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PubMedDate not supplied

[Horizontal migration of 137Cs with water erosion of soils].

The results of research of horizontal migration of 137Cs with soils water erosion are presented. It was found that quantitative parameters of 137Cs migration depended on radioactive pollution of cultivated soil layer, volume of water erosion of soils and character of usage of sloping lands. Activity of 137Cs in lower parts of slopes was 37-295 kBq/m2 higher than in the middle and apex parts of slopes. Increase in 137Cs activity varied from 10 to 18 percent in accumulation zone as compared to outwash zone with soil losses 5.0 t/ha and from 17 to 35 percent with soil losses 5.1-10.0 t/ha and from 30 to 127 percent with soil losses 10. 1-20.0 t/ha.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The genetic sequelae for plant populations of radioactive environmental pollution in connection with the Chernobyl accident].

Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., and Pinus sylvestris L., growing within 30 km of Chernobyl and Bryansk region have been analyzed for the frequency of embryonic lethal mutations on Arabidopsis and frequency of chlorophyll mutations and chromosome aberrations by pine. On pine also have been analyzed rate of mutations at enzyme loci in endosperms of seeds. Dose dependence of the value genetic damage on level of radioactive pollution was observed.

Air Pollution, Radioactive↗
PubMed2005

Health and environmental impacts of a fertilizer plant--Part II: assessment of radiation exposure.

In the previous paper the authors have studied the radioactive pollution caused by a complex fertilizers production plant. In this paper, the effective doses to the plant workers and to members of the population surrounding the industrial site are estimated. The authors have considered external irradiation, inhalation and ingestion of dust and inhalation of radon and radon daughters as the main occupational exposure routes. After estimating the single contributions, the total effective dose has been calculated as the sum of said contributions. Calculations have been differentiated according to the different tasks of the company employees. The estimated annual effective doses range from 0.6 to 1.4 mSv y(-1). Annual individual effective doses to local residents, resulting from internal and external irradiation caused by particulate matter emitted into the atmosphere by the plant have been estimated. The maximum individual dose rate is estimated to be about 4 microSv y(-1).

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1995

Residual Chernobyl fallout and Sellafield pollutants found on the Isle of Man.

The Isle of Man is particularly vulnerable to radioactive pollution being located in the middle of the Irish Sea, only 55 km from the Sellafield nuclear site. Paradoxically, radioactive fallout from the accident at Chernobyl is the only significant radioactive pollution on the Island and requires legal restrictions on sheep farming. This paper gives an overview of the occurrence and magnitude of radioactive pollution on the Isle of Man, using results of live-monitoring of the Island's hill flocks since August 1987, and data selected from the results of laboratory analysis of more than 1000 samples of foodstuffs and environmental materials between 1990 and 1993. Radioactive contamination is of no significance in local agricultural produce, however, about one sixth of the Island's hill grazing land is still subject to controls. Sellafield pollutants are found only in samples from the marine environment.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2000

Experimental kinetic rates of food-chain and waterborne radionuclide transfer to freshwater fish: a basis for the construction of fish contamination charts.

A standardized procedure is proposed to obtain from laboratory experiments the kinetic accumulation and release rates necessary to calibrate dynamic models to quantify radionuclide direct and trophic transfer in fish. The model takes into account the food-chain effect, the feeding rate, and the growth of organisms. It takes as examples (54)Mn, (60)Co, and (137)Cs transfer dynamics through a simple pelagic food-chain (phytoplankton, zooplankton, prey fish, and predator fish). The estimated kinetic rates used in quantifying all the transfers of the three radioactive pollutants through the pelagic food chain are compared from the radioecological point of view. For fish, comparison was based on the calculation of concentration factors referring to direct transfer from water and trophic transfer factors. For the prey fish and the predator fish, direct transfer gave the following order for accumulation (60)Co < (137)Cs < (54)Mn. Values reached at equilibrium in L/kg WW were respectively for the prey fish and the predator fish: 8.7 < 27.4 < 107 and 4.14 < 6.59 < 13.4. For the trophic route, (137)Cs is the most accumulated (TTF(eq) = 0.485 in 291 days for the prey fish and TTF(eq) = 1.45 in 17 years for the predator fish). A sensitivity analysis adapted to the case of a chronic contamination scenario of a watercourse was run. It showed that the phytoplankton biomass, the contact time of these drifting particles from a release point to the station where they are ingested and the feeding rates of the fish are the most influential parameter with regard to the concentration in fish, whatever the trophic level. Contamination charts are constructed for the predator fish to illustrate the relationship between the most influential ecological parameters and the radionuclide concentration in fish for simple contamination scenarios. They are shown to be effective tools for helping in the choice of the most relevant value of aggregated concentration factors (ACFs: radionuclide concentration ratio between the organism and the water, referred to steady-state and to all possible transfer pathways) for a given key ecological situation in a given ecosystem. An example is given of a simple chronic release scenario of 1 Bq/L and a phytoplanktonic bloom period. For (137)Cs, the ACF increases with increasing contact time and increasing feeding rate, to nearly 550 L/kg WW at equilibrium. For (54)Mn, ACF reaches 65 L/kg WW. For (60)Co, the general pattern of the relationship is due to the rapid kinetic rates governing the distribution of the radionuclide between dissolved and solid (phytoplankton) phases with a maximum value for ACF of 7.2 L/kg WW for the case study. Analysis of these charts provides a basis for overall guidelines for chronic releases in a given watercourse.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Uptake of 210Pb and 210Po by Brazilian Bunodosoma caissarum Corrêa, 1964 (cnidaria, actinidae).

Bunodosoma caissarum, a carnivorous marine species exclusive to the Brazilian southern coast, recognized as a sensitive bioindicator of artificial radioactive pollution, also shows a great capacity for concentrating natural alpha-emitters. The authors have measured the alpha-emitters 210Po and its precursor 210Pb in this animal. The average concentrations found are greater (by a factor of 4.6) for 210Po measured in samples gathered on Ponta Negra Beach (protected outer coast) than the values obtained in specimens collected on Boa Viagem Beach (closed bay) along the Rio de Janeiro coast, Brazil. The same was also found for 210Pb (a factor of 2.5).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Radioactivity in the Great Lakes.

Studies of radioactivity in the Laurentian Great Lakes are reviewed to evaluate the impact of radionuclide dissemination on the world's foremost freshwater aquatic ecosystem. The status of radiologically-degraded areas is also reported. Significant amounts of radioactivity are stored in the basin, which has numerous nuclear reactors as well as uranium mine waste areas. The prevailing low levels of artificially-produced radionuclides, arising largely from previous fallout inputs, provide very little radiation dose to the area residents consuming lake water. The interlake transport of radionuclides is adequately described by existing models, though some refinement of the source term is needed. Revised estimates of fallout over each lake are given, but no data are available to estimate drainage basin contributions. Only limited information is available on the dispersal of radioactive pollutants. The influence of chemical parameters on radionuclide cycling has been extensively investigated in Lake Michigan and, to a lesser degree, in Lake Ontario. The need for developing a radiological objective for fish becomes apparent from an assessment of the very few data collected thus far on the biological and dosimetric aspects. Several research and monitoring needs are also identified.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

239 + 240Pu and 137Cs concentrations in fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, shellfish, and algae collected around the Japanese coast in the early 1990s.

Marine organisms, i.e. fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, shellfish, and algae, were collected in the early 1990s along the Sea of Japan coast and the Japanese Pacific coast and analyzed for their 239 + 240Pu and 137Cs concentrations. The 239 + 240Pu concentrations in muscle of fish were below 0.4 mBq/kg wet wt. and the lowest among the analyzed marine organisms. Most 137Cs concentrations in muscle of fish ranged from 100 to 300 mBq/kg wet wt. Higher concentrations of 239 + 240Pu, ranging from 1.6 to 5.7 mBq/kg wet wt., were observed in viscera of cephalopods than in their muscle. The 239 + 240Pu concentrations in whole soft tissues of bivalves varied approximately one order of magnitude from 0.8 to 6.1 mBq/kg wet wt., while 137Cs concentrations had little variation, being approximately 60 mBq/kg wet wt. The 239 + 240Pu concentrations in algae had a wide variation, ranging from 1.7 to 42.3 mBq/kg wet wt., and were higher than those of the other marine organisms. No statistically significant difference in mean concentrations of 239 + 240Pu was detected among the whole soft tissues of bivalves, viscera of cephalopods and crustaceans, and whole bodies of cephalopods and crustaceans within the 95% confidence limit. The mean concentrations of 137Cs became higher in the order, cephalopods and crustaceans and bivalves, algae, viscera of fish, muscles of fish. The mean concentrations of 239 + 240Pu were comparable for algae collected along the Japan Sea coast and the Pacific coast. Furthermore, the difference in mean concentrations of 137Cs in algae between the Japan Sea coast and the Pacific coast was not statistically significant within the 95% confidence limit. These results can be considered to indicate no definite influence from radioactive dumping into the Japan Sea by the former USSR and Russia with respect to radioactive pollution of marine organisms collected along the Japanese coast.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Urogenital tuberculosis in the Ukraine population].

The prevalence and incidence rates of urogenital tuberculosis in the Ukraine in the past 10 years were studied. They tended to decrease in the first period (1988-1992) and to become stable in the second period (1993-1997), being equal to 10.71 and 1.0 per 100,000. In the past 5 years, the incidence of urogenital tuberculosis tended to increase among urban residents as compared to rural ones. These changes show a total trend in the population living in the radioactively polluted area.

Air Pollution, Radioactive↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Variability of enzyme systems in the coenopopulation of Taraxacum officinale s.l. from the zone of East-Ural- radioactive trace].

Levels of soil contamination with 90Sr and 137Cs radionuclides on the plots within the zone of Eastern-Ural radioactive trace exceed values of the global level 4-240 times. We have carried out allozyme analysis of apomict species Taraxacum officinale s.l. from this zone. Zimogrammes were interpreted as allozyme phenotypes. In condition of chronic irradiation the plants had increased phenogenetic variability of majority enzymes systems and high frequency of rare morphs. Thus, in plant coenopopoulations situated in radioactive-polluted zone, genomic recombination processes show higher intensity. High enzymatic variability provides the material for natural selection and increase the adaptive potential of coenopopulations.

Russia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The deflation of the soils and the horizontal migration of 137Cs].

The results of the researching of 137Cs migration with deflation soils are presented. It was established, that on drained peat and on sod-podsolic sandy soils, subjected to the radioactive pollution, the deflation is a major factor of the horizontal carry radionuclides. The quantity indicators of the 137Cs migration depend on the density of the pollution of the top layer soils, on the intensity of deflationary processes and on the use of the agricultural grounds. At the identical density of the pollution on drained peat soils the 137Cs carry is higher on 25-35%, than on mineral easy ones. The decrease of the deflationary processes to maximum permissible levels (for the drained peat soils--0.2-0.5, for sandy soils--1.3 t/ha per one year) promotes the reduction of the 137Cs migration on drained peat soils on 92-94%, on sod-podsolic sandy soils--on 87%.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative analysis of radial linear growth velocity of micromycetes isolated from different ecotopes].

The work aim was the discovering of peculiarities of microscopic fungi responding to radioactive pollution by growth velocity change. The linear growth velocity of a broad range of micromycetes was analyzed. They were chosen in such a way that every species, as far as possible, was presented by the strains isolated from radioactive polluted and clean regions. Most of the studied species were characterized by the absence of reliable growth velocity differences of strains of the same species growing on rich and starving media. Only two species--Aureobasidium pullulans and Penicillium spinulosum were the exception. Their growth velocities on malt-agar were much more then those on starving medium (1.7-3.6. times). Species Hormonema dematioides did not have reliable differences of growth velocity on optimal and starving media, but A. pullulans had this difference (2.3-3.6 times). It is supposed to use this observation to simplify identification of these species. Only strains within species Cladosporium sphaerospermum and especially P. funiculosum isolated from radioactive polluted ecotopes had growth velocity which was less then that of the strains from clean regions. The delay of growth velocity in such conditions can testify to adaptive change of metabolic processes of these strains. The strains which were characterized by delay of growth velocity existed at the substrates with high radioactive pollution for a long time.

Culture Media↗