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PubMed1992

Polymerase chain reaction based mapping of rye involving repeated DNA sequences.

A novel type of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker was developed for the mapping of cereal rye (Secale cereale). Primer pairs were synthesized targeting the insertion sites of three individual copies of the R173 family of rye specific repeated DNA sequences. While one primer was derived from a sequence within the respective R173 element, the second primer corresponded to a flanking region. The complex banding patterns obtained in rye allowed not only the mapping of the three R173 elements to certain chromosome regions of 1RS (the short arm of rye chromosome 1) but also the mapping of an additional 3-10 easily identifiable bands per primer pair to other rye chromosomes. Linkage mapping of a polymorphic 1R band derived from three rye cultivars demonstrated the presence of nonallelic, dominant markers in two independent crosses. Because of the high copy number of the R173 family (15,000 copies per diploid rye genome), its dispersion over the entire length of all chromosomes and the high number of markers obtained per primer pair, PCR markers based on the R173 family provide an almost unlimited source for well-spaced markers in rye mapping.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Characterization and genomic organization of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in rye (Secale cereale).

The genomic organisation of the Ty1-copia retrotransposons in rye (Secale cereale) has been studied. We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify sequences from a conserved domain of the reverse transcriptase gene of the Ty1-copia retrotransposons in this species. Sequence analysis of 26 of these PCR products shows them to be a highly heterogeneous population, a feature that is common in plants. Slot blot analysis shows that there are about 100,000 individual Ty1-copia retrotransposons in rye. In situ hybridization of a heterogeneous probe, representing the whole population of rye Ty1-copia retrotransposon sequences, to chromosome spreads of triticale (xTriticosecale), a rye-wheat hybrid, shows that these sequences are present throughout all the rye chromosomes but absent from the centromeric regions and, in particular, from the terminal heterochromatin. Southern analysis of oat, barley, wheat, and rye, using as a probe R9, one of the rye sequences that is closely similar to the BARE-1 element of barley, shows that close relatives of this retrotransposon subgroup are present in all these species in high copy number. Northern analysis on RNAs from seedlings shows that the BARE-1 subgroup is transcribed in all these cereal plants but in variable amounts: high in barley, moderate in wheat and rye, and extremely low in oat.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Evidence for an in vivo conformational change in ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase from Puma rye during cold adaptation.

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RUBPCase) from leaves of cold-hardened and unhardened Puma rye was purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Chemical properties that might be associated with a previously demonstrated difference in molecular charge of purified RUBPCase from cold-hardened and unhardened Puma rye were investigated. Amino acid analyses indicated no significant differences in amino acid composition or average hydrophobicity per residue. Enzymes from hardened and unhardened rye were reversibly cold inactivated at 0 degrees C. However, the former was more stable at this temperature than the latter. Titration with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) indicated the presence of fast and slow titrating sulfhydryl groups in both enzyme preparations but there were 50% fewer SH groups titrated in the enzyme from hardened rye in 30 min that in the enzyme from unhardened rye. Activation of both enzymes by HCO-3 enhanced the reactivity of sulfhydryl groups to titration with DTNB. According to the kinetics of the slow titrating SH groups, the enzyme from hardened rye was less susceptible to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate than was the same enzyme from unhardened rye. It is concluded that the tertiary structure of RUBPCase from Puma rye is affected during low-temperature adaptation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

A PCR-based marker for targeting small rye segments in wheat background.

We attempted to develop a PCR-based marker that detects various segments of rye chromosome incorporated into wheat. We designed three sets of PCR primers based on the nucleotide sequence data of a rye repetitive sequence previously reported. One of the primer sets amplified a clear ca. 1.4 kb fragment in a rye cultivar but not in any form of wheat, diploid, tetraploid or hexaploid. We used this critical primer set for PCR of various wild species and cultivars of rye, an array of wheat plants carrying different rye chromosomes or small segments from different regions of rye chromosome 1R, and plants carrying parts of the rye B chromosome. The PCR amplified the 1.4 kb fragment in all the plant materials examined. We believe this PCR primer set will be useful as a universal PCR-based marker for the introgression of rye chromosome segments in the wheat genome.

Chromosomes, Plant↗
PubMed2006

[Transfer of a rye small chromosomal segment with powdery mildew-resistant gene(s) into common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)].

The advanced progeny lines (BC1F5) from the monosomic addition lines between common wheat cultivar Mianyang 11, which is highly susceptible to powdery mildew, and an inbred rye line R12 were analyzed for selection of wheat-rye translocations. Based on a rye-specific repetitive sequence of pSc20H, which spread over all chromosomes of rye but did not existed in wheat, a set of PCR primer was designed and used to identify the rye chromosome segments in wheat. From 300 of the BC1F5 progeny lines 70 were found to contain chromosome composition of rye. An advanced line, 96II691-830-98, originated from 6R monosomic addition line was observed to be immune to powdery mildew, different from its wheat parent Mianyang 11. A small segment of rye chromosome at telomere in a pair of wheat chromosome in the line was found by means of GISH. The results indicated that a small segment of rye chromosome 6R carrying the gene(s) for resistance to powdery mildew has been transferred into common wheat. In the progeny of monosomic addition lines a high frequency of wheat-alien species translocation with various segments of chromosomes could be found by application of both PCR and GISH technique.

Chromatin↗
PubMed2002

Xylanase and beta-glucanase supplementation improve conjugated bile acid fraction in intestinal contents and increase villus size of small intestine wall in broiler chickens fed a rye-based diet.

This study was performed with growing chickens (4 to 22 d of age) to evaluate the effects of feeding a rye-based diet supplemented with commercial enzyme preparation containing xylanase and beta-glucanase (Quatrazyme HP, Nutri-Tomen, France) on small intestine wall morphology, bile acid composition, nutrient digestibility, and bird performance compared with unsupplemented rye- or corn-based diets. The rye-based diet decreased (P < or = 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency and increased water intake compared with the corn-based diet. Moreover, rye consumption reduced crude fat and protein digestibility as well as apparent metabolizable energy (P < or = 0.05). The small intestine wall showed that villus length, width, and surface were decreased in broiler chickens fed the rye-based diet compared with those fed the corn-based diet. However, crypt morphometry parameters were not affected by diet type. The concentration of conjugated bile acids in the small intestine contents of broiler chickens fed the rye-based diet was decreased (P < or = 0.05) compared with those fed the corn-based diet. These findings suggest that feeding a rye-based diet reduces villus capacity for nutrient absorption and bile acid capacity for fat solubilization and emulsification, resulting in decreased bird performance. The addition of xylanase and beta-glucanase to the rye-based diet improved (P < or = 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency, and decreased water intake. The digestibility of nutrients and apparent metabolizable energy were also increased (P < or = 0.05). Addition of xylanase and beta-glucanase increased (P < or = 0.05) villus size and the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, as well as the concentration of conjugated bile acids (P < or = 0.05) in the small intestine contents. Exogenous enzymes improved nutrient digestibility and broiler chicken performance, probably by improving the absorption capacity ofthe small intestine through increased villus surface and intestinal concentration of conjugated bile acids.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

Effect of gamma irradiation, penicillin, and/or pectic enzyme on chick growth depression and fecal stickiness caused by rye, citrus pectin, and guar gum.

The effects of gamma irradiation of rye, corn, pectin, and guar gum and supplementation of procaine penicillin and/or pectic enzyme (Irgazyme-100) were studied. Addition of 62.5% rye, 4% pectin, or 2% guar gum in place of corn significantly reduced chick growth (P < .05). Exposure to gamma irradiation, procaine penicillin, or pectic enzyme supplementation improved the growth of chicks fed rye. Growth response on the rye diet to one or more combinations of gamma irradiation, procaine penicillin, and pectic enzyme was greater than that of gamma irradiation, procaine penicillin, or pectic enzyme alone. Gamma irradiation or pectic enzyme supplementatin of pectin or guar gum improved chick growth and almost eliminated their growth depressing properties. A combination of gamma irradiation and pectic enzyme failed to give a further significant increase in growth over that of either alone. Addition of procaine penicillin to diets containing rye, irradiated pectin, or guar gum elicited a significant growth response, but the response was greatly reduced when diets contained irradiated guar gum or irradiated pectin. Feces of chicks fed diets containing rye, pectin, or guar gum adhered to screen floors in much greater amounts than for corn-fed chicks. Gamma irradiation, procaine penicillin, or pectic enzyme had no significant effect on fecal condition of birds fed diets containing rye or guar gum. In contrast, fecal condition of birds fed guar gum was significantly improved by a combination of gamma irradiation and pectic enzyme supplement. Gamma irradiation almost eliminated and pectic enzyme supplementation completely eliminated properties of pectin causing sticky feces. Results indicate that the component of rye that causes sticky feces was not changed by gamma irradiation and/or pectic enzyme, and, therefore, is different from the growth depressing factor and from citrus pectin.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effect of saturation, chain length of pure triglycerides, and age of bird on the utilization of rye diets.

Four experiments were conducted with growing chicks to study the effects on performance and fat absorption of feeding rye and wheat diets supplemented with fats of different chain length and degree of saturation. In Experiment 1 it was shown that there was a much greater decrease in feed intake and fat absorption when tallow replaced safflower oil in the diets of chicks fed rye as compared to those fed wheat-based diets. Experiment 2 established the effects on chick performance of supplementing diets based on either rye or wheat with variably saturated fats. Substituting the most saturated triglyceride (C18:0) with the most unsaturated triglyceride (C18:2) in the rye diets improved the respective feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency by 11, 75, and 40%, whereas the corresponding changes for the wheat-fed birds were -9, 9, and 16%, respectively. Experiment 3 investigated the effects on chick performance of supplementing rye-based or wheat-based diets with fats of varying chain lengths. Substituting fats containing long chain fatty acids (C18) for those containing shorter chain fatty acids (C12) resulted in respective improvements in weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of 27 and 30% in rye-fed birds and corresponding improvements of only 1 and 9% in the wheat-fed birds. A similar trend also occurred for fat absorption. The results of Experiment 4 demonstrated that older birds (35 versus 6 days of age) fed wheat-based diets absorbed only 1% more fat than younger birds, whereas when rye diets were fed, older birds absorbed 55% more fat than the younger birds. Overall it may be concluded that fat absorption in chicks is affected by chain length and degree of saturation of the fat and the age of the birds and that these factors affect rye-fed birds to a much greater degree than those birds fed wheat-based diets.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Consumption of wholemeal rye bread increases serum concentrations and urinary excretion of enterolactone compared with consumption of white wheat bread in healthy Finnish men and women.

Rye is an important source of plant lignans in Finland. In the present crossover trial we wanted to study the effect of rye bread as part of the usual diet on serum and urine enterolactone (ENL) concentrations in healthy volunteers. Eighteen men aged 43 (sem 2.0) years and twenty-one women aged 43 (sem 1.6) years consumed wholemeal rye bread and white wheat bread in random order for 4 weeks. The bread periods were separated by a 4 week wash-out period. The breads provided at least 20% of the daily energy intake. The mean intakes of rye bread were 219 (sem 14.6) and 162 (sem 5.3) g/d and those of wheat bread were 200 (sem 9.6) and 153 (sem 5.8) g/d for men and women respectively. Blood samples were collected from all subjects and three 24 h urine samples were collected from ten men and twelve women at the end of both bread periods for the determination of serum concentration and urinary excretion of ENL. The mean serum ENL concentrations in both men and women at the beginning of baseline period and at the end of the rye-bread period remained constant and were significantly higher than those at the end of the wheat-bread period. Correspondingly, daily urinary ENL excretion increased significantly during the rye-bread period compared with the wheat-bread period and was 5- and 10-fold higher in men and women respectively in comparison with the amount of plant lignan precursors measured in the rye bread. These data indicate the presence of other precursors for ENL in rye which are not detected by the current method of measuring plant lignans in food. The possible role of fibre in enhancement of the formation of mammalian lignans from their plant precursors in the gut also remains to be determined.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed2004

[Study on chromosomes aberration in wheat-rye disomics addition lines induced by the gametocidal chromosome 2C].

In the present study,Chinese Spring-Imperial (1 R-7R) wheat-rye disomic addition lines were hybridized with Chinese Spring-2C (derived from Aegilops cylindrica) disomic addition lines. The F1 hybrids were examined by mitotic and meiotic analysis. There were observed abnormal chromosome configurations. A total of 430 F2 plants were obtained by self-pollination. Chromosomes aberrations, such as translocation, deletions, isobrachial and dicentromere chromosomes, are identified in F2 individual plants by C-banding combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Additionally, chromosome spontaneous substitutions such as 2C substituting for wheat chromosomes 2A, 2B and 2D were also observed. The rule and frequency of chromosome aberration in F2 are the following: 22 out of 430 F2 plants (5.11%) were found involving aberration rye chromosomes. Among them, 10 plants were identified as wheat-rye chromosome translocation lines comprising 2.3%. Rye chromosome deletions comprised 12 of them (2.79%). 3 isobrachial aberrations were detected (about 0.7%), too. Most of the translocation lines are with wheat centromere, only one of them is with rye centromere. Rye chromosome aberrations occurred unevenly among homoeologous groups. There were 5 in 1R, 3 in 2R, 1 in 3R, 3 in 4R, 6 in 5R and 4 in 6R. The majority of the translocation lines are terminal translocation. 54 out of the total 430 progenies are wheat deletions,and 27 are distributed in the A group, 20 in the B group and 7 in the D group respectively. Finally,we discussed the possible cause for the uneven chromosome aberration among homoeologous groups in wheat and rye as well as the effect characteristics of 2C on wheat and rye chromosome.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed2005

[Genetic control of embryo lethality in crosses between common wheat and rye].

The phenotypic manifestation and genetic control of embryo lethality observed in crosses between common wheat and rye were studied. It was found that crosses between common wheat and inbred self-fertile rye lines L2 and 535 gave rise to ungerminating grains, in which the development and differentiation of the hybrid embryo are arrested. Study of the degree of embryo development in the hybrid grains obtained by crossing common wheat varieties with inbred rye lines L2 and 535 showed that genotypes of the parents affected the ratio between undifferentiated embryos of various sizes. Analysis of this trait was performed by test crosses according to a novel pedigree program with the use of interlinear hybrids and a set of fourth-generation hybrid recombinant inbred lines. Rye line L2 was shown to bear the Eml (Embryo lethality) gene, which terminates the development of the hybrid embryo in amphihaploids. The suggestion of complementary interaction between wheat and rye genes during formation of a "n ew" character in wheat-rye F1 hybrids is discussed. A method of detecting an allele not complementary to the rye Eml allele in wheat is proposed. The proposed test program allows appropriate study of the system of wheat and rye genes involved in complementary interaction in the genotype of a distant hybrid.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2000

Rye bran and soy protein delay growth and increase apoptosis of human LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma in nude mice.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated whether dietary intervention could inhibit tumor growth of an androgen-sensitive human prostatic cancer. METHODS: LNCaP cells were transplanted subcutaneously in nude-mice. The animals were then put on different diets and tumor take, tumor growth and prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion were studied during 9 weeks. RESULTS: Palpable tumors developed in 75% of the tumor-cell injected sites in animals fed a control diet (corn starch, sucrose, etc.) whereas, for animals given rye bran (RB), ethyl acetate extraction from rye bran supplemented cellulose based diets (CCEE), palpable tumors were seen in only 30% and for soy protein based diets (SCC) 50% of the transplantation sites, respectively. The tumors that grew to palpable size in the rye (RB) and soy (SCC) groups were smaller and secreted less PSA than those in the control group. In the rye and soy groups tumor cell apoptosis was increased, but cell proliferation was unaffected. Addition of fat to the rye diet reduced its effect on prostate cancer growth. CONCLUSIONS: Factors in rye bran and soy protein may inhibit prostate cancer growth. The effect is more apparent for rye than for soy. Further studies are needed to identify the effective substances and to explore the mechanism of action.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Comparative analysis of a recombining-repeat-sequence family in the mitochondrial genomes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.).

The mitochondrial genomes of wheat and rye each contain a three-member family of recombining repeat sequences (the "18S/5S repeat") that encode genes for 18S and 5S rRNAs (rrn18 and rrn5) and tRNA(fMet) (trnfM). Here we present, for wheat and rye, the sequence and boundaries of the "common sequence unit" (CSU) that is shared between all three repeat copies in each species. The wheat CSU is 4,429 base-pairs long and contains (in addition to trnfM, rrn18 and rrn5) a putative promoter, three tRNA-like elements ("t-elements"), and part of a pseudogene ("psi atpAc") that is homologous to chloroplast atpA, which encodes the alpha subunit of chloroplast F1 ATPase. The rye CSU is somewhat smaller (2,855 base pairs) but contains much the same genic and other sequence elements as its wheat counterpart, except that two of the three t-elements as well as psi atpAc are found in only one of the three downstream flanks of the 18S/5S repeat, outside the CSU boundaries. In interpreting the sequence data in terms of the evolutionary history of the 18S/5S-repeat family of wheat and rye, we conclude that: (1) the wheat-rye form of the 18S/5S repeat most likely originated between 3 and 14 million years ago, in a lineage that gave rise to wheat and rye but not to barley, oats, rice or maize; (2) the close linkage (1-bp apart) between trnfM and rrn18 is similarly limited in its taxonomic distribution to the wheat/rye lineage; (3) the trnfM-rrn18 pair arose via a single mutation that inserted a sequence block containing trnfM immediately upstream of rrn18; and (4) the presence of a putative promoter upstream of rrn18 in all wheat and rye repeats is consistent with all three repeat copies being transcriptionally active. We discuss these conclusions in the light of the possible functional significance of recombining-repeats in plant mitochondrial genomes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Mapping of 99 new microsatellite-derived loci in rye (Secale cereale L.) including 39 expressed sequence tags.

The genetic map of rye contains predominantly restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers but also a limited number of microsatellite markers, which are known to be more reliable and easier to apply. We report here the saturation of the genomic map of rye with additional microsatellite-derived markers that we obtained from the rye expressed sequence tag (EST) databases and the Gatersleben collection of wheat microsatellite markers (WMS). A total of 99 loci (39 EST and 60 WMS) were mapped into the RFLP frameworks of four rye mapping populations consisting of 139, 64, 58 and 60 RFLPs, respectively. For another ten WMS loci, which amplified PCR products not polymorphic in any of the mapping populations, chromosome and chromosome arm locations were determined using wheat-rye addition lines. Chromosomes 1R, 2R, 3R, 4R, 5R, 6R and 7R were enriched with 9, 19, 9, 13, 27, 16 and 16 microsatellite loci, respectively. The microsatellite loci mapped were evenly distributed along the chromosomes, which is important for the further application of these markers for gene mapping or diversity studies in rye. Forty-four of the WMS loci mapped in rye were found to be homologous to those mapped in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.).

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2001

Effect of several germination conditions on total P, phytate P, phytase, and acid phosphatase activities and inositol phosphate esters in rye and barley.

Two assays were conducted to study the evolution of rye and barley phosphatases (phytase and acid phosphatase) and the degradation of its substrates (inositol phosphate esters) during seed germination. In this manner we could obtain a low-phytate, endogenous phosphatase rich ingredient to be used in animal nutrition. In the first assay, the seeds were soaked for 1 and 14 h and germinated for 3 and 5 days with and without the addition of gibberellic acid (GA3). In the second assay, the seeds were soaked for 1 h and germinated for 1, 3, and 5 days with GA3. Phytase (up to 5739 and 3151 U x kg(-1)) and acid phosphatase (up to 18288 and 3151 U x g(-1)) activities, and IP6 (6.09 and 6.01 mg x g(-1)), IP5 (0.48 and 0.48 mg x g(-1)), and IP4 (0.13 and 0.06 mg x g(-1)) were detected in ungerminated rye and barley, respectively. The germination process caused a significant increase of Phy and AcPh activities in rye (up to 112 and 213%) and barley (up to 212 and 634%) and a reduction in the phytate phosphorus content (up to 84 and 58%, respectively). Phytate phosphorus content was affected only by soaking time in the case of rye. Finally, during the course of germination, IP6 and IP5 were rapidly degraded in rye (88 and 79%) and barley (67 and 52%), and IP4 was only a short-living intermediate, which was increased during hydrolysis and degraded to IP3. In conclusion, a marked increase of Phy and AcPh activities in rye and barley with a concomitant decrease in phytate phosphorus content and an increase in the content of lower inositol phosphates were observed during the rye and barley germination.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2002

Chromosome arrangement and behaviour of two rye homologous telosomes at the onset of meiosis in disomic wheat-5RL addition lines with and without the Ph1 locus.

Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) of total genomic and repetitive DNA on microsporocytes of ditelocentric addition lines of rye 5RL in hexaploid wheat was performed to study the behaviour of the rye homologous chromosome arms in relation to centromere and telomere dynamics at premeiotic interphase and meiotic prophase I. By comparing isogenic lines with and without the Ph1 locus, we established the effect of the Ph1 gene on appearance and behaviour of the rye chromosomes. Ph1 and ph1b lines demonstrated similar premeiotic chromosome arrangement with the two rye homologues occupying separated domains despite the occurrence of centromere association. Our study confirmed that bouquet arrangement of telomeres follows the Rabl configuration. In cells displaying bouquet clustering of telomeres, centromeres of the 5RL telosomes are still at the opposite pole, suggesting anchoring of centromeres at the cytoskeleton. Once the telomeres complete clustering, the rye centromeres migrate to the telomere pole, and the rye chromosomes begin to loosen their structure. While the rye homologues in the wild-type keep separate territories in the nucleus, they become intermingled in the ph1b mutant, possibly because of their lower condensation. In a subsequent stage, the 5RL homologues appear intimately associated mainly at the distal region. Our study suggests that the lower rate of chromosome synapsis in the ph1b mutant results from abnormal chromatin decondensation and organization.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2001

Genes encoding chitinase-antifreeze proteins are regulated by cold and expressed by all cell types in winter rye shoots.

One group of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) is composed of two chitinases that accumulate in the apoplast of winter rye leaves during cold acclimation. In this study, the 28- and 35-kDa chitinase-AFPs were localized in nonacclimated and cold-acclimated rye leaves by immunoelectron microscopy with an antiserum produced against the purified winter rye 35-kDa chitinase-AFP. In cold-acclimated winter rye leaves, labelled chitinase-AFPs were abundant in the walls of epidermal, parenchymal sheath and mesophyll cells and xylem vessels, while less label was present in walls of vascular parenchyma cells. In contrast, chitinase labelling was essentially absent in the nonacclimated cells except in xylem vessels. As shown by RNA blotting, the transcripts of chitinase-AFPs accumulated to a high level in rye leaves during cold acclimation, to a lesser extent in crowns and were not detectable in roots. mRNA transcripts of the 28-kDa chitinase-AFP were localized in rye leaves by in situ hybridization. The chitinase-AFP transcripts were found in the same cell types as the protein itself. We conclude that all metabolically active cell types in cold-acclimated winter rye leaves and crowns are able to synthesize chitinase-AFPs and secrete them into adjacent cell walls, where they may interact with ice to delay its propagation through the plant and modify its growth.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

A combination of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG improves bowel function in women with self-reported constipation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG (LGG) on intestinal transit time and bowel function, and to test whether they have an interaction in cases of self-reported constipation. DESIGN: The study was carried out as a two-by-two factorial design. SETTING: Free-living subjects. SUBJECTS: A total of 59 healthy women with self-reported constipation, recruited by advertisement. INTERVENTIONS: After a baseline period, the subjects were randomized into four diet groups: (1) rye bread+LGG yoghurt, (2) rye bread, (3) LGG yoghurt, and (4) control. The 3-week dietary intervention was followed by a 3-week follow-up period. During each period, total intestinal transit time was measured and the subjects recorded faecal frequency and consistency, difficulty in defecation and gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS: The rye bread shortened total intestinal transit time (mean difference, -0.7; CI(95), -1.1 to -0.2; P=0.007), increased faecal frequency (0.3; CI(95), 0.1 to 0.5; P=0.001), softened faeces (-0.3; CI(95), -0.4 to -0.2; P<0.001) and made defecation easier (-0.4; CI(95), -0.5 to -0.2; P<0.001), but also increased gastrointestinal symptoms (1.6; CI(95), 0.7 to 2.4; P<0.001) compared to the low-fibre toast consumed in the LGG and control groups. There were fewer symptoms in the rye bread+LGG group compared to the rye bread group (-1.3; CI(95), -2.4 to -0.2; P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Fibre-rich rye bread can be recommended in the treatment of constipation, and the simultaneous consumption of LGG yoghurt relieves the adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with increased intake of fibre. SPONSORSHIP: Valio Ltd, R&D, and Fazer Bakeries Ltd.

Abdominal Pain↗