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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Relative importance of bacteriocin-like genes in antagonism of Xanthomonas perforans tomato race 3 to Xanthomonas euvesicatoria tomato race 1 strains.

In a previous study, tomato race 3 (T3) strains of Xanthomonas perforans became predominant in fields containing both X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans races T1 and T3, respectively. This apparent ability to take over fields led to the discovery that there are three bacteriocin-like compounds associated with T3 strains. T3 strain 91-118 produces at least three different bacteriocin-like compounds (BCN-A, BCN-B, and BCN-C) antagonistic toward T1 strains. We determined the relative importance of the bacteriocin-like compounds by constructing the following mutant forms of a wild-type (WT) T3 strain to evaluate the antagonism to WT T1 strains: Mut-A (BCN-A-), Mut-B (BCN-B-), Mut-C (BCN-C-), Mut-AB, Mut-BC, and Mut-ABC. Although all mutant and WT T3 strains reduced the T1 populations in in planta growth room experiments, Mut-B and WT T3 were significantly more effective. Mutants expressing BCN-B and either BCN-A or BCN-C reduced T1 populations less than mutants expressing only BCN-A or BCN-C. The triple-knockout mutant Mut-ABC also had a significant competitive advantage over the T1 strain. In pairwise-inoculation field experiments where plants were coinoculated with an individual mutant or WT T3 strain and the T1 strain, the mutant strains and the WT T3 strain were reisolated from more than 70% of the lesions. WT T3 and Mut-B were the most frequently reisolated strains. In field experiments where plants were group inoculated with Mut-A, Mut-B, Mut-C, Mut-ABC, and WT T1 and T3 strains, Mut-B populations dominated all three seasons. In greenhouse and field experiments, the WT and mutant T3 strains had a selective advantage over T1 strains. Bacterial strains expressing both BCN-A and BCN-C appeared to have a competitive advantage over all other mutant and WT strains. Furthermore, BCN-B appeared to be a negative factor, with mutant T3 strains lacking BCN-B having a selective advantage in the field.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Patterns of illness and injury encountered in amateur ocean yacht racing: an analysis of the British Telecom Round the World Yacht Race 1996-1997.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the incidence and type of medical problem arising during an amateur circumnavigation yacht race, the BT Global Challenge. METHODS: All cases from 14 participating yachts in a confidential medical log completed by an appointed medic were reported. RESULTS: A total of 685 cases were reported, of which 299 (43.6%) were injuries and 386 (56.4%) illnesses. The subtype of injury, illness, and three evacuations at sea are described. CONCLUSION: Injury and other forms of medical problem are relatively common in an amateur long distance ocean yacht race. Most can be adequately managed at sea, provided that optimal communication, training, and equipment are provided and maintained.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Pattern of sexual isolation between parental races (Drosophila nasuta nasuta and D.n. albomicans) and the newly evolved races (Cytorace I and II).

D.n. nasuta, D.n. albomicans, Cytorace I and Cytorace II [Chromosoma, 93 (1986) 243] are closely related strains of the nasuta subgroup. Through male choice and female choice experiments, the pattern of sexual isolation if any, among them was analysed. Differential mating preference of males and females of these races suggests that they are passing through the process of anagenesis. Therefore, this, as an evolutionary experiment under laboratory conditions, offers a rare opportunity to witness different pattern and levels of divergence among four cytogentically parsimonious races of Drosophila.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Race and gender on the brain: electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals.

The degree to which perceivers automatically attend to and encode social category information was investigated. Event-related brain potentials were used to assess attentional and working-memory processes on-line as participants were presented with pictures of Black and White males and females. The authors found that attention was preferentially directed to Black targets very early in processing (by about 100 ms after stimulus onset) in both experiments. Attention to gender also emerged early but occurred about 50 ms later than attention to race. Later working-memory processes were sensitive to more complex relations between the group memberships of a target individual and the surrounding social context. These working-memory processes were sensitive to both the explicit categorization task participants were performing as well as more implicit, task-irrelevant categorization dimensions. Results are consistent with models suggesting that information about certain category dimensions is encoded relatively automatically.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Race, socioeconomic status, and health: accounting for race differences in health.

This article uses the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) study to examine the extent to which observed differences in the prevalence of chronic conditions and functional limitations between Black and White adults (aged 70+) in the United States can be attributed to differences in various aspects of socioeconomic status (SES) between these groups. We use linear and logistic regression techniques to model the relationships between health outcomes and SES. Our findings indicate that race differences in measurable socioeconomic characteristics indeed explain a substantial fraction, but in general not all, of Black/White differences in health status. While our findings do not suggest that low SES directly "causes" poor health, any more than being Black does so, they do suggest that research and policy intended to address the deficit in health status among Blacks (when compared to Whites) in the U.S. would be well-served to begin with the deficit in wealth, education, and other SES measures.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Refiguring "race": epidemiology, racialized biology, and biological expressions of race relations.

Given growing appreciation of how race/ethnicity is a social, not biological, construct, some epidemiologists are proposing that studies omit data on "race" and instead collect better socioeconomic data. This suggestion, however, ignores a growing body of evidence on how noneconomic as well as economic aspects of racial discrimination are embodied and harm health across the lifecourse. Developing a critical epidemiology of social inequalities in health will, at the very least, require incorporating thoughtful measures of race/ethnicity and social class in epidemiological studies and public health surveillance systems.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed2000

[An investigation of malocclusion deformity of 2002 middle school students in Fuchuan Yao race autonomous county of Guangxi Zhuang race autonomous region].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the situation of maloccluson deformity which happens among the middle school students in Fuchuan Yao race autonomous county. METHODS: 2002 students (from 13 years old to 22 years old) were examined under natural light by using the way from Huang Jing fang, who edited a book called Oral Orthodontics. RESULTS: The rates of malocclusion deformity were 45.4% and 28.9% respectively, when the ideal normal occlusion and individual normal occlusion were treated as the criteria. CONCLUSION: Being compared with the relative reports, the results of the investigation show that the rate of malocclusion deformity is lower than that of the students in northern China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Race and depression: does race affect the diagnosis and treatment of late-life depression?

While it is recognized that medical and neurological comorbidities complicate the accurate diagnosis and treatment of late-life depression, the possibility that patient race or even gender may affect management decisions is less discussed. This article reviews the current literature on racial differences in the diagnosis and treatment of late-life depression, including recent studies on physician contribution to disparities.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed1981

Within-race and between-race recognition of transformed and untransformed faces.

Numerous studies have shown that people from one racial group experience difficulties in remembering the faces of people from other racial groups. Two experiments are reported that explore the phenomenon more fully by examining subjects' ability to recognize faces transformed slightly in pose between study and test. Published work shows that white subjects can recognize such transformed white faces as well as they identify untransformed faces. In the first experiment, it was shown that white subjects were unable to recognize transformed black faces. The second experiment, following the pilot study, investigated recognition of both black and white, transformed and untransformed faces by Europeans and Africans. This study revealed that people from one racial group are particularly disadvantaged in recognizing other-race faces that have undergone transformation. The results are discussed in relation to learning approaches to face memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Race matters: the relation between race and general campus climate.

This study examined students' perceptions of racial and academic climate as possible mediators of racial differences in the perception of the university's general campus climate (GCC). African American (n = 182), Latino (n = 212), Asian American (n = 358), and White (n = 671) students evaluated their perception of racial, academic, and general campus climates. As expected, racial minority students, particularly African Americans, perceived more negative general campus, racial, and academic climates than White students. Somewhat contrary to prediction, results indicated that racial differences in the perception of GCC were more closely related to perceptions of the academic than racial climate for members of all racial groups at all educational levels. Students' academic and racial experiences were the best predictors of their perception of GCC.

Adaptation, Psychological↗