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PubMed1985

Somatic symptoms in primary affective disorder. Presence and relationship to the classification of depression.

The incidence and severity of somatic symptoms were determined in 132 patients with major depressive disorder and 80 normal controls. The role of somatic symptoms was analyzed in relation to the unipolar-bipolar division, Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) subtypes, hypersomnia, and appetite increase. The data suggest that the rate and level of somatic symptoms increased with the severity of depression and age, only appetite loss differentiated unipolar from bipolar patients, and the classic somatic symptoms of depression were present in most RDC subtypes and not exclusively associated with the "endogenous" subtype. Hypersomnia or increased appetite identified two overlapping depressive subgroups; patients in both groups were young and characterized by high interpersonal sensitivity. Hypersomniac depressed patients were less anxious and agitated; patients with increased appetite were more hostile and showed a greater decrease in libido than age-matched and sex-matched patients with neither symptom.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Primary affective disorder: anxiety in unipolar and bipolar depressed groups.

A group of 50 patients (29 bipolar and 21 unipolar) hospitalized for depression were compared on the IPAT Anxiety Scale. The bipolar depressed group reported significantly less anxiety than the unipolar group. This finding supports the results of other studies that reported relatively less psychopathology in bipolar groups during the acute depressive state. It is suggested that test-taking defensiveness, especially denial, might account for relatively lower anxiety and MMPI scores in bipolar groups.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1976

Conditions affecting primary cell cultures of functional adult rat hepatocytes. II. Dexamethasone enhanced longevity and maintenance of morphology.

Primary monolayer cell cultures of adult rat hepatocytes underwent change in morphology and substantial cell loss between 1 and 3 days postinoculation. Dexamethasone-supplementation (1 micronM) of the culture medium maintained the polygonal epithelial morphology of the hepatocytes and increased longevity such that over 80% of the cells survived for 3 days and at least 30% for 8 or 9 days. This enhancement of survival was obtained up to 48 hr postinoculation, but the earlier the time of dexamethason supplementation the greater the effect. Removal of dexamethasone resulted in a decrease in longevity. The positive effect of dexamethasone on longevity was observed following dexamethasone replacement of insulin in supplemented cultures, but the combination of insulin and dexamethasone resulted in poorer survival than with dexamethasone alone. The results are interpreted to indicate that dexamethasone provided a requirement of the in vitro environment for survival and suggest that elaboration of a complex medium is required to maintain hepatocytes in culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Conditions affecting primary cell cultures of functional adult rat hepatocytes. 1. The effect of insulin.

The conditions for obtaining representative, primary adult rat hepatocyte cultures were explored. The methods applied included enzymatic liver perfusion which was nondestructive to hepatocytes, the prevention of aggregation of dissociated cells and the selective attachment of viable cells. These procedures yielded a recovery of 50% of the liver cells which gave rise to cultures representing 14% of the total liver cells. The cultures were composed of homogeneous epithelial-like cells cytologically similar to hepatocytes and possessed a number of liver-specific enzymes. There was virtually no cell division initially and most cells died between 24 and 48 hr. Insulin enhanced the attachment of the liver cells, altered their morphology, but did not prolong cell survival.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Parameters affecting primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants.

AIM: Treatment options in orthodontics have been expanded by skeletal anchorage via mini-implants over the last few years. Sufficient primary stability is imperative to minimize implant loss rate. The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze the factors influencing primary stability: bone quality, implant-design, diameter, and depth of pilot drilling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six pelvic bone segments (ilium) of country pigs were dissected and embedded in resin. To determine the primary stability, we measured the insertion torque of five different mini-implant types (tomas-pin [Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany] 08 and 10 mm, and Dual Top [Jeil Medical Corporation, Seoul, Korea] 1.6 x 8 and 10 mm plus 2 x 10 mm). Twenty-five or 30 implants were inserted into each pelvic bone segment following preparation of the implant sites using pilot drill diameters of 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 mm and pilot drill depths of 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10 mm. Five implants were inserted for reference purposes to establish comparability. Thicknesses of bone compacta were measured via micro-computer tomography. RESULTS: Insertion torques of orthodontic mini-implants and therefore primary stability varied greatly, depending on bone quality, implant-design, and preparation of implant site. Compared with the tomas-pin, the Dual Top screw showed significantly greater primary stability. Torque moments beyond 230 Nmm caused fractures of 9 Dual Top screws. CONCLUSION: Compacta thickness, implant design and implant site preparation have a strong impact on the primary stability of mini-implants for orthodontic anchorage. Depending on the insertion site and local bone quality, the clinician should choose an optimum combination of implant and pilot-drilling diameter and depth.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Erythrocyte membrane sodium-potassium and magnesium ATPase in primary affective disorder.

Erythrocyte membrane Mg2+ ATPase and Na+-K+ ATPase were measured in patients with affective disorder, their well relatives, and normal controls during euthymic moods. On the average, the Mg2+ ATPase activity was high in subjects belonging to affective disorder families. However, the difference between normal and affective disordered individuals was not statistically significant. Only the well individuals from affective disorder pedigrees as a group had significantly higher than normal Mg2+ ATPase activity (p less than 0.05). The Na+-K+ ATPase activity was similar for all the groups, including normal, bipolar manic-depressive (with or without lithium), unipolar depressive, and well individuals. Lithium treatment did not seem to have any effect on Mg2+ ATPase. Even though the values of Na+-K+ ATPase in the lithium-treated group were high, it is not certain that this was due to lithium per se.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1986

Abnormal ACTH and cortisol responses to ovine corticotropin releasing factor in patients with primary affective disorder.

To further explore hypothalamic pituitary adrenal regulation in patients with affective illness, we administered 1 microgram/kg of synthetic ovine corticotropin releasing factor at 2000h to 26 drug-free patients with this disorder and to 15 healthy controls. Compared to controls, depressed patients (N = 12) showed a significant elevation in baseline cortisol and significant reductions in the net ACTH and cortisol responses to corticotropin releasing factor. These findings were normal in manic (N = 6) and improved (N = 8) subjects. An additional finding was that baseline cortisol and net ACTH and cortisol responses to CRF were negatively correlated in the entire group of patients and controls as well as in the patients alone. These data indicate that the reduced ACTH and cortisol responses to CRF in depression reflect normal functioning of the pituitary corticotroph cell (i.e., that the negative feedback effect of cortisol on ACTH secretion in depression is physiologically intact, effectively serving as a brake on the ACTH response to exogenous CRF. Thus, the hypercortisolism of depression may be due to a hypothalamic defect, possibly involving hypersecretion of endogenous CRF. This possibility may be of particular interest in light of clinical observations that depression can often be precipitated by stress and by data in experimental animals that CRF may influence several processes known to be altered in the overall symptom complex of depression.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1987

PAG stimulation does not affect primary antibody responses in rats.

Adult male rats, which had electrodes chronically implanted in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). The number of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells (PFCs) in the group receiving PAG stimulation after immunization did not differ significantly from that in the unstimulated group. Thus, the results indicate that short-term PAG stimulation does not suppress antibody-producing activity in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Homotopes affect primary and secondary antibody responses in poultry.

Activation of the innate immune system by different homotopes may direct the subsequent specific immune response, and as a consequence may have significant implications on vaccination. In this study, effects of i.v. administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), respectively, and s.c. administered Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) on total and isotype-specific (IgM and IgG) primary and secondary antibody responses of chickens to human serum albumin (HuSA) were determined. Similarly, effects of pre-treatment of the birds with the homotopes on primary antibody responses to rabbit gamma globulin (RGG) were measured. In addition, antigen-specific (HuSA and RGG) and mitogenic (concanavalin A, Con A) responses of peripheral blood leucocytes in vitro were also measured. Our findings confirm earlier observations that both LTA as well as LPS have immunomodulatory features in chickens, albeit in an opposite direction. LTA enhanced primary and to a minor degree secondary antigen-specific antibody titers, but LPS was found to suppress these responses. In RGG-primed birds, LPS enhanced a non-antigen-specific recall response to HuSA. In addition, KLH acted in an immunomodulatory role too, enhancing primary and secondary antibody responses, but suppressing non-specific cellular immunity in a non-antigen-specific fashion. Possible mechanisms underlying our observations, and the role of LTA, LPS, and KLH in polarization of the specific antibody response in chickens are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cholinesterases in primary affective disorders.

Cholinesterase activities were measured in plasma (ChE) and in intact erythrocytes (AChE) in patients suffering from manic-depressive illness, their first degree relatives who were well, and unrelated normal volunteers. All the subjects were in a normal mood state at the time of testing. Plasma cholinesterase activity was found to be significantly lower than normal in bipolar (BP), unipolar (UP), other affective disorder (OA) and well subjects belonging to manic-depressive families. Intact erythrocyte cholinesterase (true cholinesterase) activity was also found to be significantly lower than normal in all the above mentioned patients and their relatives. Half of the BP subjects were on lithium treatment and their cholinesterase activities were similar to those patients not on lithium treatment. The data suggest a significant role of cholinergic mechanisms in the etiology of manic-depressive illness.

Adolescent↗