↗
PubMed2006

[Characteristics of references between GSCC and CST for Semi-Luvisols].

In this paper, the references between Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) and the Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST) for GSCC-Semi-Luvisols were conducted, and their quantitative and spatial distribution characteristics within CST were studied, based on the 1 : 1 M Soil Database of China, which consists of 1 : 1 M digital soil map, soils profiles attribution database and soil reference system of China. Being a reference system for converting soil names in GSCC into those in CST, ST and WRB, respectively, Chinese Soil Reference System was a computerized retrieving system jointly developed by the experienced scientists of pedology and computer science. The comparison fields and laboratory investigation data of their soil profiles with diagnostic horizons and characteristics related in the target soil classification systems, and 2,540 typical soil species names corresponding in CST, ST and WRB systems were determined, respectively, which were selected from Soil Attributes Database because of their complete sets of attribute data. Finally, the system and reference database were established. "GIS linkage based soil type" method linked the records in the Soil Reference Database to the Soil Spatial Database. In this method, all records of soil profiles in Soil Reference Database as well as their soil reference name in other classification systems were allocated one by one onto corresponding soil type polygons in Soil Spatial Database on the GIS platform, according to the principles of soil type identity and similarity, parent material identity and likeness, and the location of soil profiles relative to linked target polygons. Area statistcs of all soils were conducted based on the polygons. The results showed that GSCC-Semi-Luvisols was a type of GSCC soil with a total area of 427,843.1 km2,which could be sorted to 4 CST Orders, i. e., Luvisols (51.3%), Cambosols (35.2%), Isohumosols (10.7%) and Anthrosols (2.8%), and further into CST 22 Groups and 38 Subgroups. All dark grey forest soil, superficial gleyed black soil, and leached dry red soil of GSCC subgroups could be sorted to Calcaric Hapli-Gelic Cambosols, Pachic Argi-Udic Cambosols and Typic Ferri-Ustic Luvisols of CST subgroups, respectively, and all grey cinnamon-like soil, calcareous grey cinnamonic soil and dry cinnamon soil could be sorted to Typic Ustic Cambosols. Making the reference was so complicated that there was no one to one reference relationship among other soils. The analysis of the area ratios and standard deviations of a certain GSCC soil classified by CST showed that the lower the unit for reference, the easier the reference would be. The results of this study were of high reference value to proper reference GSCC and CST, and to the application and development of CST.

China↗
PubMed2002

[Adsorption behavior of reactive X-3B red dye in soil environment and relevant influencing factors].

The determination of rates of soil adsorbing reactive X-3B red dye opened out that the adsorption of the dye by soils could be divided into four stages: high-speed adsorption, slowdown adsorption, slow-speed adsorption and zero adsorption. There was a great difference in adsorptive rates between various soil types during these different stages. The research on adsorptive isotherms of reactive X-3B red dye pointed out that adsorptive behavior of the dye tallied with the Langmuir equation. The calculation on the basis of the adsorptive isotherms indicated that the maximum adsorption of the dye was in the sequence paddy soil > red soil > brown earth > cinnamon soil. As for relevant environmental factors influencing this adsorption, contents of organic matter and water in soils, soil pH and air temperature were involved. When soil organic matter or air temperature was reduced and soils were at neutral, runny or unwatered conditions, the adsorption of the dye on soils was decreased, thereby inhibiting the accumulation of the dye in soil environment.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Leaching and degradation of ethametsulfuron-methyl in soil.

Leaching and degradation of the herbicide ethametsulfuron-methyl[methyl 2-[(4-ethoxy-6-methylamino-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)carbamoylsulfamoyl]benzoate] in three soils were investigated under laboratory conditions. Ethametsulfuron-methyl was mobile on soils when tested using non-aged and aged soil columns; this mobility agreed reasonably well with Freundlich soil isotherm constants. It was found that ethametsulfuron-methyl was more mobile in alkaline sandy Vertisol soil and neutral loamy Alfisol soil than in acidic clayey Red soil. Degradation of ethametsulfuron-methyl in soils was pH-dependent; calculated half-life (t(1/2)) values ranged from 13 to 67 days. Ethametsulfuron-methyl was more persistent in neutral or weakly basic than in acidic soil. Five soil metabolites were isolated and identified by LC/MS/MS analysis. The degradation pathways included the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge, N- and O-dealkylation, and triazine ring opening.

Benzoates↗
PubMed2002

Bioremediation of gasoline contaminated soil by a bacterial consortium amended with poultry litter, coir pith and rhamnolipid biosurfactant.

The aim of the present study was to find methods for enhancing rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in gasoline contaminated soil by ex situ bioremediation. Red soil (RS) was treated with gasoline-spilled soil (GS) from a gasoline station and different combinations of amendments were prepared using (i) mixed bacterial consortium (MC), (ii) poultry litter (PL), (iii) coir pith (CP) and (iv) rhamnolipid biosurfactant (BS) produced by Pseudomonas sp. DS10-129. The study was conducted for a period of 90 days during which bacterial growth, hydrocarbon degradation and growth parameters of Phaseolus aureus RoxB including seed germination, chlorophyll content, shoot and root length were measured. Approximately 67% and 78% of the hydrocarbons were effectively degraded within 60 days in soil samples amended with RS + GS + MC + PL + CP + BS at 0.1% and 1%. Maximum percentage of seed germination, shoot length, root length and chlorophyll content in P. aureus were recorded after 60 days in the above amendments. Further incubation to 90 days did not exhibit significant improvements. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) revealed that the level of amendments, incubation time and combination of amendments significantly influenced bacterial growth, hydrocarbon degradation, seed germination and chlorophyll content at a 1% probability level. All tested additives MC, PL, CP and rhamnolipid BS had significant positive effects on the bioremediation of GS.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Preliminary report concerning the histologica patterns of an anthracotic pneumoconiosis observed in the area of Londrina, Brasil (author's transl)].

The A. presents a preliminary report concerning on the histologic patterns of an anthracotic pneumoconiosis found in necropsies of the "Hospital Universitário da Universidade de Londrina", Paraná, Brazil, and in some cases from the Legal Institute of the same town. The lesions, on its histologic pattern are comparable to those observed in the lung of coal and iron mines workers as described in the consulted literature. The cases studied (plantations workers and dwellers at rural and suburban areas) are proceeding from an essencially agricultural region, without detectable polluition by industry or others known factors. This agricultural zone presents some geophysic peculiarities and dust from the errosive soil, is a constant factor in the local athmosphere. The soil is so called "Terra Roxa" (red soil) and in its physicochemical composition there is a great amount of iron oxides, silica (silt, agril laceous material), aluminium, manganese, organic compounds. In this preliminary report the A. suggests further research for a better knowledge of the composition of the respirable air and if dust exposures are or not responsible for the lung lesions.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2003

Streptomyces yunnanensis sp. nov., a mesophile from soils in Yunnan, China.

A strain was isolated from red soil from the suburb of Kunming in Yunnan, China, during the screening of agricultural antibiotics which prevented and cured wheat-stem rust. This isolate, designated YIM 41004T (= CGMCC 4.1004T = DSM 41793), was identified by a polyphasic approach. The test results suggested that this strain was clearly assigned to the genus Streptomyces and found to be marginally close to Williams cluster 32 based on the morphological and physiological data. The almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was determined and compared with those of representative streptomycetes. The phylogenetic tree confirmed its membership in the genus Streptomyces and demonstrated that this strain represented a separate phyletic line in a clade encompassed by streptomycetes within cluster 32. Based on the polyphasic evidence, it is therefore proposed that strain YIM 41004T should be classified as Streptomyces yunnanensis sp. nov.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Role of simulated acid rain on cations, phosphorus, and organic matter dynamics in Latosol.

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem in the world and is of a particular concern in southern China where most of the soils are acidic. This study investigated the dynamics of cations, phosphorus (P), and soil organic matter (SOM) in the Latosol (acidic red soil) from south China under the influences of simulated acid rain (SAR). Laboratory experiments were performed by leaching the soil columns with SAR at pH levels ranging from 2.5 to 7.0 over a 21-day experimental period. Results show that about 34, 46, 20, and 77% of the original exchangeable soil Ca(+2), Mg(+2), K(+), and Na(+), respectively, were leached out by the SAR at pH 2.5 after 21 days. Two distinct patterns of the available phosphorus (AP) concentrations were observed: one at pH< or =3.5 and the other at pH > or = 4.0. At pH< or =3.5, concentrations of the AP increased from the beginning of the experiments to day 5, then decreased from day 5 to 15, and finally increased from day 15 to the end of the experiments. At pH > or = 4.0, concentrations of the AP increased consecutively from the beginning of the experiments to day 10 and decreased from day 10 to the end of the experiments. Such a finding is useful for agricultural practices since soil P is one of the most important macronutrients for plant growth. In general, SOM content decreased with time as the Latosol was leached by the SAR at all pH levels. A maximum concentration of soil fulvic acid was found after 15 days of the experiments due to the degradation of the SOM. A multiple regression analysis showed that a very strong relationship was obtained between the soil AP and the other three parameters (i.e., pH, SOM, and sorption P).

Acid Rain↗
PubMed2003

Chemical speciation and extractability of Zn, Cu and Cd in two contrasting biosolids-amended clay soils.

An incubation experiment was conducted to study the chemical speciation and extractability of three heavy metals in two contrasting biosolids-amended clay soils. One was a paddy soil of pH 7.8 and the other was a red soil of pH 4.7 collected from a fallow field. Anaerobically digested biosolids were mixed with each of the two soils at three rates: 20, 40 and 60 g kg(-1) soil (DM basis), and unamended controls were also prepared. The biosolids-amended and control soils were incubated at 70% of water holding capacity at 25 degrees C for 50 days. Separate subsamples were extracted with three single extractants and a three-step sequential extraction procedure representing acetic acid (HOAc)-soluble, reducible and oxidisable fractions to investigate the extractability and speciation of the heavy metals. As would be expected, there were good relationships between biosolids application rate and metal concentrations in the biosolids-amended soils. The three heavy metals had different extractabilities and chemical speciation in the two biosolids-amended soils. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid extracted more Cu, Zn and Cd than did the other two single extractants. The oxidisable fraction was the major fraction for Cu in both biosolids-amended soils and the HOAc-soluble and reducible fractions accounted for most of the Zn. In contrast, Cd was present mainly in the reducible fraction. The results are discussed in relation to the mobility and bioavailability of the metals in polluted soils.

Acetates↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of soil water condition and microclimate on transpiration rate of rice].

The transpiration rate and water use efficiency (WUE) of rice were studied under high, moderate and low soil water conditions (treatments A, B and C) in the red soil area of southern China. Diurnal variation of transpiration showed that rice transpiration rate was influenced by several microclimatic factors in the field. Correlation analysis and stepping multi-regression analysis suggested that the difference of relative humidity between leaf and air, and the leaf temperature were the two main factors affecting the transpiration rate of rice. The results also showed that WUE was and yield were increased significantly in treatment B. While in treatment C, the WUE increased, but the yield of late rice decreased. The transpiration rate of early rice was decreased under moderate and low soil water treatments, but this did not happen to late rice.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2006

Behavior and fate of chlorpyrifos introduced into soil-crop systems by irrigation.

The effect of chlorpyrifos added in irrigation water to a red soil from Central South China on the growth of wheat and oilseed rape seedlings, together with its uptake, was studied in a pot experiment. Addition of chlorpyrifos (1-10 microg g-1) in a single irrigation with distilled water resulted in absorption of chlorpyrifos by wheat (0.257-4.50 microg g-1) and also oilseed rape seedlings (0.249-2.02 microg g-1) during 20 d of plant growth. An initial concentration of chlorpyrifos in soil that is equivalent to or below 10 microg g-1 did not significantly influence the growth of wheat seedlings. Similarly, an initial concentration equivalent to or below 5 microg g-1 did not significantly influence the growth of oilseed rape seedlings. The degradation rate of chlorpyrifos was 1.4-4.2 times larger in oilseed rape rhizosphere soil than in unvegetated soil. The numbers of bacteria and fungi in oilseed rape rhizosphere soil were 3.18 times and 1.84 times larger, respectively, than those in unvegetated soil. This helps to explain the difference in degradation rates obtained.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of cutting on vegetation composition and soil properties].

Different cutting experiments were executed on well-grown natural Imperata cylindrica vegetation in red soil region. The biomass of every 6 years cutting was the highest, and the annual cut was the lowest. Annual cutting resulted in the highest total accumulative biomass in 6 years, with a total production of 399.1 kg per plot. The species composition was also influenced by the length of cutting period. In the 6th year of experiment, the xylophyta biomass in the treatment of every 6 years cutting accounted for 41.5% of the total biomass, while the herb biomass in the treatment of annual cutting was 99.0% of the total. The length of cutting period also influenced the layer's development of soil profile and the physicochemical properties of soil. In comparing with the treatment of annual cutting, the soil bulk density in the treatment of every 6 years cutting was lower, and the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were higher.

Biomass↗
PubMed2000

Microbial Biomass and Community Structure in a Sequence of Soils with Increasing Fertility and Changing Land Use.

The microbial biomass and community structure of eight Chinese red soils with different fertility and land use history was investigated. Two community based microbiological measurements, namely, community level physiological profiling (CLPP) using Biolog sole C source utilization tests and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, were used to investigate the microbial ecology of these soils and to determine how land use alters microbial community structure. Microbial biomass-C and total PLFAs were closely correlated to organic carbon and total nitrogen, indicating that these soil microbial measures are potentially good indices of soil fertility in these highly weathered soils. Metabolic quotients and C source utilization were not correlated with organic carbon or microbial biomass. Multivariate analysis of sole carbon source utilization patterns and PLFAs demonstrated that land use history and plant cover type had a significant impact on microbial community structure. PLFAs showed these differences more than CLPP methods. Consequently, PLFA analysis was a better method for assessing broad-spectrum community differences and at the same time attempting to correlate changes with soil fertility. Soils from tea orchards were particularly distinctive in their CLPP. A modified CLPP method, using absorbance readings at 405 nm and different culture media at pH values of 4.7 and 7.0, showed that the discrimination obtained can be influenced by the culture conditions. This method was used to show that the distinctive microbial community structure in tea orchard soils was not, however, due to differences in pH alone.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Effects of sodium hypochlorite and high pH buffer solution in electrokinetic soil treatment on soil chromium removal and the functional diversity of soil microbial community.

Effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), applied as an oxidant in catholyte, and high pH buffer solution on soil Cr removal and the functional diversity of soil microbial community during enhanced electrokinetic treatments of a chromium (Cr) contaminated red soil are evaluated. Using pH control system to maintain high alkalinity of soil together with the use of NaClO increased the electrical conductivities of soil pore liquid and electroosmotic flux compared with the control (Exp-01). The pH control and NaClO improved the removal of Cr(VI) and total Cr from the soil. The highest removal percentages of soil Cr(VI) and total Cr were 96 and 72%, respectively, in Exp-04 when the pH value of the anolyte was controlled at 10 and NaClO was added in the catholyte. The alkaline soil environment and introduction of NaClO in the soil enhanced the desorption of Cr(VI) from the soil and promoted Cr(III) oxidation to mobile Cr(VI), respectively. However, the elevated pH and introduction of NaClO in the soil, which are necessary for improving the removal efficiency of soil Cr, resulted in a significantly adverse impact on the functional diversity of soil microbial community. It suggests that to assess the negative impact of extreme conditions for enhancing the extraction efficiencies of Cr on the soil properties and function is necessary.

Buffers↗
PubMed1999

Ecological approach of macrolide-lincosamides-streptogramin producing actinomyces from Cuban soils.

We report in this study the frequency of Streptomyces strains to produce macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) antibiotics isolated from Cuban soils. The screening assay is based on the induction of MLS-resistance phenotype in a clinical isolated strain of Staphylococcus aureus S-18. Our results suggest that of 800 Streptomyces strains isolated from different soil samples, 6% were positives in the screening test used. The ferralitic red soil from Pinar del Río (north) provided the major percentage (3.6%) of MLS producing strains. The other soil samples tested belonging to Guira de Melena and Bauta in Havana, Matanzas City, Topes De Collantes (Villa Clara), and Soroa Mountains (Pinar del Rio) hill reached very low percentages.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

[Seed population dynamics and germination characteristics of Eupatorium adenophorum].

With bare land, farmland, and masson pine forestland in the Eupatorium adenophorum- invaded area of Dechang County, Sichuan Province as test habitats, this paper studied the seed population dynamics of E. adenophorum at the levels of seed rain and seed bank, and its seed germination characteristics under effects of light and soil medium. The results showed that in the three habitats, the seed population of E. adenophorum only existed from March to June, and reached its peak by the end of April. The annual seed rainfall in bare land habitat amounted to 2.4 x 10(5) individuals per square meter, and all the seeds were distributed in the soil layer above 2 cm. The thousand seed weight and seed activity of E. adenophorum in bare land habitat were significantly higher than those in another two habitats. No active seed was found in the three habitats by the first ten days of July. Under artificial light condition, full light had some inhibitory effects on seed germination, while 28% of full light gave the highest germination rate. Sandy loam soil was more favorable for the seed germination, while in un-reclaimed red soil, both the germination velocity and germination rate were the lowest.

Ageratina↗
PubMed2006

[Vertical fractionation of dissolved organic matter and its effect on the transport of Cu in Cu-contaminated soils].

The vertical fractionation of DOM and its effect on Cu transport in acidic and calcareous Cu-contaminated soils were studied in column experiments. The results showed that the polarities of DOM derived from green manure and pig manure were obviously decreased by 11.4% and 10.72%, respectively, when they were leached through soil columns, especially in the calcareous soil. Dissolved organic matter can increase the dissolution of copper from the two copper-contaminated soils, but the dissolution effect was influenced by the properties of DOM and soils. For example, the ability of DOM derived from green manure to increase copper dissolution was stronger than that of DOM from pig manure. On average, the amounts of copper into effluent leached by green manure DOM or pig manure DOM in the column packed with a calcareous soil are 4.37 and 3.03 times higher than that in the column packed with an acidic red soil, respectively. In addition, it was observed that Cu dissolution from soils facilitated by DOM was decreased due to microbial degradation of DOM in soils.

Adsorption↗