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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Exclusion of a schizophrenia susceptibility gene from the chromosome 5q11-q13 region: new data and a reanalysis of previous reports.

The report of a putative schizophrenia susceptibility gene linked to markers in the chromosome 5q11-q13 region and subsequent failures of replication have provoked considerable controversy. We here report six Welsh families multiply affected with schizophrenia in which there is no evidence for linkage between a dominant-like schizophrenia gene and 5q11-q13 markers. It is argued that our new results together with a combined reanalysis of previous studies suggest that a schizophrenia susceptibility gene can be excluded from the 5q11-q13 region. The apparent disparities between published results are most likely to reflect a chance finding in the one positive study and probably should not be interpreted as resulting from true linkage heterogeneity.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5↗
PubMed1979

A reanalysis of the structure-activity relationships of sulfonamide derivatives.

A reanalysis of correspondence between electronic distribution of sulfonamides and their antibacterial activity is proposed. Correlation equations show that the rate limiting steps for sulfonamide action on E. coli cell-free system and whole cell system have similar dependence on the negative logarithm of the ionization constant. The existence of a "bilinear relationship" demonstrates that the whole class of compounds has a single mechanism of action and that permeability factors are unimportant in both biological processes.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1984

Achieving expected parities: a reanalysis of Freedman et al.'s data, 1962-1977.

A reanalysis of data included in a recent report by Freedman et al. (1980), using methods suggested by Goodman (1978), yields considerably different substantive conclusions than were arrived at by those earlier analysts. These differences clearly point out the hazards of descriptive analysis, especially of sample data which come in the form of contingency tables.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Pertussis and pertussis vaccine. Reanalysis of benefits, risks, and costs.

Using recently published information, we examined the experience of a hypothetical cohort of 1 million children followed up from birth to 6 years of age without and with a pertussis vaccination program. Costs associated with death or lost wages were not estimated. A vaccination program reaching 90% of children would reduce disease incidence and disease-related costs by 90%. Taking into account costs associated with vaccine and vaccine reactions, the costs are reduced 82%. The ratio of overall costs without a program to those with a program is 5.7:1. The benefit-cost ratio is 11.1:1. Because we did not include indirect costs, this is a conservative estimate. Until improved vaccines are available, continued use of our present vaccines, with careful attention to possible contraindications, seems the only prudent course to follow.

Child↗
PubMed1999

A quantitative and qualitative reanalysis of the endocast from the juvenile Paranthropus specimen l338y-6 from Omo, Ethiopia.

Based on an analysis of its endocast, Holloway (1981 Am J Phys Anthropol 53:109-118) attributed the juvenile Omo L338y-6 specimen to Australopithecus africanus (i.e., gracile australopithecines) rather than to Paranthropus (Australopithecus) boisei (robust australopithecines) favored by other workers (Rak and Howell [1978] Am J Phys Anthropol 48:345-366). Holloway's attribution was based on the specimen's (1) low cranial capacity, (2) gracile-like meningeal vessels, (3) gracile-like cerebellar hemispheres, and (4) absence of an enlarged occipital/marginal (O/M) sinus system. Recent work, however, has shown that criteria 1 and 2 are not useful for sorting gracile from robust australopithecines (Culotta [1999] Science 284:1109-1111; Falk [1993] Am J Phys Anthropol 92:81-98). In this paper, we test criterion 3 by quantifying the endocranial cerebellar and occipital morphology reproduced on the Omo L338y-6 endocast, and comparing it to seven endocasts from South and East African early hominids. Our preliminary results show that metric analysis of this specimen cannot be used to sort it preferentially with either robust or gracile australopithecines. Finally, we demonstrate that, contrary to previous reports, the Omo L338y-6 endocast reproduces an enlarged left occipital sinus (criterion 4). This observation is consistent with the original attribution of the Omo specimen to robust australopithecines (Rak and Howell [1978] Am J Phys Anthropol 48:345-366). Furthermore, if Omo L338y-6 was a robust australopithecine, this discovery extends the occurrence of an enlarged O/M sinus system to one of the earliest known paranthropines. Am J Phys Anthropol 110:399-406, 1999.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Optic gliomas. A reanalysis of the University of California, San Francisco experience.

Thirty-eight cases of optic gliomas seen at the University of California, San Francisco, were reviewed. Two patients died in the postoperative period and were excluded from the follow-up analysis. Twenty-nine cases (76%) involved the optic chiasm, nine (24%) cases were confined to one optic nerve. Most tumors were slow growing and progressive although there were three cases of adult chiasmal gliomas which exhibited unusually aggressive behavior. The three cases are presented in detail. After a mean follow-up period of 9.4 years, the 10-year overall actuarial survival was 87%. Relapse-free survival was 55% at 10 years. Chiasmal tumors had a poorer prognosis compared to optic nerve tumors with 56% of chiasmal tumors recurring versus 22% of optic nerve tumors. Radiotherapy was beneficial in chiasmal gliomas, initially improving vision in 35% (6/17) and decreasing recurrence from 86% (6/7) without radiation therapy to 45% (9/20) with radiation therapy. Optic gliomas are not benign, self-limiting lesions, and therefore require treatment. Radiotherapy is effective in chiasmal gliomas and should be used early in the management of these tumors. No advantage to radiotherapy could be demonstrated for optic nerve gliomas, although the number of these cases analyzed was small.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The cross-cultural validity of the Learning Disability Index: a reanalysis of Mishra's data.

This study investigated the nature of a learning disability index (LDI) for the objective assessment of verbal-nonverbal patterns of intellectual deficit on the WISC-R. The Factor II score coefficients derived from an unrotated principal components analysis of the WISC-R normative data, in combination with the individual's (or group's) average scaled scores, are used for this purpose. The mean LDI of various groups of learning disabled children, including Mishra's (1984a; 1984b) Mexican-American and Papago groups, are shown to be reliably different from the mean LDI of the normative population and thus demonstrate its cross-cultural validity.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Reanalysis of multislice (1)H MRSI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The goal of this work was to reexamine previously published (1) brain spectroscopy data of abnormal metabolite ratios in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Toward this goal, (1)H MR spectroscopic imaging data from 10 ALS and nine control subjects were reanalyzed using improved data analysis techniques, including automated curve fitting and tissue-volume correction. In the motor cortex of ALS, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) was 23% (P = 0.004) lower than in controls, and in the posterior internal capsule of ALS choline compounds (Cho) were 20% (P = 0.02) higher. This demonstrates that the metabolite ratio changes in ALS were due to NAA loss in the motor cortex (as expected) and Cho increase in the posterior internal capsule (not expected). Magn Reson Med 45:513-516, 2001.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Reanalysis of a longitudinal study of pulmonary function in coal miners in Lorraine, France.

Multiple methods of statistical analysis were applied on data collected on 384 coal miners from the Lorraine region of France. Despite the irregularity of timing of visits over the follow-up period, similar estimates of decline resulted irrespective of the statistical method used. Deceased smokers showed the highest rates of decline in forced expiratory volume during 1 second (FEV1) of 65 to 72 ml/yr, whereas the alive non-smokers had the lowest decline estimates of 42 to 48 ml/yr. Estimates of FVC decline were found to parallel those of FEV1. For about one-half of the cohort, data were available to compare FEV1 decline before and after retirement using a profile analysis. Based upon a "differencing" method of regression, retirement from the coal mine had the effect of decreasing the rate of decline for those who had never smoked; smokers, however, showed an increasing rate of decline.

Coal Mining↗
PubMed1995

Wood dust and sino-nasal cancer: pooled reanalysis of twelve case-control studies.

In order to examine the relationship between wood dust and sino-nasal cancer, data from 12 case-control studies conducted in seven countries were pooled and reanalyzed. The relative risks associated with wood-related jobs and with exposure to wood dust, measured using a job exposure matrix based on occupation and industry titles, were examined using logistic regression. The combined data set consisted of 680 male cases, 2,349 male controls, 250 female cases, and 787 female controls. A high risk of adenocarcinoma among men was associated with employment in wood-related occupations (odds ratio [OR] = 13.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.0-20.0) and the risk was greatest among men who had been employed in jobs with the highest wood dust exposure (OR = 45.5, 95% CI = 28.3-72.9) and increased with duration of exposure. The risk of adenocarcinoma also appeared elevated among women employed in wood-related jobs (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 0.5-12.3), but the small number of exposed cases precluded detailed analysis. Women in wood dust-exposed jobs appeared to have an excess of squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.8-5.5) which increased with duration of exposure. An increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma in men was seen only among those employed for 30 or more years in jobs with exposure to fresh wood (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1-5.0). The results of this analysis provide strong support to the association between exposure to wood dust in a variety of occupations and the risk of sino-nasal adenocarcinoma and are consistent with the results of individual participating studies, although the magnitude of the excess risk varied. The evidence in regard to squamous cell carcinomas was ambiguous and there was a great deal of heterogeneity observed in individual study results. This may be due to differences in risk associated with exposure to hardwoods and softwoods or with other, as yet to be identified, aspects of exposure.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Segregation analysis of hypospadias: a reanalysis of published pedigree data.

Little is known about the cause of hypospadias, one of the most common urogenital anomalies in males. Familial clustering of hypospadias is well recognized, with heritability estimated to be about 70% under a simple multifactorial threshold model. Neither alternative genetic mechanisms nor shared environmental factors within families have been explored fully. To learn more about possible genetic mechanisms, we used 2 methods of segregation analysis to analyze a set of published family data. These analyses are based on the families of 103 probands with hypospadias, who were ascertained through surgery departments in Denmark [Sørensen, 1953]. Urogenital examinations were performed on 95% (n = 1,510) of available male relatives, and 2.2% were found to have hypospadias. Within the probands' nuclear families, 12% of nonproband sons of normal fathers were affected. Using the mixed model of inheritance, both the autosomal dominant (AD) and codominant models fit these data better than either autosomal recessive (AR) or multifactorial models. Using the regressive logistic models, both AD and AR models were equally likely, and a model of nonMendelian sibship clustering gave a better fit to these data. These inconsistent findings illustrate the difficulties commonly encountered in segregation analysis. Using 2 different statistical approaches, we found 2 different explanations, both of which differ from the autosomal recessive model originally suggested by Sørensen [1953]. Hypospadias in these families is almost certainly heterogeneous. Determining the cause of familial clustering of hypospadias will require careful delineation of persons with recognized syndromes from uncomplicated cases and detailed information on potential prenatal risk factors.

Female↗
PubMed1980

The incidence of bilateral nonmetric skeletal traits: a reanalysis of sampling procedures.

For reporting the incidence of bilateral skeletal traits, the choice between sampling statistics depends upon more than their relative efficiencies. Of overreaching importance are the fundamentally different assumptions about the genetic significance of bilateral asymmetry represented by the two principal sampling approaches. Sampling by side is consistent with the premise that trait expression on each side reflects an additive component of genetic variation. Implicit in sampling by individual, by contrast, is the proposition that asymmetries of expression result chiefly from developmental noise. The pattern of age-regression indicated for many of these traits, suggesting a transient developmental role for unilateral expression, supports both this latter view and the thesis of stress asymmetry. Given this pattern, furthermore, incorporating unadjusted trait frequencies into divergence statistics would seem injudicious.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

A reanalysis of the South African australopithecine natural endocasts.

Sulcal patterns of six previously available South African australopithecine natural endocasts are reexamined and compared to sulcal patterns of 17 human, 12 gorilla and six chimpanzee brains. In addition, a seventh natural endocast, from STS 58, is described for the first time and compared to an artificial endocast from the same specimen. Using the Taung endocast as a focal point, it is shown that sulcal patterns reproduced on natural endocasts of australopithecines appear to be pongid-like rather than human-like. Contrary to earlier descriptions, the lunate sulcus occupies a rostral position similar to that found in pongids. Since South African australopithecine brains do not appear to be reorganized along human lines at a gross external neuroanatomical level, the concept of neurological reorganization is best applied at finer neurological levels, perhaps at the level of the neuron or at a neurochemical level. Thus, future studies by comparative neuroscientists are more likely to elucidate the fine details of neurological reorganization that occurred during early human evolution than are studies by paleontologists who directly observe the australopithecine fossil record of natural endocasts.

Animals↗