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PubMed1992

Detection, classification and 3D reconstruction of biological macromolecules on hypercube computers.

In this work we present results of the mapping on hypercube computers of some of the key steps involved in the procedure for 3D structural determination from transmission electron microscopy images. The goal is the introduction of parallel processing tools in the field of electron microscopy image processing. We show how the rich topology of the hypercube, combined with an efficient programming strategy, allows for order-of-magnitude increase in computational capacity for such time-consuming tasks as calculation of multidimensional FFT's, cross-correlation coefficients, fuzzy partitioning functionals and the filtered back-projection 3D reconstruction method.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

Detection and characterization of Clostridium species in soil of Zambia.

In the retrospective study of soil-borne diseases of cattle in Zambia, malignant edema and blackquarter were widespread. One hundred and sixty-five cases with malignant edema and 103 cases with blackquarter were reported between 1985 and 1997. It was found that specific soil-conditions associate the emergence of the soil-borne diseases. Soil samples from five areas in Zambia were examined for the presence of genus Clostridium. Direct immunofluorescent assay (IFA) examination showed that C. septicum, C. novyi and C. chauvoei were detected in the soil of specific areas in Zambia, respectively. Causal organisms such as C. perfringens were isolated from the soil samples. The information of area-specific distribution of Clositridium species may give an efficient program in protecting cattle and man.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Orthoses and prostheses.

Orthoses and prostheses include a wide range of devices and strategies for correcting and alleviating dysfunction and disability. Features in these areas of technology include continuing evolution of new devices, further development of well-established approaches, a need for critical assessment, requirements for support from technical and health care workers, and the need to identify funding to achieve efficient programs.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CheD: chemical database compilation tool, Internet server, and client for SQL servers.

An efficient program, which runs on a personal computer, for the storage, retrieval, and processing of chemical information, is presented, The program can work both as a stand-alone application or in conjunction with a specifically written Web server application or with some standard SQL servers, e.g., Oracle, Interbase, and MS SQL. New types of data fields are introduced, e.g., arrays for spectral information storage, HTML and database links, and user-defined functions. CheD has an open architecture; thus, custom data types, controls, and services may be added. A WWW server application for chemical data retrieval features an easy and user-friendly installation on Windows NT or 95 platforms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Procrastination and cramming: how adept students ace the system.

Clear power differentials between teacher and pupil and the assignment of well-delineated tasks within specified time constraints characterize the academic system. Most university students are supremely adept at working within that structure. Many students who outwardly adapt to the system, however, engage in an intense and private ritual that comprises five aspects: calculated procrastination, preparatory anxiety, climactic cramming, nick-of-time deadline-making, and a secret, if often uncelebrated, victory. These adept students often find it difficult to admit others into their efficient program of academic survival. Although such behaviors are adaptive for school rhythms and expectations, these students may also try to impose them onto personal relationships, including those that are psychotherapeutic. The students' tendency to transfer their longstanding habits of procrastination and cramming to the workplace after graduation is less problematic. The argument is made that school rhythms and expectations shape the workplace, not vice versa. Methods of addressing the troublesome aspects of these work styles are suggested. Rather than attempting to change existing work patterns, the therapist can identify the underlying psychodynamic drama and its attendant manifestations that are becoming problematic.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

A systematic approach to dynamic programming in bioinformatics.

MOTIVATION: Dynamic programming is probably the most popular programming method in bioinformatics. Sequence comparison, gene recognition, RNA structure prediction and hundreds of other problems are solved by ever new variants of dynamic programming. Currently, the development of a successful dynamic programming algorithm is a matter of experience, talent and luck. The typical matrix recurrence relations that make up a dynamic programming algorithm are intricate to construct, and difficult to implement reliably. No general problem independent guidance is available. RESULTS: This article introduces a systematic method for constructing dynamic programming solutions to problems in biosequence analysis. By a conceptual splitting of the algorithm into a recognition and an evaluation phase, algorithm development is simplified considerably, and correct recurrences can be derived systematically. Without additional effort, the method produces an early, executable prototype expressed in a functional programming language. The method is quite generally applicable, and, while programming effort decreases, no overhead in terms of ultimate program efficiency is incurred.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

The impact of alternative cost recovery schemes on access and equity in Niger.

The authors examine accessibility and the sustainability of quality health care in a rural setting under two alternative cost recovery methods, a fee-for-service method and a type of social financing (risk-sharing) strategy based on an annual tax+fee-for-service. Both methods were accompanied by similar interventions aimed at improving the quality of primary health services. Based on pilot tests of cost recovery in the non-hospital sector in Niger, the article presents results from baseline and final survey data, as well as from facility utilization, cost, and revenue data collected in two test districts and a control district. Cost recovery accompanied by quality improvements increases equity and access to health care and the type of cost recovery method used can make a difference. In Niger, higher access for women, children, and the poor resulted from the tax+fee method, than from the pure fee-for-service method. Moreover, revenue generation per capita under the tax+fee method was two times higher than under the fee-for-service method, suggesting that the prospects of sustainability were better under the social financing strategy. However, sustainability under cost recovery and improved quality depends as much on policy measures aimed at cost containment, particularly for drugs, as on specific cost recovery methods.

Cost Sharing↗
PubMed1993

Factors affecting immunization coverage levels in a district of India.

Immunization coverage is measured to assess the performance of the Expanded Programme on Immunization. In 1988 we conducted a coverage survey among 12-23 month-old children in the North Arcot District (population 5,007,746) in southern India. In each of the 12 towns a 30-cluster sample survey was conducted. In the 35 rural blocks with 1590 panchayats, 159 were selected systematically and all children (n = 7300) were surveyed. In the towns, coverage ranged for measles vaccine from 29 to 53%, BCG from 65 to 91% and OPV and DPT third dose from just over 60% to just over 80%. In the rural areas, coverage ranged for measles vaccine from 10.8 to 19.3%, BCG 25.1-34.1%, DPT third dose 42.2-50.4% and OPV third dose 39.6-48%. In the towns, 25, 66, 67 and 59% of BCG, DPT, OPV and measles vaccines had been provided by private agencies showing that availability of vaccines throughout the week and easy access even in payment terms played an important role in achieving higher levels of coverage compared with rural areas where all vaccines are given by Government agencies, free of charge. In the rural areas, significantly large variations in coverage were seen among panchayats--large and peri-urban panchayats had significantly better coverage than small and more rural panchayats. Within any given block (the population unit consisting of 30-40 panchayats served by a Primary Health Centre), there were large variations in the levels of immunization coverage between panchayats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of a whole-virus enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with a peptide-based EIA for detecting rubella virus immunoglobulin G antibodies following rubella vaccination.

A total of 250 human serum samples were tested for rubella virus immunoglobulin G antibodies by two enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), one using whole rubella virus antigen and the other based on the use of synthetic peptide antigen. The samples were taken from 125 volunteers before and after their immunization with the RA 27/3 rubella vaccine. This study indicates that a synthetic peptide-based EIA can favorably replace current viral lysate-based EIAs to detect rubella virus antibodies following immunization. Because the synthetic peptide used in this newly developed EIA represents a putative neutralization epitope of the rubella virus, it could also be instrumental in determining rubella immune status and in assessing vaccine program efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Cell-free translation of influenza virus mRNA.

Cytoplasmic poly (A)-rich RNA extracted from fowl plague virus-infected cells was found to program efficiently the translation of two major peptides in the wheat germ cell-free system. These peptides have the same electrophoretic mobility, on polyacrylamide gels, as the two major virion proteins M and NP. [35S] methionine tryptic peptide analysis by one-dimensionalthin-layer ionophoresis and finger printing by two-dimensional thin-layer ionophoresis and chromatography show a high degree of similarity between the two in vitro products and the authentic viral proteins M and NP. Although virion RNA is devoid of any poly (A) sequence, it is confirmed here that the viral complementary cytoplasmic RNA contains poly (A) stretches of varying lengths. Intact purified virion was found to promote the synthesis of very low amounts of the same NP and M proteins in this cell-free system. Quantitative aspects of data would indicate that this is due to minute amounts of complementary viral RNA associated with the virion or with the virion RNA itself. In conclusion, it is shown diectly by cell-free translation of authentic viral products that the influenza virion is "negative stranded" (Baltimore, 1971), at least for its two major structural proteins.

Cell-Free System↗
PubMed1989

The prospects for prepaid long-term care: the Arizona Medicaid experiment.

Arizona is adding long-term care to its prepaid, capitated alternative to Medicaid. This article discusses the potential for this major cost-control experiment. Experience suggests that those able to quality for long-term care will fare better than the poor did in the previous system. However, limiting eligibility will be the primary means of controlling costs; significant price competition is not likely to develop. The bidding process will serve more to transfer risk to contract providers than to improve program efficiency. Potential cost savings will be more than offset by an increased identification of need.

Arizona↗
PubMed1985

The role of prenatal diagnosis in the perinatal management of urinary tract abnormalities.

The use of ultrasonography is one of the most appropriate and less invasive techniques for the identification of prenatal assessment of urinary tract anomalies. This technique is able to distinguish malformations which are not compatible with life from those which could benefit from appropriate prenatal management treatment in view of a successful outcome after birth. During the past three years, 13 cases of urinary tract anomalies were found and treated. On the basis of our experience, we believe that ultrasonography is especially indicated: to make an early diagnosis of the type of malformation; in the presence of a complex malformation, gives the physician the possibility of showing and explaining to the parents all the aspects involved in reconstructive surgery thus giving them the possibility to decide for abortion or not; to reveal latent malformations: in these cases postnatal treatment may be efficiently programmed. to prepare the mother for early cesarean section, thus avoiding the trauma of vaginal delivery in cases of high risk such as fetuses with hydronephrotic kidneys. Thus, together with more experience in the field of intrauterine microsurgery, the outlook on the future of fetuses with malformations is certainly becoming brighter.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Menarche, early pregnancy, and obesity in selected Brazilian women from a health care center in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil].

The aim of this study was to investigate obstetric variables potentially associated with obesity among 486 Brazilian childbearing-age women aged 15-59 residing in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State. Body fat (BF) was measured through impedance analysis, and obesity was defined as BF > 30%. The association between obstetrics factors and obesity was evaluated through multivariate logistic regression. The following variables remained in the logistic regression after adjustments for total income, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity: age at menarche < 12 years (OR = 3.02; 95% CI: 1.62-5.61), age > 30 and < 39 (OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.01-2.92), age > 40 years (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.76-6.27), age at first childbirth (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.07-3.68), and the following interaction: age group > 30 and < 39 and age at menarche (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09-0.83). It appears that obstetric factors affect obesity through a complex network of interrelations that involve the covariates studied above. It is important to support efficient programs to prevent obesity, as well as family planning programs emphasizing a reduction in the prevalence of teenage pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Children's knowledge of sex behavior and contraception].

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent sexuality is not a new phenomenon, but it has been accepted differently at various times and societies. In modern times, adolescents start sexual life early, not well educated and not prepared for possible consequences. The period between the first sexual relationship, marriage and having children is prolonged with a greater possibility of having artificial abortions or sexually transmitted diseases (STD). It is of great importance to work on proper education of children and adolescents on sexual life and contraception. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An inquiry into the knowledge of sex and contraception was performed in an elementary school in Novi Sad, comprising 134 children from VII and VIII grade (aged 13-14, 77 girls and 57 boys) in order to prepare a lecture on these topics. RESULTS: Most of the knowledge on these topics children aged 13 and 14 got watching TV and reading magazines (44.15% girls and 70.17% boys) and from their friends (42.1%). Communication about sex and contraception exists mostly among friends (51.95% girls and 82.46% boys). One third of girls talk with parents and one quarter got knowledge from them. Only four boys (2.98%) had sexual intercourse without complications: artificial abortion or STD. Almost every child (96.95%) knows about AIDS and 89.25% children know about at least one method of contraception (mostly condom). Three quarters claim artificial abortion is harmful. 50% of children want more education about sex and contraception. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Most of the knowledge on sexual life and contraception children get from various forms of mass-media and from one another which is unreliable and incomplete. Unfortunately, parents and teachers play a minor role in sex education of children. In order to prevent spreading of sexually transmitted diseases and to decrease the percentage of adolescent pregnancy and artificial abortions, it is of great importance to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practice of children and adolescents in regard to sexual life and contraception and to prepare acceptable and efficient programs for education on these topics. However, not only education is important, but also acceptance and behavior of children and adolescents resulting from these programs.

Adolescent↗