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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Foods commonly eaten in the United States, 1989-1991 and 1994-1996: are portion sizes changing?

OBJECTIVE: To compare quantities consumed per eating occasion in 1989-1991 and 1994-1996 was the objective of this study. DESIGN: This study was a comparison over time. Subjects/setting Subjects were respondents in the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) in 1989-1991 or 1994-1996. Intake data were processed and analyzed to provide estimates of amounts of commonly eaten foods consumed per eating occasion. Statistical analyses performed Approximate t tests were used to compare quantities of foods consumed by 1989-1991 and 1994-1996 survey respondents. Analyses were conducted for all persons aged 2 years and over and for 10 age and sex groups. Significance was set at.001. RESULTS: Significant differences in amounts consumed were reported for approximately one third of the 107 foods examined. Larger amounts were reported in 1994-1996 by all persons aged 2 years and over and selected age/sex subgroups for several foods including soft drinks, coffee, tea, and ready-to-eat cereal. Smaller amounts were reported for fewer foods: margarine, mayonnaise, chicken, macaroni and cheese, and pizza. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Amounts of foods consumed per eating occasion are widely used for the formation of public policy, counseling, and dietary assessment. Changes in amounts consumed should be monitored to evaluate the need for revisions in policy and diet assessment protocols.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Environmental and lifestyle influences on obesity.

Obesity is an end result of the intricate interactions of biology, behavior, and environment. Recent hypotheses in the scientific community suggest the current obesity epidemic is being driven largely by environmental factors (e.g., high energy/high fat foods, fast food consumption, television watching, "super-sized" portions, etc.) rather than biological ones. Individuals are bombarded with images and offers of high fat, high calorie, highly palatable, convenient, and inexpensive foods. These foods are packaged in portion sizes that far exceed federal recommendations. Furthermore, the physical demands of our society have changed resulting in an imbalance in energy intake and expenditure. Today's stressful lifestyles compound the effects of environmental factors by impairing weight loss efforts and by promoting fat storage. Combating the obesity epidemic demands environmental and social policy changes, particularly in the areas of portion size, availability of healthful foods, and promotion of physical activity.

Diet↗
PubMed1986

Environmental effects on the intake of overweight and normal-weight men.

The effects of changes in portion size and social condition on food intake were compared for overweight and normal-weight men. Subjects believed they were participating in a luncheon test of the acceptability of lasagna. In Study 1, under conditions designed to mimic social dining in a cafeteria, subjects were given either 255 or 426 g of lasagna. All subjects at a particular session received the same size portion and could ask for as many helpings as they wished. While overweight subjects ate more than normal-weight subjects, changes in portion size had no significant effects on intake. In Study 2, the effects of social vs. isolated dining were compared. Overweight subjects ate more than normal-weight subjects, and both overweight and normal-weight subjects eating socially ate more than subjects eating alone. In both studies there was a significant relationship between preference rating and intake for overweight subjects but not for normal-weight subjects. The results support the existence of differences in intake between overweight and normal-weight individuals and also indicate the potential importance of environmental factors in the intake of both groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Accuracy of telephone dietary recalls in elderly subjects.

Accuracy of telephone-administered dietary recalls was determined for 159 elderly subjects by comparing the telephone recalls of single midday meals consumed at congregate meal sites with data on actual intake for the meals. Accuracy was determined for kinds of food eaten, size of portions eaten, and content of 15 nutrients. Exact agreement between the two data sources on the kinds of food eaten occurred for only 55% of the observed food items. For 5 of the 10 food groups evaluated, the bias in mean recalled portion-size data was less than 10%. There was evidence of attenuated regression slopes relating recalled to observed portion sizes for 4 of the 10 food groups; adjusted r2 values for the recalled portion sizes ranged from 0.02 to 0.94. Because errors in the recalls of the kinds and amounts eaten tended to go in different directions, the accuracy of the nutrient data was better than that for the food-item or the portion-size data. For 12 of the 15 nutrients evaluated, the bias in mean recalled intake data was less than 10%. Although the adjusted r2 values for the recalled nutrient data ranged from 0.24 to 0.58, there was evidence of attenuated regression slopes relating recalled intake to observed intake for only 5 of the 15 nutrients. We conclude that telephone contact is an acceptable way to obtain short-term dietary recall data from elderly subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Children's bite size and intake of an entrée are greater with large portions than with age-appropriate or self-selected portions.

BACKGROUND: Whether large portion sizes affect children's eating behavior has rarely been studied. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were 1) to determine the effects of repeated exposure to a large portion of an entrée on preschool-aged children's awareness of portion size, self-selected portion size, and food intake and 2) to evaluate associations of children's responsiveness to portion size with weight status and overeating. DESIGN: Energy intake, bite size, and comments about portion size were evaluated among 30 children at 2 series of lunches in which either an age-appropriate portion or a large portion of an entrée was served. On separate occasions, the children's self-served portions, weight, height, and tendency to overeat were assessed. RESULTS: Doubling an age-appropriate portion of an entrée increased entrée and total energy intakes at lunch by 25% and 15%, respectively. Changes were attributable to increases in the average size of the children's bites of the entrée without compensatory decreases in the intake of other foods served at the meal. These increases were seen even though observational data indicated that the children were largely unaware of changes in portion size. Greater responsiveness to portion size was associated with higher levels of overeating. The children consumed 25% less of the entrée when allowed to serve themselves than when served a large entrée portion. CONCLUSIONS: Large entrée portions may constitute an "obesigenic" environmental influence for preschool-aged children by producing excessive intake at meals. Children with satiety deficits may be most susceptible to large portions. Allowing children to select their own portion size may circumvent the effects of exposure to large portions on children's eating.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2005

Comparative validation of a bilingual interactive multimedia dietary assessment tool.

OBJECTIVE: To perform comparative validity testing for a bilingual interactive multimedia (IMM) dietary assessment tool that mimics a dietary recall against an interview-administered dietary recall. DESIGN: This was a two-period crossover design study. First, participants were randomly assigned to complete an IMM recall or interview-administered 24-hour recall. The IMM recall generated a nutrient profile that included 20 dietary constituents. The interview-administered recall was analyzed using the Food Intake Analysis System (FIAS) and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) Evaluating/Reporting System. The effect of substituting standardized portion sizes for reported portion sizes was examined. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Of 80 adult participants, 71 (91%) were female, 45 (56%) had 12th grade or less education, 65 (81%) had an annual income of dollar 15,000 or less, and 21 (26%) completed the IMM recall in Spanish. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Analysis of variance and unadjusted and energy-adjusted correlations were used. RESULTS: No significant group differences were found for order of administration or demographic characteristics. There was only one significant (P=.025) method effect, whereby vitamin C intake was higher in the IMM recall than the FIAS. The unadjusted correlations between the IMM recalls and interview-administered recalls analyzed using both FIAS and EFNEP Evaluating/Reporting System were generally approximately 0.6. Energy-adjusted correlations were consistently lower. Substituting standardized portion sizes resulted in significant differences for six nutrients and caused all correlations to decrease. CONCLUSIONS: The IMM dietary recall is a valid method for assessing dietary intake within the tested group. The results of comparative validity testing and positive reactions received from participants and nutrition educators indicate that diet assessment using IMM has tremendous potential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Size makes a difference.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate status and trends in portion size of foods rich in fat and/or added sugars during the past decades, and to bring portion size into perspective in its role in obesity and dietary guidelines in Denmark. DATA SOURCES: Information about portion sizes of low-fat and full-fat food items was obtained from a 4-day weighed food record (Study 1). Trends in portion sizes of commercial foods were examined by gathering information from major food manufacturers and fast food chains (Study 2). Data on intakes and sales of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and confectionery were obtained through nation-wide dietary surveys and official sales statistics (Study 3). RESULTS: Study 1: Subjects ate and drank significantly more when they chose low-fat food and meal items (milk used as a drink, sauce and sliced cold meat), compared with their counterparts who chose food and meal items with a higher fat content. As a result, almost the same amounts of energy and fat were consumed both ways, with the exception of sliced cold meat (energy and fat) and milk (fat). Study 2: Portion sizes of commercial energy-dense foods and beverages, and fast food meals rich in fat and/or added sugars, seem to have increased over time, and in particular in the last 10 years. Study 3: The development in portion sizes of commercial foods has been paralleled by a sharp increase of more than 50% in the sales of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and confectionery like sweets, chocolate and ice creams since the 1970s. CONCLUSIONS: Larger portion sizes of foods low in fat and commercial energy-dense foods and beverages could be important factors in maintaining a high energy intake, causing over-consumption and enhancing the prevalence of obesity in the population. In light of this development, portion size ought to take central place in dietary guidelines and public campaigns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Average portions of foods commonly eaten by infants and toddlers in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: To examine average portion sizes consumed per eating occasion by infants and toddlers. Average portions reported for toddlers were compared to average portions for comparably aged children reported in the 1994 to 1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. In addition, reported average portions were compared with minimum required portion sizes for meals served to infants and toddlers in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). DESIGN: Data from 24-hour recalls collected in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) were analyzed. Average portion sizes were determined for major food groups and individual foods that were reported by at least 5% of the population. Most foods were reported separately; however, sandwiches were disaggregated into their components. Gram weights of portions consumed were converted, on a food-by-food basis, to household units so that foods with different volume-to-weight ratios could be analyzed together. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A national random sample of 3,022 US infants and toddlers 4 to 24 months of age. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: For each food and food group, average portion sizes per eating occasion were computed for up to six age groups. An average per-eating occasion portion was determined for each child who consumed a given food by summing the total amount of food consumed over the day and dividing by the number of eating occasions. These estimates were then summed across all children who consumed the food and divided by the total number of consumers. The number of eating occasions was defined as the total number of times a child had anything to eat or drink during the day, excluding eating occasions that included only water and/or supplements. RESULTS: For most foods, there was a gradual increase in the average portion as age increased. Average portions reported for FITS toddlers were consistent with those reported for comparably aged children in the most recent Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. The average portions reported for FITS infants and toddlers were consistent with CACFP-recommended portion sizes for formula, juice, meats, and cheese. For milk (toddlers only), cereal, breads, fruits, and vegetables, average portions reported in FITS were consistently larger than CACFP portion sizes. Distributions showed that, in many cases, the per-eating occasion portion sizes of 50% to 90% of FITS infants and toddlers exceeded the CACFP portion sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Dietitians, pediatricians, and health educators can use the data presented in this article to provide guidance to parents and caregivers about reasonable portion sizes for infants and toddlers. The data should also be useful to those who plan meals for infants and toddlers in child care settings and to researchers studying dietary intakes of infants and toddlers. Advice about reasonable portion sizes should always be tempered with appropriate cautions about avoiding coercive "clean your plate" feeding practices. Parents and caregivers should be encouraged to offer infants and toddlers appropriate portions of healthful foods from the basic food groups, with a special emphasis on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and allow them to eat until they are satiated.

Child, Preschool↗