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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Effect of population screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Since the introduction of a population screening program for cervical cancer in 1976, more than 85% of the female population between the ages of 35 and 54 years in the region of the city of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, has been screened. At first screening, severe epithelial abnormalities were diagnosed in 4.4 per 1,000 women, at second screening, in 1.5 per 1,000; and at third screening, in 1.0 per 1,000. The population screening program led to a marked increase in the detected number of carcinomata in situ. The number of cases of squamous cell cancer diagnosed in the first screening period did not increase. Once the population was screened, the detection rate of invasive squamous cell cancer in the group of women ages 35 through 54 decreased from 18.6 per 10(5) during the period prior to the screening to 9.0 per 10(5) after the first screening and 3.3 per 10(5) after the second screening. For the women above age 54, the incidence of invasive cancer was reduced by 58% after the second screening. The number of invasive cancers diagnosed in women under age 35 remained relatively small in spite of the large number of cases of carcinoma in situ.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effectiveness of rehabilitation programs on a remainder population: a retrospective analysis.

Retrospective analyses were conducted on a remainder population of 361 individuals with mental retardation at a rehabilitation institute. Program effectiveness was determined by means of aggregate and individual changes in performance on several instruments. Psychometric tests showed no significant increases in test scores whereas gains were found on all adaptive functioning instruments. Programs dealing with daily living and more conceptual material appeared to be more effective than vocational programs. One third of the remainder clients gained from the institute's programs.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

Effects of biofeedback-assisted attention training in a college population.

A program of stress management employing open-focus attention-training workshops was developed at Baruch College to bring the benefits of stress reduction to students. The purpose of the research reported here was to evaluate the results of the open-focus attention-training technique. Open-focus technique without biofeedback training was used for two semesters. Biofeedback training was incorporated in the third semester. In the first study, changes in grade point average (GPA), stress-related symptoms, and physiological measures were examined. The experimental subjects' stress data for this study was reported previously (Valdés, 1985). In the second study, changes in the same variables for experimental and control subjects were evaluated. Students in the control group showed decreased GPA, while those who participated in open-focus training showed a trend toward improved GPA. Stress-related symptoms associated with anxiety and management of emotional problems showed significant posttraining improvement, as did physiological measures in all of the biofeedback modalities in which the experimental subjects were specifically trained. The results support the hypothesis that the workshops were successful in reducing stress levels, and suggest that further controlled research be conducted to verify these findings, and to identify the most effective components of the training procedure.

Achievement↗
PubMed1975

A comprehensive approach to dental health in a school population.

A program to provide school children with dental health education and preventive services was initiated by the Boston University School of Graduate Dentistry. This program utilized several generally untapped resources. The emphasis was on classroom education using teachers who were motivated by special workshops as well as students of dental auxiliary training programs. These dental auxiliary students under the supervision of a dental health educator were used to educate the classroom teachers as well as to teach children in the classroom. Direct dental services were also provided in the program in the form of preventive services utilizing an unused dental chair available at a school.

Boston↗
PubMed1992

[An increase in the knowledgeability of the population on the problem of arterial hypertension as a result of conducting a secondary prevention program in a nonorganized rural population].

The paper is concerned with evaluating the efficacy of sanitary and health measures carried out within the framework of the program of secondary prophylaxis of arterial hypertension (AH) in an open rural population in terms of changes in the information of the community about hypertension. The program included regular radio transmissions, talks and lectures pertaining to the problems of essential hypertension prevention and treatment. During 4 years, the information of the respondents about hypertensive action of table salt increased 4-fold (from 8 to 32.3%), especially among persons suffering from AH. The number of persons who referred to overweight as one of AH causes rose 6-fold (from 2.6 to 18.1%). The information did not depend on the sex, age, or the presence of hypertensive factors in the examinees. Alterations were recorded in the attitude of the examinees to AH and its treatment: the portion of those who took hypotensive drugs increased more than 2-fold (from 10.9 to 23.4%) whereas the percentage of subjects treated successfully from 6.8 to 10.1%. The data obtained attest to a high enough efficacy of sanitary and health measures in relation to AH in the rural population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The contribution of social science research to population policy and family planning program effectiveness.

Social science research has made important contributions to population policy and to the effectiveness of family planning programs. Social science concepts, theories, and methods potentially are relevant to all aspects of reproductive behavior, including actual fertility, proximate variables, and desired family size. Social science research also contributes to the understanding of the social, economic, and political institutions that potentially affect, either directly or indirectly, the whole biosocial reproductive system and family planning programs. At least as important as its specific theories and findings is the role of social science in testing how to adapt such knowledge to distinctive national and local cultural circumstances of family planning programs. A central point is that carefully monitored pilot projects are desirable before launching full-scale national programs, as well as being continuing resources for program development. The research on early programs in Asia has been important, because those programs encountered and overcame some of the presumed obstacles to new programs.

Asia↗
PubMed1990

LINKERS: a simulation programming system for generating populations with genetic structure.

Significant features are described of a Monte Carlo simulation system, LINKERS, that generates nuclear family data conforming to one locus and two loci genetic models. Software engineering techniques help to produce a user friendly environment for studies of genetic ascertainment. LINKERS' 39 code modules are maintained and optimized using VAXset. Within a VAX/VMS workstation environment LINKERS generates a useful population of 10,000 families in 1 min. An example is presented to illustrate the use of LINKERS. Generated data were analysed using the segregation program POINTER. Likelihood ratio tests showed the effects of multiple alleles, gene frequency and incorrect specification of disease prevalence.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1985

[Value of the analysis of new cases of arterial hypertension in an organized population for the purpose of planning primary prevention programs].

Within the framework of the 5-year program for the control of arterial hypertension, "detriment" to the population program caused by the lack of preventive work among the so-called healthy portion of the population was estimated at a Moscow machine-building plant. The proportion of patients in whom arterial hypertension was successfully reduced or controlled was matched against the proportion of those whose arterial BP went up above the normal or marginal level during the same period. The study demonstrated the possibility of identifying high-risk individuals in need of primary preventive care within a population, and timely and purposive planning of preventive programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Census adjustment and the distribution of federal spending.

In 1989, programs that use population counts to determine the distribution of their funds transferred $236 per capita to state and local governments. If the 1990 census were adjusted to reflect undercounting, about 40% of state and local governments would receive increased grants averaging $56 per miscounted person; other jurisdictions would lose an almost equal amount of grant money. The surprisingly small reallocations arise because 1) total funds allocated by population are essentially fixed; 2) allocations depend on other factors in addition to population; and 3) programs vary as to whether they allocate funds in direct or inverse proportion to population.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1985

Determining school programming needs of special population groups: a study of asthmatic children.

A study of the 4,382 children in the New Milford (Connecticut) Public School System was conducted to determine if upper respiratory conditions and other health problems may be related to school performance. Seven percent of the 4,036 respondents were found to be asthmatic. Correlations of school-related factors for 61 of 286 students who had high absenteeism did not appear to be dependent upon asthma for any identified health problem. As absenteeism increased, student grades decreased. Achievement testing in math and reading was related positively to IQ and appeared to be unaffected by absenteeism from school. On the basis of this study, special education programming was not recommended for the target population; however, parents and school personnel are much more aware of physical, emotional, and mental health problems and their possible implications for school performance.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1976

The Post-Mastectomy Rehabilitation Group program. Structure, procedure, and population demography.

Memorial Hospital, New York City, clinical section of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, has developed a Post-Mastectomy Rehabilitation Group (PMRG) which provides a comprehensive structure program to enable the mastectomy patient to regain functional use of her arm and shoulder on the affected side, and to adapt functionally, psychologically, and emotionally to the loss of her breast and the diagnosis of cancer in the shortest time possible. This first segment of an evaluation of the program outlines the PMRG structure and operating procedures and presents basic demographic data (age, type of mastectomy, preoperative activity status) for 863 of the 1,400 mastectomy patients who attended the program since inception in 1970. Additional reports will focus on the physical and psychologic aspects of recovery and readjustment.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A computer program for survival comparisons to a standard population.

PROPHAZ is a computer program created for the analysis of survival data using the general proportional hazards model. It was designed specifically for the situation in which the underlying hazard function may be estimated from the mortality experience of a large reference population, but may be used for other problems as well. Input for the program includes the variables of interest as well as the information necessary for estimating the hazard function (demographic and mortality data). Regression coefficients for the variables of interest are obtained iteratively using the Newton-Raphson method. Utilizing large sample asymptotic theory, x2 statistics are derived which may be used to test hypotheses of the form C beta = 0. Input format is completely flexible for the variables of interest as well as the mortality data.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Broadening the base of a rare donor program by targeting minority populations.

Some red cell phenotypes are found exclusively in one race and may be of low frequency. Finding compatible blood for patients needing one of these rare types has been extremely difficult. A program was implemented to screen large numbers of donors for blood types found solely in their racial group. Implementation steps included obtaining broad community endorsement of the concept, educating blood service personnel, developing educational materials, enlisting the support of a knowledgeable physician from a minority group, developing a computer program to facilitate selection of donors to be tested, beginning the program and making the necessary adjustments, doing the laboratory testing to identify rare bloods, notifying the rare donors, and maintaining the enthusiasm of the entire blood service for the rare donor screening program. After 7706 black donors were typed, 1 Cr-, 5 Hy-, 24 U-, and 20 Js(b-) persons were found; one U- donor was also Js(b-).

Black People↗
PubMed1990

Practice of early diagnosis of breast and uterine cervix cancer in a northern Italian town.

We studied the practice of screening for breast and uterine cervix cancer in Torino where, currently, no kind of organized program exists and two projects of population screening programs, based on pap smear and mammography, have been developed. Fifty-two percent (95% confidence limits (C.L.): 47%-58%) of women 18-69 years old had had a pap test or colposcopy in the absence of symptoms during their lifetime. Among them 50% had had their last pap test within 18 months of the interview, 77% within 3 and 1/2 years, and only 14% was screened 5 and 1/2 years before or earlier. Thirty percent of never-screened women (95% C.L.: 25-35%) would not accept any of the proposed modalities for screening. Overall, 15% of women had had a mammography for screening purposes. Among women 50 to 59 years old, 23% (95% C.L.: 17-30%) had had at least one mammography for screening purposes in their lifetime, but only 18% (95% C.L.: 13-24%) had had at least 1 screening test at age 50 or after. Half of ever-screened women age 50-69 years had had the last mammography within 2 and 1/2 years. Among all respondents in the same age group this figure was 11% (95% C.L.: 7-15%). Forty-one percent of respondents reported to currently practice BSE (95% C.L.: 36-45%), but this proportion dropped to 10% in the age group 19-39 years and to 4% among women 40-69 years old when only those who had 10-13 examinations each year and judged their performance to be good were considered. Thirty-nine percent (95% C.L.: 34-44%) had had a physical examination of the breast performed by a medical doctor in the absence of symptoms within the last 18 months. Thirty-five percent (95% C.L.: 31-38%) of all women had never had a mammography, did not practice BSE, and had never consulted a physician for control in the absence of symptoms. Analysis by age, birth cohort, education, marital status and place of birth is presented.

Adolescent↗