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PubMed1978

Visual recognition memory for binary pictures: another look.

Recognition memory for matrices of 0s and 1s was examined as a function of the number of elements (complexity) and density of those elements within the matrix. It was found that with greater density and lesser complexity, recognition performance improved. This result contradicts an earlier finding of Green and Purohit, who concluded that the more complicated matrices led to better performance. The present study suggests that their conclusion was erroneous and stemmed from failure to control the physical parameters of density and number of elements in the matrix. Implications for the general problem of recognition memory and eye movements are discussed.

Eye Movements↗

PubMed2003

Test-retest reliability, practice effects and reliable change indices for the recognition memory test.

OBJECTIVES: The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) is widely used; however, important characteristics such as reliability and stability over time were largely unknown. In this study, we document for the first time test-retest reliabilities, practice effects, and Reliable Change (RC) indices for this test. DESIGN: A sample of 206 normal adults (aged 40-70) were administered twice either the same version or two different versions of the RMT, with a 1-month interval between assessments. The normal sample was split into two groups; a young (aged 40-54) and an old (55-70) group. RESULTS: Test-retest reliabilities were modest when using either the same versions or different versions. Practice effects were abolished when different versions of the RMT were used. In contrast, practice effects were clearly present on the same version of the non-verbal subtest for both control groups. However, practice effects were present on the same versions of the verbal subtest only in the old group. RC indices were rather large when using the same or different versions. CONCLUSION: Although modest, the test-retest reliability of the RMT is no worse than those reliabilities reported for other commonly used recall memory tests. Thus, the inherent clinical advantages of using a recognition paradigm make its use desirable. Usage of different versions of the RMT enables us to avoid practice effects. However, the RC indices indicate that large changes in scores are needed to detect a significant improvement or decline in an individual's performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Size effects in visual recognition memory are determined by perceived size.

Recognition memory for shapes has been shown to depend on differences between the size of shapes at the time of encoding and at the time of the memory test (Jolicoeur, 1987). Experiment 1 of the present paper replicates this effect and establishes a set of parameters used in the subsequent experiments. Experiment 2 considers the results of Experiment 1 in light of the distinction between "perceived" size, which, under normal viewing conditions, varies minimally with changes in distance between the observer and object, and "retinal" size, which varies proportionally with viewing distance as an object is moved closer to or farther from an observer. Subjects studied novel shapes and performed a recognition memory test in which the distance from the subject to the viewing screen at the time of testing was different from that at the time of encoding. The viewing distance and the size of the shapes were manipulated such that perceived and retinal sizes were dissociated. The results suggest that the size-congruency effect in memory for visual shape occurs as a result of changes in the perceived size of shapes between the encoding and the testing phases, with little or no contribution of retinal size per se.

Distance Perception↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Age differences in the vulnerability of facial recognition memory to proactive interference.

A facial recognition memory task was administered to 16 young subjects (age range 18-30) and 28 elderly subjects (age range 63-83). A continuous recognition paradigm was used, in which subjects were instructed to identify the repeated faces in an ongoing series of faces presented on a video monitor screen. A signal detection analysis of the data revealed a mild recognition memory deficit in the elderly, due mainly to an increase in false positives during the second half of the test session. This age-specific increase in late-session false alarms may be a result of increased sensitivity of the aged subjects to proactive interference from previously presented faces. Increasing the length of the delay between the initial and repeat presentation of a face decreased recognition accuracy in both groups, but the young subjects were more sensitive to the delay interval effect than the elderly. Multiple presentations of faces produced a comparable improvement in the recognition accuracy of both young and old subjects. The elderly subjects exhibited a more liberal response bias than the young subjects, indicating that impaired memory task performance of the aged subjects cannot be attributed to a more conservative test-taking strategy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

On the contribution of perceptual fluency and priming to recognition memory.

Repetition priming has been shown to be independent of recognition memory. Thus, the severely amnesic patient E.P. has demonstrated intact stem completion priming and perceptual identification priming, despite at-chance performance on recognition memory tasks. It has also been shown that perceptual fluency can influence feelings of familiarity, in the sense that items perceived more quickly tend to be identified as familiar. If studied items are identified more fluently, due to perceptual priming, and fluency leads to familiarity, why do severely amnesic patients perform no better than chance on recognition memory tasks? One possibility is that severely amnesic patients do not exhibit normal fluency. Another possibility is that fluency is not a sufficiently strong cue for familiarity. In two experiments, 2 severely amnesic patients, 3 moderately amnesic patients, and 8 controls saw words slowly clearing from a mask. The participants identified each word as quickly as possible and then made a recognition (old/new) judgment. All the participants exhibited fluency, in that old responses were associated with shorter identification times than new responses were. In addition, for the severely amnesic patients, priming was intact, and recognition memory performance was at chance. We next calculated how much priming and fluency should elevate the probability of accurate recognition. The tendency to identify studied words rapidly (.6) and the tendency to label these rapidly identified words old (.6) would result in 36% of the studied words being labeled old. Other studied words were identified slowly (.4) but were still labeled old (.4), resulting in an additional 16% of studied words labeled old. Thus, the presence of fluency increases the probability of accurate recognition judgments to only 52% (chance = 50%). This finding explains why amnesic patients can exhibit both priming and fluency yet still perform at chance on recognition tests.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

An analysis of the effect of aging on recognition memory.

The effect of aging on recognition memory processing is analyzed in terms of a stimulus-sampling model of recognition memory with parameters representing encoding effectiveness and stimulus overlap or interference. A standard study-test paradigm with a 2-alternative-forced-choice test was used with older and younger adults. While no significant difference in accuracy between groups was observed, it was found that the distribution of recognition scores for older adults was bimodal with an upper mode which did not differ from the younger group and a lower mode representing a large decrement in performance. For those adults who showed recognition deficity with aging, analysis in terms of the model revealed reduced encoding effectiveness. Recognition performance of the older adults was strongly related to verbal ability as measured by the WAIS vocabulary subtest. Disparate results of recognition studies in the aging literature are discussed in terms of variations in verbal ability among the groups studied.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Identifying the ERP correlate of a recognition memory search attempt.

Previous recognition memory studies have looked for differences in brain activity during recollection- and familiarity-based responding. Although an ERP component correlated with recollection success has been reported, no analogous component related to search initiation has been found. We argue that such a component has not been discovered because studies have compared trials in which participants have made a search attempt and failed (such as Know responses) with those in which the search attempt is successful (such as Remember responses). In the current study, we compared a task that required judgments of lifetime familiarity (differentiating famous from nonfamous names) with one that required judgments of episodic information (deciding whether a name was seen previously in the experiment). By comparing a task on which familiarity judgments were made with no search attempt to a second task in which a search attempt was likely to occur, we identified a component that may reflect the initiation of a memory search. This effect, maximal between 190 and 235 ms, is correlated with Old judgments in the episodic task. Previous ERP findings (e.g., FN400, parietal old/new effect) were also replicated in the present study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The effect of chronic peripubertal cannabinoid treatment on deficient object recognition memory in rats after neonatal mPFC lesion.

We here report on behavioral effects of neonatal medial prefrontal cortex (mpfc) lesions in rats, followed by chronic peripubertal treatment with the cannabinoid full agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN). Rat pups received excitotoxic lesions of the mpfc on postnatal day (pd) 7. Chronic WIN (1.2 mg/kg) treatment was extended throughout the rats' puberty (pd 40-65). All animals were tested as juveniles and adults for short-term memory functioning using the spontaneous object recognition test, and for locomotor activity in an open field. Lesioned rats showed impairments in recognition memory when tested prepubertally. Postpubertal testing of lesioned animals revealed a persisting recognition memory impairment that was intensified by pubertal WIN treatment. Chronic WIN treatment during puberty also affected recognition memory in sham-lesioned rats and controls. No effects on locomotor activity of either neonatal lesion or pubertal cannabinoid treatment were found. This study shows that behavioral deviations induced by neonatal mPFC lesions can be exacerbated by pubertal chronic cannabinoid treatment, leading to long-lasting impairments of mnemonic short-term information processing.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Electrophysiologic evidence of impaired cross-modal recognition memory in 8-month-old infants of diabetic mothers.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have shown deficits in auditory and visual recognition memory in infants of diabetic mothers. The purpose of this study was to further investigate memory development in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) by evaluating cross-modal recognition memory followed by behavioral memory testing at 8 months of age. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-modal (tactile to vision) recognition memory was evaluated using event related potentials. Control and IDMs palpated an object without seeing it and were then tested on their ability to recognize that object visually. Infants were then tested behaviorally on their ability to recognize and discriminate faces. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development was administered at 12 months of age. RESULTS: Control infants showed typical event-related potential patterns indicative of intact cross-modal recognition memory, whereas the IDMs did not show any evidence of recognition of the palpated object. Neither group showed behavioral evidence of visual recognition memory. Both groups had Bayley scores in the normal range, although controls had slightly higher mental development index scores than IDMs. CONCLUSIONS: IDMs showed neurophysiologic evidence of persistent subtle impairments in hippocampally-based recognition memory, despite having normal one-year developmental scores.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social recognition memory requires two stages of protein synthesis in mice.

Olfactory recognition memory was tested in adult male mice using a social discrimination task. The testing was conducted to begin to characterize the role of protein synthesis and the specific brain regions associated with activity in this task. Long-term olfactory recognition memory was blocked when the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin was injected 20 min before, immediately after, or 6 h after sampling. No effect was observed when anisomycin was administered 3 h or 18 h after sampling. Immunohistochemical analysis of Fos expression revealed that sampling-like exposure to a juvenile increased the activity of a subset of cells in the accessory olfactory bulb and the brain areas that are associated with it. Additionally, increased Fos expression was measured in the main olfactory bulb and the piriform cortex, whereas no signs of activation were seen in the cortical nucleus of the amygdala, all components of the main olfactory system. No increases in Fos immunoreactivity were observed after 4 h. Our data suggest that long-lasting olfactory recognition memory requires two stages of protein synthesis. The first stage takes place within 1-2 h and the second stage between 6-7 h after sampling. The first but not the second stage is paralleled by an increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive cells in brain areas associated with both the main and accessory olfactory systems. It therefore appears that the role of the second stage of protein synthesis in recognition memory depends on the integrity of the first stage of protein synthesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

On the nature of the decision axis in signal-detection-based models of recognition memory.

Most models of recognition memory involve a signal-detection component in which a criterion is placed along a decision axis. Older models generally assume a familiarity-decision axis, but newer models often assume a likelihood ratio axis instead because it allows for a more natural account of the ubiquitous mirror effect. In 3 experiments reported here, item strength was differentially manipulated to see whether a mirror effect would occur. Within a list, the items from 1 category were strengthened by repetition, but the items from another category were not. On the subsequent recognition test, the hit rate was higher for the strong category, but the false-alarm rates for the weak and strong categories were the same (i.e., no mirror effect was observed). This result suggests that the decision axis represents a familiarity scale and that participants adopt a single decision criterion that they maintain throughout the recognition test.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Facial recognition memory deficits in normal aging and senile dementia.

Recognition memory for faces was studied in 167 subjects comprised of young normals, elderly normals and elderly senile dementia patients with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. A continuous recognition paradigm was used which required an "old-new" decision to be made for each facial stimulus. The design of the stimulus sequence produced delay intervals of .5, 1, 2, and 4 min between the first and second presentations of each face, and a long delay of 40 min was also evaluated. A signal detection analysis revealed large recognition memory deficits at all delay intervals for the two elderly groups as compared to the young normals, but no differences between the normal and impaired elderly groups. In addition, there were no group differences in response criterion. The results suggest a deficit in nonverbal encoding/storage due to normal aging but no further deficit due to mild to moderate senile dementia. The data also fail to confirm an age-related increase in "cautiousness" in recognition memory tasks.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Magnetoencephalographic correlates of different levels in subjective recognition memory.

In our current study we employed whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) to identify neurophysiological correlates (event-related fields, ERFs) of different phenomenologies in human recognition memory. Words which had previously been semantically processed were presented along with previously unstudied words. Via button presses, participants provided subjective indices of three forms of memory: confident recognition, familiarity-based recognition, and misclassification of previously presented items as new (no recognition, misses). Behavioral results revealed a clear distinction between confident recognition (shortest reaction times) and familiarity-based recognition and misses, respectively, and physiological data pointed to bilateral anterior and left anterior/central regions in which magnetic field patterns were directly related to word recognition from approximately 300 ms to 500 ms after word onset. In the context of the prevalent dual process controversy on the roles of familiarity and recollection in recognition memory, we first highlight that two operationalizations of recollection need to be differentiated: We argue that a strategic search for a particular contextual feature stands in clear contrast to the fast and incidental availability of some contextual feature and derive experimental and behavioral indicators for either form of recollection. These indicators are used to select from manifold cognitive neuroscientific work on recognition memory in order to further discuss the neurocognitive characteristics of incidental recollection in contrast to other forms of episodic memory.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase in hippocampal circuitry is required for consolidation and reconsolidation of recognition memory.

Consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term memory have been shown to be dependent on the synthesis of new proteins, but the specific molecular mechanisms underlying these events remain to be elucidated. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway can trigger genomic responses in neurons, leading to changes in protein synthesis, and several studies have identified its pivotal role in synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. In this study, we analyze the involvement of this pathway in the consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term recognition memory, using an object recognition task. We show that inhibition of the MAPK pathway by intracerebroventricular injection of the MEK [MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)] inhibitor UO126 blocks consolidation of object recognition memory but does not affect short-term memory. Brain regions of the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal circuitry were analyzed for ERK activation, and it was shown that consolidation of recognition memory was associated with increased phosphorylation of ERK in the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex, although total expression of ERK was unchanged. We also report that inhibition of the MAPK pathway blocks reconsolidation of recognition memory, and this was shown to be dependent on reactivation of the memory trace by brief reexposure to the objects. In addition, reconsolidation of memory was associated with an increase in the phosphorylation of ERK in entorhinal cortex and CA1. In summary, our data show that the MAPK kinase pathway is required for both consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term recognition memory, and that this is associated with hyperphosphorylation of ERK in different subregions of the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal circuitry.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Pupil dynamics in macaque recognition memory tasks: investigating physiological mechanisms.

Cognitive deficits are common in primates, particularly in memory and emotional processes. Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), widely used in cognitive and behavioral research, are central to memory studies. The relationship between recognition memory performance and pupillary dynamics in rhesus monkeys remains underexplored. This study investigated pupil dynamics during recognition memory tasks and their physiological correlates in five sexually mature male rhesus monkeys. We measured pupil diameter and oscillatory features during tasks and analyzed the relationship between behavioral performance and physiological indicators. We found that the average correct response rate exceeded the random success level, and reaction times were significantly shorter during successful recognition than failures, highlighting their cognitive efficiency. During recognition of familiar scenes, average pupil diameter increased, while maximum change in pupil size decreased, indicating reduced cognitive load. Both the frequency and amplitude of pupillary oscillation were lower during successful trials, reflecting decreased cognitive conflict and effective processing. This change reflects a decrease in cognitive conflict and suggests that information processing was more effective. The absolute value of the pupil peak slope decreased during successful recognition, indicating more stable cognitive state. These results support that pupillary dynamics can serve as physiological markers of cognitive effort in rhesus monkeys. Future studies should investigate how stimulus characteristics influence recognition and incorporate measures, such as intracranial EEG and fMRI, to enhance our understanding of their neural mechanisms. This research supports the rhesus monkey model in cognitive neuroscience and contributes to understanding primate cognition and its physiological foundations, with implications for clinical and translational research.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Neurotoxic methamphetamine regimen severely impairs recognition memory in rats.

Methamphetamine (mAMPH), when administered repeatedly to rodents or primates, is neurotoxic to some cortical neurons and to forebrain dopaminergic and serotonergic axon terminals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a neurotoxic regimen of mAMPH on two hippocampus-dependent memory tasks: object recognition, a nonspatial memory task, and the Morris water maze, a spatial memory task. Male rats were treated with mAMPH (4 x 4.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline and trained in the object recognition task 1 week and 3 weeks later. During training, animals explored two identical copies of the same object. In retention test sessions one of the objects was replaced by a novel object. mAMPH-treated rats showed no recognition memory during the short-term memory (STM) test, given 90 min after the training session, and showed marked impairments in the long-term memory (LTM) test, given 24 h after training. Even 3 weeks after drug injections, the mAMPH-treated animals were unable to discriminate between the novel and familiar objects during both STM and LTM tests. Despite the severe deficits observed in the recognition memory, no effects of prior mAMPH treatment were seen in the water maze task. Damage to monoamine terminals was confirmed by significant 30-40% losses of [(125)I]RTI-55 binding to striatal dopamine transporter and hippocampal serotonin transporter sites at both 1 and 3 weeks after mAMPH treatments. Thus, administration of mAMPH restricted to a single day can produce a profound, persistent, and selective deficit in a nonspatial hippocampus-dependent memory.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Intralist interference in recognition memory.

Three experiments on recognition memory were carried out to define the nature of intralist interference effects. Experiment 1 replicated the findings of an earlier study (A. I. Schulman, 1971) on what appeared to be combined study (input) and test (output) order effects and added information on the presence of speed-accuracy trade-off effects. Experiment 2 demonstrated that only test order was effective and that study order effects did not occur. Experiment 3 demonstrated again that only test order was effective and also showed that the effect remained when response times were controlled. Attention/likelihood theory was fitted to the data of the final, clarified interference effect.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Dopaminergic projection to the septum mediates facilitatory effect of angiotensins on recognition memory in rats.

We have previously reported that the dopaminergic projection from A10 ventral tegmental neurons to the central amygdala is, in part, responsible for the facilitatory effect of angiotensin II (AII) and its 3-7 fragment [AII(3-7)] on the retrieval of information in memory motivated affectively and also on recognition memory. In this study, the influence of both angiotensins, given intracerebroventricularly at the dose of 1 nmol each, in rats lesioned with 6-OHDA to the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) and to the nucleus septi lateralis (NSL) on recognition memory was evaluated. AII and its 3-7 fragment significantly improved object recognition in sham-operated to NAS and to NSL groups of rats. Bilateral 6-OHDA lesions to NAS totally abolished and to NSL significantly attenuated the facilitatory effect of both angiotensins on object recognition. These results suggest that the dopaminergic projection arriving to the septal structures. NAS and NSL takes part in the facilitatory effect of angiotensins on recognition memory.

Angiotensin II↗