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PubMed1994

1991 Census of Great Britain: summary of results.

All the scheduled Topic Statistics Population Statistics reports from the 1991 Census are now published. This article illustrates the Census range of statistics contained in these reports, making some comparisons with results from the 1981 Census for those topics where there are comparable figures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Advances in statistical methods to map quantitative trait loci in outbred populations.

Statistical methods to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) in outbred populations are reviewed, extensions and applications to human and plant genetic data are indicated, and areas for further research are identified. Simple and computationally inexpensive methods include (multiple) linear regression of phenotype on marker genotypes and regression of squared phenotypic differences among relative pairs on estimated proportions of identity-by-descent at a locus. These methods are less suited for genetic parameter estimation in outbred populations but allow the determination of test statistic distributions via simulation or data permutation; however, further inferences including confidence intervals of QTL location require the use of Monte Carlo or bootstrap sampling techniques. A method which is intermediate in computational requirements is residual maximum likelihood (REML) with a covariance matrix of random QTL effects conditional on information from multiple linked markers. Testing for the number of QTLs on a chromosome is difficult in a classical framework. The computationally most demanding methods are maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis, which take account of the distribution of multilocus marker-QTL genotypes on a pedigree and permit investigators to fit different models of variation at the QTL. The Bayesian analysis includes the number of QTLs on a chromosome as an unknown.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Problems in population health statistics].

The statistics of population health and development of public health system is incomplete. Mortality values can be analyzed for 5-year intervals, while morbidity is represented for the following age groups: children, adolescents, adults aged 20-39 and 40-59 years. The authors suggest revising the structure and volume of statistical data on morbidity with regard for age and sex for 5-year intervals, which will help more reliably and correctly solve modern problems of public health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Structural analysis of populations : new statistical approach to the problem of age in Squilla mantis (Crustacea Stomatopoda)].

Thirty-three male length-frequency samples are analysed first by a multivariate procedure. The evolutionary cycles are pointed out by the interpretation of the first two components. The simulation model is built up on the basis of factorial analysis. The assessment of age classes parameters (mean, standard deviation, percentage) is then carried out by the simulation of data. Their configuration with respect to the two components points out the proximity of the observed and generated samples and shows the value of the statistical model.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[System of measures enhancing reliability of population mortality statistics].

Means enhancing reliability of population mortality statistics are discussed. It is proposed to develop system of measures including continuous training in proper filling of medical death certificate, application of learning computer system "RUTENDON". Focus is made upon integrated software "Morbidity monitoring" to provide automotive choosing and coding of causes of death. Implementation of developed system into health practice of Tulskaya oblast enhanced reliability of causes of death and gave an opportunity to take appropriate managerial decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Using allele frequencies and geographic subdivision to reconstruct gene trees within a species: molecular variance parsimony.

We formalize the use of allele frequency and geographic information for the construction of gene trees at the intraspecific level and extend the concept of evolutionary parsimony to molecular variance parsimony. The central principle is to consider a particular gene tree as a variable to be optimized in the estimation of a given population statistic. We propose three population statistics that are related to variance components and that are explicit functions of phylogenetic information. The methodology is applied in the context of minimum spanning trees (MSTs) and human mitochondrial DNA restriction data, but could be extended to accommodate other tree-making procedures, as well as other data types. We pursue optimal trees by heuristic optimization over a search space of more than 1.29 billion MSTs. This very large number of equally parsimonious trees underlines the lack of resolution of conventional parsimony procedures. This lack of resolution is highlighted by the observation that equally parsimonious trees yield very different estimates of population genetic diversity and genetic structure, as shown by null distributions of the population statistics, obtained by evaluation of 10,000 random MSTs. We propose a non-parametric test for the similarity between any two trees, based on the distribution of a weighted coevolutionary correlation. The ability to test for tree relatedness leads to the definition of a class of solutions instead of a single solution. Members of the class share virtually all of the critical internal structure of the tree but differ in the placement of singleton branch tips.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

Statistical analysis of population screening.

Statistical techniques used for the evaluation and monitoring of screening tests and screening programmes are reviewed. Though many differences exist between screening to prevent congenital abnormalities, and screening to prevent death from chronic disease, the two are considered together. Analysis for other instances of medical screening will be conceptually similar to one or other of these.

Biometry↗
PubMed1984

Optimal sequential sampling from two populations.

Given two statistical populations with unknown means, we consider the problem of sampling chi 1, chi 2, ... sequentially from these populations so as to achieve the greatest possible expected value of the sum Sn = chi 1 + ... + chi n. In particular, for normal populations, we obtain the optimal rule and study its properties when the average of the two population means is assumed known, and exhibit an asymptotically optimal rule without assuming any prior knowledge about the population means.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Variances of the average numbers of nucleotide substitutions within and between populations.

Statistical methods for computing the variances of nucleotide diversity within populations and of nucleotide divergence between populations are developed. Both variances are computed by finding the phylogenetic relationships of the DNA sequences studied through the unweighted pair-group method or some other tree-making method. The methods developed are applicable to both DNA sequence and restriction-site map data.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Dermatoglyphic characteristics of the Czech population].

Statistical processing of results obtained from dermatoglyphic digital patterns of the Czech population--110 women and 130 men of a reference group--revealed the tendency of more complex pattern formation in men and a tendency of simple pattern formation in women. As regards the frequency of vortices, the differences are significant at the 1% level (in men they form 24.15% patterns, while in women 14.27%). There is also a significant difference in the ratio of arches (1% level of significance)--frequency in men, 5.85%, is lower than in women--11.69%. In the general evaluation the ulnar loops differ only at the 5% level of significance (in men 58.85% and in women 63.18%). The frequency of radial loops and double loops differ insignificantly. The results indicate a greater trend of asymmetrical patterns in men than in women. In investigations of the sexual dimorphism the attained numbers of statistical differences differ by fingers--the most widely different values are recorded in the index fingers and the least different ones in the middle fingers. The number of statistical differences by sex differs also by patterns: most in vortices and arches and least in double loops.

Czechoslovakia↗