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PubMed1989

Pigmented guinea pig skin irradiated with Q-switched ruby laser pulses. Morphologic and histologic findings.

Q-switched ruby laser pulses cause selective damage to cutaneous pigmented cells. Repair of this selective damage has not been well described. Therefore, using epilated pigmented and albino guinea pig skin, we studied the acute injury and tissue repair caused by 40-ns, Q-switched ruby laser pulses. Gross observation and light and electron microscopy were performed. No specific changes were evident in the albino guinea pigs. In pigmented animals, with radiant exposures of 0.4 J/cm2 or greater, white spots confined to the 2.5-mm exposure sites developed immediately and faded over 20 minutes. Delayed depigmentation occurred at seven to ten days, followed by full repigmentation by four to eight weeks. Regrowing hairs in sites irradiated at and above 0.4 J/cm2 remained white for at least four months. Histologically, vacuolation of pigment-laden cells was seen immediately in the epidermis and the follicular epithelium at exposures of 0.3 J/cm2 and greater. Melanosomal disruption was seen immediately by electron microscopy at and above 0.3 J/cm2. Over the next seven days, epidermal necrosis was followed by regeneration of a depigmented epidermis. By four months, melanosomes and melanin pigmentation had returned; however, hair follicles remained depigmented and devoid of melanocytes. This study demonstrates that selective melanosomal disruption caused by Q-switched ruby laser pulses leads to transient cutaneous depigmentation and persistent follicular depigmentation. Potential exists for selective treatment of pigmented epidermal and dermal lesions with this modality.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Normal-mode ruby laser for treating congenital nevi.

BACKGROUND: Q-switched laser therapy is known to be highly effective in treating dermal melanocytosis and pigmented epidermal lesions. However, to our knowledge, there are no reports on the effectiveness of laser therapy for congenital nevi. We evaluated the clinical efficacy and side effects of normal-mode ruby laser therapy for congenital pigmented lesions containing abundant melanin. OBSERVATIONS: A normal-mode ruby laser (pulse duration, 0.3-1.0 x 10(-3) seconds; energy fluence, 10-30 J/cm2; and spot size, 10 x 10 or 15 x 15 mm) (Toshiba Corp, Tokyo, Japan) was used to treat 3 patients with congenital nevi at intervals of 1 to 4 months. In all 3 cases, the pigmented lesions were significantly reduced almost to the level of the surrounding normal skin after 4 laser treatments. The treated areas were virtually free of scarring, and the skin texture resembled that of the surrounding normal skin. Unsightly hair growth was also reduced. CONCLUSIONS: The normal-mode ruby laser was effective in treating congenital nevi and produced good cosmetic results. The risk of recurrence is unknown, but the 3 patients in our study did not have any recurrences during the 18- to 39-month study period.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Modulation of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrin expression: heterogeneous effects of Q-switched ruby, Nd:YAG, and alexandrite lasers on melanoma cells in vitro.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Integrins of the beta 1 family are cellular adhesion molecules that play an important role in cell attachment and migration by interacting with extracellular matrix molecules. Agents such as hormones, cytokines, and ultraviolet radiation have all been shown to have an integrin modulating potential. The present study indicates that radiation of Q-switched lasers is also able to induce transient changes in integrin expression levels on human melanoma cells in vitro. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiation from Q-switched Ruby (694 nm), Alexandrite (755 nm), and Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) with fluences comparable to those that are generally used in treating dermatologic lesions were used to irradiate a subconfluent layer of human melanoma cells. After fixed time intervals, the cells were harvested either to analyse the integrin expression by flow cytometry or to investigate changes in cell attachment, spreading, and migration. RESULTS: It was established that all three types of laser were able to cause a significant downregulation of both the alpha 4 and the common beta 1 integrin subunit. The Alexandrite and Ruby lasers also induced a decrease in alpha 5 expression; however, the cells treated with the Nd:YAG laser showed a marked upregulation of the alpha 5 subunit. The expression of the other beta 1 integrin subunits was shown to be unaltered after laser treatment. Downregulation of the alpha 4 upregulation of the alpha 5 integrin subunit expression resulted in, respectively, decreased and increased attachment and spreading on fibronectin, the extracellular matrix ligand for both the alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins. Marked upregulation of the alpha 5 subunit also resulted in a higher migration rate. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results show that nonlethal doses of Q-switched laser radiation are able to induce changes in cellular behavior in vitro by modulating the integrin expression pattern.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of silver stain and SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain with respect to protein detection in two-dimensional gels and identification by peptide mass profiling.

Proteomic projects are often focused on the discovery of differentially expressed proteins between control and experimental samples. Most laboratories choose the approach of running two-dimensional (2-D) gels, analyzing them and identifying the differentially expressed proteins by in-gel digestion and mass spectrometry. To date, the available stains for visualizing proteins on 2-D gels have been less than ideal for these projects because of poor detection sensitivity (Coomassie blue stain) or poor peptide recovery from in-gel digests and mass spectrometry (silver stain), unless extra destaining and washing steps are included in the protocol. In addition, the limited dynamic range of these stains has made it difficult to rigorously and reliably determine subtle differences in protein quantities. SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain is a novel, ruthenium-based fluorescent dye for the detection of proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels that has properties making it well suited to high-throughput proteomics projects. The advantages of SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain relative to silver stain demonstrated in this study include a broad linear dynamic range and enhanced recovery of peptides from in-gel digests for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

A comparison between Sypro Ruby and ruthenium II tris (bathophenanthroline disulfonate) as fluorescent stains for protein detection in gels.

A comparison between two fluorescent metal chelates for staining proteins separated by electrophoresis has been carried out. One of these chelates is ruthenium II tris (bathophenanthroline disulfonate) and the other is commercial Sypro Ruby. Both can be efficiently detected either with UV tables or with commercial laser fluorescence scanners. The sensitivity and homogeneity of the stains and the interference with mass spectrometry analysis have been investigated. It appears that both stains perform similarly for protein detection, while ruthenium II tris (bathophenanthroline disulfonate) performs better for mass spectrometry analyses and as cost-effectiveness ratio. However, Sypro Ruby is easier to use as a stain.

ATP Synthetase Complexes↗
PubMed2004

A statistical comparison of silver and SYPRO Ruby staining for proteomic analysis.

Silver staining has been the method most commonly employed for high sensitivity staining of proteins following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Whilst this method offers detection in the nanogram range it does have major drawbacks including a lack of linearity, nonstoichiometric staining of proteins, a lack of compatibility with the microchemical preparation of proteins for identification by mass spectrometric techniques, and a highly subjective assessment of the staining endpoint. SYPRO Ruby is a relatively new, ruthenium complex-based stain which is reported to offer advantages over silver, particularly in overcoming the limitations cited above. We describe a series of experiments where several protein staining procedures commonly employed are compared. To enable optimization of the in situ digestion procedure, a statistical approach has been undertaken. The effects of a variety of staining, digestion, and analysis protocols on the downstream processing of a test radiolabeled protein were studied. The data confirms that as well as offering sensitivity similar to silver, SYPRO Ruby staining is reproducible, linear, and offers a higher level of compatibility with the identification of proteins by mass spectrometry.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2002

Scar sarcoidosis--treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Scar sarcoidosis is a circumscribed form of cutaneous sarcoidosis, which is often very difficult to treat. To date, therapeutic approaches have yielded little success and often been accompanied by adverse effects, some of which are severe. Laser treatment is one alternative, which has proven to be effective in a dramatically increasing number of cases over the past years. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report about a 50-year-old female patient who presented with histologically confirmed scar sarcoidosis on the right elbow and both knees; the sarcoidosis had spontaneously developed on three sites which had traumatic tattoos from abrasions. Because of the reddish-brown livid discolorations, we treated the granulomas with the pulsed dye laser for three sessions, although without success. Treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser was commenced to remove the traumatic tattoos. RESULTS: Not only had the areas lightened fully after four sessions, the sarcoidosis foci had resolved completely, and the patient has been recurrence-free for over 3 years. CONCLUSION: The Q-switched ruby laser appears to be a rapid and effective means of treating scar sarcoidosis with traumatic tattoos without incurring adverse effects. The definitive mode of action is still not fully known, however.

Cicatrix↗
PubMed2001

Terminal hair growth after full thickness skin graft: Treatment with normal mode ruby laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Treatment of hirsutism is often unsatisfactory with many of the currently used methods providing only temporary improvement. The use of lasers for hair removal has shown promising results and treatment by using the normal mode ruby laser has provided reduction in hair numbers sustained on follow-up. We report a woman who developed terminal hair growth at the site of a full thickness skin graft and describe her successful treatment with the normal mode ruby laser.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Laser lesions of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye. Studies of cornea, iris, lens and sclera using an argon, ruby and YAG-laser].

The anterior segment of the eye of 100 rabbits was exposed to radiation from Argon, Ruby and YAG lasers. The healing process of liminal and supraliminal lesions was evaluated histologically. The iris is the most sensitive tissue for all three lasers (threshold radiant exposure, Argon: 0.004 kJ/cm2, Ruby: 0.01 kJ/cm2, YAG: 0.05 kJ/cm2). Higher energies necessary for lesions in the transparent media were available only with the Argon and YAG lasers. The Argon laser failed to produce lesions in the lens, and threshold radiant exposure for the central cornea was 8 kJ/cm2. The thresholds for YAG lasers lesions in the central cornea and lens were of the same magnitude. The marked absorption of energy by the iris may lead to an accumulation of heat, resulting in lesions of adjacent tissues or a reduction of threshold for those lesions: The threshold in the peripheral cornea was ten times lower than in the center with the Argon laser, four times lower for the YAG laser. The thresholds for Argon and YAG laser lesions in the peripheral sclera lay between the thresholds for the iris and for the peripheral cornea. A safety standard for the anterior segment of the eye should be based on the lowest threshold (Argon laser lesion of the iris). The application of a factor 100 results in a maximal permissible exposure of 40 mJ/cm2. The influence of the beam diameter could not be evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A new sequence variant of Coleus blumei viroid 3 from the Coleus blumei cultivar 'Fairway Ruby'.

A viroid was isolated from symptomless Coleus blumei cultivar (cv) 'Fairway Ruby' plants using the bidirectional PAGE method for analysis of small circular RNA molecules. The viroid was transmitted to viroid-free plants of Coleus blumei cv. 'Scarlet Dragonfly' by mechanical inoculation. Cloning and sequencing revealed that the viroid from the Coleus cv. 'Fairway Ruby' is closely related to the Coleus blumei viroid 3-Bv (CbVd 3-Bv) isolated from the Coleus cv. 'Bienvenue'. Therefore, the new viroid sequence variant has been named Coleus blumei viroid 3-FR (CbVd 3-FR). Coleus blumei viroid 3-FR consists of 364 nucleotides, 202 G + C, 162 A + U with a GC content of 55.5%. The most stable rod-like secondary structure of this viroid has 82 G:C, 50 A:U and 10 G:U base pairs with a minimum free energy of -670.5 kJ/mol (-160.4 kcal/mol). Due to mutations that increase the stability of the rod-like secondary structure, CbVd 3-FR has a lower minimum free energy than CbVd 3-Bv (-598.2 kJ/mol; -143.1 kcal/mol). A base-exchange in the upper strand of the central domain of CbVd 3-FR may stabilize the basal helix of hairpin I.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1996

[Lentigo benigna. Removal with the Q-switched ruby laser].

The Q-switched ruby laser (wave-length 694 nm, pulse duration 25 ns or 40 ns) causes selective damage to natural or artificial pigment. This laser has produced very good results in the treatment of amateur, professional and traumatic tattoos and of a number of benign pigmented lesions. We report on two patients with lentigines treated effectively with a Q-switched ruby laser.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Benign melanosis of the lip. Treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Benign melanosis of the lip represents a cosmetic problem for many of those who are afflicted. It responds well to therapy with Q-switched lasers. The value of previous studies has been limited by small numbers of cases or short follow-up times. PATIENTS/METHODS: In a retrospective study 9 patients were treated by the Q-switched ruby laser (694 nm, pulse duration 25-40 ns, spot size 4 mm, energy density 10 J/cm2) in the period from 5/94 to 10/99. The benignity of the lip melanosis was determined dermatoscopically. In one case, the diagnosis was also confirmed histologically by a punch biopsy. The follow-up time was between 6 months and 5 1/2 years. RESULTS: In 3 cases a complete clearance of the melanosis was achieved after one session, while in 6 patients a second treatment was required. There were no recurrences. Scars or pigment alterations were likewise not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of benign melanosis of the lip with the Q-switched ruby laser is an elegant and safe method with excellent cosmetic results.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of nevus of Ota by Q-switched ruby laser.

The effectiveness of the Q-switched ruby laser was investigated in 38 patients with nevus of Ota at more than 10 months after the first irradiation. In 14 patients who were followed-up for a mean of 25.2 months after the first treatment, the effectiveness was evaluated as "excellent" in eight patients (57%), "good" in four patients (28%), and "fair" in two patients (14%). The mean number of irradiation treatments was 7.3 in the "excellent" group, 4.2 in the "good" group, and 3.0 in the "fair" group. In 24 patients who were followed-up for a mean of 13.6 months after the first treatment, the effectiveness was evaluated as "excellent" in eight patients (33%), "good" in 12 patients (50%), and "fair" in four patients (16%). The mean number of irradiation treatment was 5.7 in the "excellent" group, 5.2 in the "good" group, and 2.5 in the "fair" group. Even after repetitive irradiations, good results without scarring were noted in all cases except one where a slight inverted scar was developed. The effective rate tended to be higher in patients who underwent more irradiation treatments and were observed for a longer period of time. Satisfactory cosmetic results were achieved after Q-switched ruby laser therapy for nevus of Ota.

Dermatologic Surgical Procedures↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term follow-up in treatment of solar lentigo and café-au-lait macules with Q-switched ruby laser.

A Q-switched ruby laser was used for treatment of 10 patients with solar lentigo and 12 patients with café-au-lait macules. In this study, the lesions were treated with the laser at a rate of 6 J/cm2. The patients were observed for 10-21 months with an average of 13.8 months after the final session. Solar lentigos were treated once or twice, and the response rate was 70%. Café-au-lait macules were treated one to six times, and the response rate was 33%. Side effects, such as hyperpigmentation and scar formation, were rarely seen. Therefore, Q-switched ruby laser treatment is an effective treatment for epidermal pigmented lesions; however, in patients with café-au-lait macules, the responses to the treatment varied, and a repigmentation was seen in 50% of these patients. Thus, long-term follow-up is required for patients with café-au-lait macules.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Ruby laser therapy for labial lentigines in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.

UNLABELLED: Some patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome may be disturbed by the appearance of lentigines. Such patients require management of their lentigines as well as their gastro-intestinal polyps. We describe ruby laser therapy of labial lentigines in two children with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. The response to treatment was excellent and no sequelae or recurrence of the lesions was noted. CONCLUSION: Our experience suggests that ruby laser therapy is safe and a suitable approach for the treatment of labial lentigines in children with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of the ruby 694 Chromos for hair removal in various skin sites.

Lasers have been established as effective treatment for hair removal, with possible long-term suppression of hair growth in treated areas. The purpose of this study was to assess long-term hair regrowth after treatment with the ruby laser. Volunteers recruited into the 1997-99 study were divided between three treatment groups, each having left and right treatment sides. Two treatments were given on both sides at monthly intervals. A third treatment was given randomly to one side. Hair counts of the experimental sites were made at monthly intervals for 1 year. The three patient groups were: top lip (25), axillae (25) and legs (19). Long-term hair reduction was achieved in all patients. A single treatment reduced hair counts by up to 75. Three treatments had an impact for 2 additional months, but not long term. Unexpected spontaneous hair reduction was found 5 months following treatment and lasted 2 months. This ruby laser produced a persistent two-thirds reduction in hair count over 8 months of follow-up. Extension of the follow-up to 12 months did not show significant regrowth. Existing experimental data, together with the results of this study, suggest that hair shaft damage is the key feature in achieving damage to the hair-producing mechanism. The correlation of treatment success and anagen growth phase is less likely.

Axilla↗
PubMed2006

Ruby crystal for demonstrating time- and frequency-domain methods of fluorescence lifetime measurements.

We present experiments that are convenient and educational for measuring fluorescence lifetimes with both time- and frequency-domain methods. The sample is ruby crystal, which has a lifetime of about 3.5 milliseconds, and is easy to use as a class-room demonstration. The experiments and methods of data analysis are used in the lab section of a class on optical spectroscopy, where we go through the theory and applications of fluorescence. Because the fluorescence decay time of ruby is in the millisecond region, the instrumentation for this experiment can be constructed easily and inexpensively compared to the nanosecond-resolved instrumentation required for most fluorescent compounds, which have nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes. The methods are applicable to other luminescent compounds with decay constants from microseconds and longer, such as transition metal and lanthanide complexes and phosphorescent samples. The experiments, which clearly demonstrate the theory and methods of measuring temporally resolved fluorescence, are instructive and demonstrate what the students have learned in the lectures without the distraction of highly sophisticated instrumentation.

Crystallization↗
PubMed1990

Q-switched ruby laser treatment of tattoos; a 9-year experience.

Nine years of clinical experience of the application of the Q-switched ruby laser to the removal of tattoos is presented. This laser achieves optimal removal of blue/black amateur tattoos by its selective interaction with the dermal suspensions of pigment which constitute the tattoos. The scar free cosmesis thus achieved is a considerable improvement on non-specific laser techniques whereby the laser is absorbed to a comparable degree in both pigmented and non-pigmented tissue. Long-term results are analysed and it is noted that a variety of professional tattoos may also respond to treatment. The mechanisms and appearance are discussed and correlated with short-term healing processes. It is found that power densities in the range 1200-2800 GW/m2 are most suitable. Appropriate dosimetry can be witnessed by the appearance of opaque intradermal vacuoles corresponding to the vaporization of the tissue water surrounding the pigment suspensions. Treatment by Q-switched ruby laser offers a viable scar-free option for a wide range of dark tattoos, leading to a more acceptable clinical outcome in most cases than other current therapies.

Dermatologic Surgical Procedures↗