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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Adhesion of shed menstrual tissue in an in-vitro model using amnion and peritoneum: a light and electron microscopic study.

We have investigated the adhesion of endometrial tissue isolated from antegradely shed menstrual effluent to amnion and peritoneum. This endometrial tissue was cultured overnight on either side of intact and stripped amnion and on the mesothelial side of peritoneum. Light and electron microscopy were applied to evaluate adhesion. With light microscopy adhesion of endometrial fragments to stripped membranes was observed in nine out of 12 specimens and in 12 out of 13 specimens when layered on the extracellular matrix side of amnion. Adhesion when layered on the epithelial side was seen in only four out of 13 specimens. However, when using scanning electron microscopy adhesion of menstrual endometrial tissue could be visualized in all samples. Numerous adhering fragments were seen when layered on the extracellular matrix side of untreated amnion. On several occasions not only adhesion but also spreading of cells was observed. When layered on the epithelial side of untreated amnion or peritoneum, adhesion was exclusively seen at locations where the epithelium was damaged or absent. These findings were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. These observations indicate that endometrial tissue isolated from antegradely shed menstrual effluent preferentially adheres to subepithelial structures of amnion and peritoneum. The lack of adhesion to epithelial cells suggests that an intact mesothelial lining prevents adhesion of menstrual endometrial tissue.

Amnion↗
PubMed2001

Regulation of NO synthase isoforms in the peritoneum: implications for ultrafiltration failure in peritoneal dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Ultrafiltration (UF) failure often complicates peritoneal dialysis (PD). At least two molecules might be involved in UF failure: aquaporin-1 (AQP1), a water channel thought to be the ultra small pore of the peritoneal membrane (PM), and nitric oxide (NO), which might regulate effective peritoneal surface area and microvascular permeability. METHODS: The contributions of AQP1 and NO in UF failure were evaluated by combining different experimental approaches. Specific antibodies were used to investigate the expression (immunoblotting) and localization (immunostaining) of AQP1 and NO synthase (NOS) isoforms in the peritoneum, in correlation with: (i) morphometric analyses; (ii) the l-citrulline assay, which specifically measures NOS enzymatic activities; and (iii) permeability parameters across the PM. RESULTS: AQP1 is located in the endothelium lining peritoneal capillaries, and its expression is remarkably stable in samples ranging from normal to highly inflamed peritoneum and even when transcellular water permeability is absent (loss of sodium sieving). A significant NOS activity, mediated by specific NOS isoforms, can be assayed in the peritoneum. The NOS activity significantly increases in conditions such as peritonitis and long-term PD, and this increase is mirrored by up-regulation of NOS isoforms, as well as angiogenesis and increased endothelial area. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the NO-mediated increase in effective peritoneal surface area, followed by a dissipation of the osmotic gradient, is a major mechanism accounting for the loss of UF in PD. Other biological consequences of increased NO levels in the peritoneum might include initiation of angiogenesis or modification of functionally important proteins such as AQP1.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Production of IL-6 and MCP-1 by the human peritoneum in vivo during major abdominal surgery.

Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are released into the circulation during major abdominal surgery. In addition, some of these mediators have been detected postoperatively in peritoneal fluids. Thus, it appears that the peritoneum may be a potential source of circulating immunomodulators following major abdominal surgery. With this in mind, we quantified the intraoperative production of interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by human peritoneum. A small chamber was sewed to the parietal peritoneum of 19 patients at the beginning of the operation. This chamber was perfused with buffered salt solution, and the perfusate was collected hourly and assayed for IL-6 and MCP-1 concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of the corresponding mRNAs was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction from additional peritoneal biopsies taken at the beginning and at the end of operation. Peritoneal production of IL-6 and MCP-1 started within the first hour of operation and continued with increasing amounts of up to 435 (43-1925) pg/cm2/h [median (range)] of IL-6 and 435 (59-1930) pg/cm2/h of MCP-1. There was induction of peritoneal IL-6 and MCP-1 mRNA expression. A suppressed MCP-1 production was seen only in one patient who suffered from severe septic complications in the postoperative course. Using a new technique that allows for the quantification of local cytokine production in vivo, we demonstrated that the peritoneum rapidly reacts to abdominal surgery with increased production of IL-6 and MCP-1. Early detection of impaired production may help to identify patients at risk of postoperative septic complications.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

Prospective study of non-closure or closure of the peritoneum at cesarean delivery in 124 women: Impact of prior peritoneal closure at primary cesarean on the interval time between first cesarean section and the next pregnancy and significant adhesion at second cesarean.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of non-closure of the peritoneum at cesarean delivery on postoperative complications and the interval time to the next pregnancy, and to investigate the incidence of adhesion following cesarean and the association between adhesion formation and peritoneal closure. METHODS: One hundred and twenty four women scheduled for cesarean section were randomized to either closure of both the visceral and parietal peritoneum (C-group, n = 70) or non-closure (NC-group, n = 54). At repeated cesarean, the levels and extent of adhesion, operating time, and any complications were examined. RESULTS: There was no difference in the incidence of postoperative complications at the first cesarean section. The operating time of the C-group was significantly longer than that of the NC-group. The frequency of analgesic use was significantly higher in the C-group. The time interval from cesarean section to the next pregnancy in the NC-group was significantly shorter than that in the C-group. There are no significant differences between the rates of complications in the C-group and the NC-group at repeated cesarean. The incidence of adhesion in the C-group was significantly higher than that in the NC-group (P < 0.05). The mean total operating time and the mean interval time for skin incision to delivery in the C-group were significantly longer than those in the NC-group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively) at repeated cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Non-closure of the peritoneum at cesarean delivery appears to have no adverse effect on postoperative recovery, it also decreases the number of analgesic doses and shortens the operating time and may be more desirable in achieving a next pregnancy. The present study demonstrated that surgical peritoneal closure resulted in more advanced adhesion formation. The practice of non-closure of the peritoneum should be performed at cesarean.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Adhesion of gastric carcinoma cells to peritoneum mediated by alpha3beta1 integrin (VLA-3).

The interaction between gastric carcinoma cells and the peritoneal lining is a key step in peritoneal dissemination. In this study, we examined the roles of the beta1 family of integrin receptors in the adhesion of such cells to the peritoneum. The adhesion of several gastric carcinoma cell lines to peritonea excised from mice was inhibited most by an anti-alpha3 integrin antibody and to a lesser extent by an anti-alpha2 integrin antibody. In the peritoneal implantation of NUGC-4 human gastric carcinoma cells in athymic mice, treatment of the cells with anti-alpha2 or anti-alpha3 integrin antibody reduced the number of disseminated nodules; suppression by the anti-alpha3 integrin antibody was stronger than that by the anti-alpha2 integrin antibody. The cDNAs to human alpha2 and alpha3 integrins were introduced into K562 leukemic cells, which were positive for the integrin beta1 subunit but negative for the alpha2 or alpha3 subunit. The alpha3 integrin-transfected cells adhered to excised peritoneum and to a monolayer of peritoneal mesothelial cells more firmly than did the alpha2 integrin-transfected cells or the mock transfectant. Reverse transcription-PCR was used to analyze the expression of laminin-5 and laminin-10/11, which have been reported to serve as high-affinity ligands for alpha3beta1 integrin. mRNA for these laminin isoforms was found in mesothelial cells from the diaphragm and parietal peritoneum. These results strongly suggest that alpha3beta1 integrin plays an essential role in mediating the initial attachment of cancer cells to the peritoneum, leading to the formation of peritoneal metastasis.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2001

Very high daily intraperitoneal doses of carbonyl compounds affect the morphology, but not the exchange characteristics, of rat peritoneum.

Glucose degradation products (GDP) are carbonyl compounds, that are formed by heat sterilization of conventional peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids. Carbonyl compounds are known to be toxic in vitro and potentially toxic also in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily, short-term exposure of the peritoneum to very high concentrations of GDP in vivo on peritoneal transport parameters and on peritoneal morphology in a well-established rat model of PD. Rats were exposed to three daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections (10 ml) for 9 days of a largely neutral (pH 7.2) PD fluid containing 1.5% glucose and sterilized by filtration, with (n = 8) or without (n = 8) the presence of different carbonyl compounds in concentrations 100 times higher than those reported in commercial PD fluids. Seven rats, not subjected to any exposure, served as controls. After the exposure, the rats were subjected to acute PD in 4-hour dwells. Twenty milliliters of 4% glucose dialysis fluid were instilled into the rat peritoneal cavity. Blood and dialysate samples were taken during the dwell for measurements of dialysate sodium, and for assessments of the mass transfer area coefficient (PS) for glucose and 51Cr-EDTA and of transperitoneal clearance (Cl) or radiolabelled albumin (RISA). At the end of the dwell, parts of the liver, diaphragm and peritoneum were removed for measurements of tissue cell density and thickness of the submesothelial peritoneal tissue. The exposure of the peritoneum to very high doses of carbonyl compounds did not affect the peritoneal transport of fluid and small solutes significantly, but seemed to slightly reduce lymph flow and albumin clearance out of the peritoneal cavity. Assessed after a hypertonic dwell, and compared to the situation in nontreated rats after the same kind of dwell, there was a significant thinning of the submesothelial tissue, but no difference in tissue cell density. It is concluded that short-term exposure of the peritoneum in vivo to very high doses of GDP resulted in almost no signs of acute toxicity.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of Xuanyinning Recipe on invasion of SPC-A-1 cells and pathomorphological changes of peritoneum in mice inoculated with sarcoma 180].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Xuanyinning Recipe (XYNR) in inhibiting SPC-A-1 cellular infiltration and on the pathomorphological changes of peritoneum in mice inoculated with sarcoma 180 (S(180)). METHODS: On the bases of isolated culture of mouse peritoneal mesothelial cells, we adjusted and added the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A-1 into the double-layer culture medium to observe the number of clones formed. We also took out the peritoneum from the mice administered with three different dosages of XYNR and observed its pathomorphological changes with transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: In the in vitro experiment, the number of clones of SPC-A-1 in culture medium with XYNR (50 microg/ml) decreased distinctly. In the in vivo experiment, it was observed that, in the peritoneum from the XYNR-treated mice inoculated with S(180), the mesothelial cells arranged more and more regularly with the increasing of the dosage of XYNR, while the mesothelial cells in the peritoneum of the mice in the control group necrosed and arranged loosely. CONCLUSION: XYNR can inhibit the invasion of SPC-A-1 cells. It also can improve the loose arrangement of the peritoneal mesothelial cells in mice inoculated with S(180), so as to inhibit the malignant effusion.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

[Measuring the thickness of the peritoneum as a dialysis membrane using various osmolar concentrations of dialysis fluid].

Thickness measurements solutions on the rat peritoneum using peritoneum using peritoneal dialysis solutions of various osmolalities show a marked reduction of the distances between capillaries and peritoneal surface with increasing osmolality. This may caused by a dehydration of the peritoneum and support the so-called canaliculus theory. If the dehydration of the peritoneum may outlast temporal the dialysis cycle with higher osmolar solution, it could be an explanation for the efficacy of following low-molecular solutions.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Human peritoneum in vitro: changes in urate transport after administration of pyrazinoic acid].

The article is an analysis of the dynamics of two-direction transportation of uric acid (UA) through the human peritoneum in vitro, and also changes of the dynamics under the influence of pyrazinoic++ acid. The peritoneum was taken from the anterior abdominal wall of patients undergoing planned abdominal surgery. It was found that the transportation of UA both from the vascular to the mesothelial side of the peritoneal membrane and in the opposite direction remained on a stable level for 120 minutes. The introduction of pyrazinoic++ acid decreased the transportation of UA from the vascular to the mesothelial side of the peritoneum on the average by 50 per cent. The transportation in the opposite direction did not change. The results obtained are consistent with results of clinical examinations. One may suppose that pyrazinoic++ acid induces changes in transportation qualities of the peritoneum.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum during experimental peritonitis.

The effect of laparotomy, intestinal resection, heparin and bacterial peritonitis on fibrinolysis of the peritoneum was evaluated in dogs. Heparin had no effect. Sterile laparotomy and intestinal resection severely, but incompletely, reduced fibrinolytic activity measured 24 hours after operation. Fibrinopurulent peritonitis induced by creation of a 10 centimeter long ischemic loop of the terminal part of the ileum abolished the fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum almost completely. The data are consistent with findings that adhesion formation is inversely correlated with the fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum. Untreated peritonitis abolished that activity by mechanisms as yet not elucidated. Heparin, which has been shown to reduce both adhesion-formation and the lethality of peritonitis, apparently does so by mechanisms independent of the intrinsic fibrinolytic system of the peritoneum.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Morphological response of the peritoneum and spleen to intraperitoneal biomaterials.

The present study was performed to evaluate the morphological response of the peritoneum and spleen to biomaterials. Silicone elastomer, knitted dacron or rubber was implanted, respectively, into a rat's peritoneal cavity and the morphology of the peritoneum and spleen was studied at 4 hours and on the 1st, 4th, 7th and 21st day after surgery. The morphological changes were identical among groups with different implanted materials. After intraperitoneal implantation of biomaterials from 4 hours and on, an infiltration of inflammatory cells was found in the slackened edematous superficial part of the peritoneum. Also noted in the spleen were stasis, vessel dilatation and fibrin deposition. With the help of scanning electron microscopy, a marked denudation and separation of the mesothelial cells, with infiltration of inflammatory cells, were observed. Peripheral leucocytes significantly increased in number one day after intraperitoneal implantation. Three weeks after intraperitoneal implantation, the materials were completely encapsulated and the morphological aberration of the peritoneum and spleen disappeared. The findings reveal the consequence and the resolution of the host-biomaterial interaction, which could contribute to the explanation of various pathophysiological alterations, including the translocation of enteric bacteria and the development of infectious complications after intraperitoneal biomaterial implantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Quantitative study of a SEM image processing system on the absorptive mesothelium of the diaphragmatic peritoneum].

SEM and a medical image processing system attached to SEM were used to study the peritoneal mesothelium on mice diaphragm. The absorptive mesothelium was first reported owing to its function and morphology. The absorptivity of diaphragmatic peritoneum was surveyed by the measurement of the area of the absorptive mesothelium. The arrangement of the absorptive mesothelium on diaphragmatic peritoneum was block-like with abnormal distribution, and the maximum and minimum areas of the block were 1153 microns 2 and 66 microns 2. But the absorptive mesothelium on left and right half diaphragm were normally distributed. The average areas of the absorptive mesothelium on all diaphragm, left half diaphragm and right half diaphragm were 432.6 microns 2, 270.5 microns 2 and 512.0 microns 2 respectively. The distributive law of the absorptive mesothelium was costal portion > sternum portion > vertebral column portion. The average absorptivity of all diaphragmatic peritoneum was 29.2%, but that of left and right half diaphragmatic peritoneum were 17.4% and 32.9% respectively.

Absorption↗
PubMed1996

Species-dependent topography of the peritoneum.

Planimetric studies of peritoneal surface area were performed in 10 humans, 12 rabbits, and 15 rats. It was found that the total peritoneal surface area (TPSA) correlated in humans with body surface area (BSA) (r = 0.98, p < 0.0001) and body weight (r = 0.93, p < 0.001), and correlated in animals with body weight (r = 0.80, p < 0.005 in rabbits; and r = 0.88, p < 0.0001 in rats). The area of parietal peritoneum was 18.1 +/- 1.8% of TPSA in humans, 17.8 +/- 1.0% of TPSA in rabbits, and 22.6 +/- 2.1% of TPSA in rats (p < 0.001 vs humans and rabbits). Additionally, the area of peritoneum covering the individual organs (expressed as % of TPSA) was different in humans, rabbits, and rats: for example, the area of peritoneum covering the diaphragm was 6.4 +/- 1.5% of TPSA in humans, which was larger than in animals (3.0 +/- 0.3% in rats, p < 0.0001 vs humans and rabbits; and only 2.1 +/- 0.4% in rabbits, p < 0.0001 vs humans). Presented results show that interspecies variation in the topography of the peritoneum should be taken into account when the results from experimental studies done on animals are extrapolated to humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Peritoneum as a dialysis membrane. II. Pathology].

Peritoneal dialysis is an established method of treatment of chronic renal failure. In that paper morphological and functional changes of peritoneum due to the process of long-term dialysis are presented. Morphological changes are observed in mesothelial cells, intercellular junctions, interstitial tissue and blood vessels. Moreover morphological changes in typical complications of chronic peritoneal dialysis, e. g. peritonitis, eosinophilic peritonitis, and sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis are described. Mechanisms of functional disorders during chronic peritoneal dialysis, involving the decreased permeability of the peritoneum, the increased permeability of the peritoneum and the enhanced lymphatic drainage are discussed. The article is the second of two parts presenting physiology and pathology of peritoneum as dialysis membrane.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1997

Water channel AQP1, 3, and 4 in the human peritoneum and peritoneal dialysate.

To clarify the mechanism of water transport driven by osmotic gradient through "ultrasmall pores" in the peritoneum, we tried to identify water channels in the peritoneum and cells in the peritoneal dialysate. Peritoneum was surgically excised from uremic patients at the insertion or removal of a catheter. Sediment was collected from 2 L of peritoneal dialysate by centrifugation at 1500 rpm. RNA was extracted and amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Contamination of reticulocytes was tested by the presence of ankyrin mRNA. Peritoneal tissue expressed aquaporin (AQP) 1, 3, and 4 (AQP1 > 3 > 4). Sediment of dialysate expressed mRNA of AQP1 and AQP3 (AQP1 > AQP3). The sample did not express ankyrin mRNA, indicating that the AQP1 in the sediment did not originate from reticulocytes. These data indicate that aquaporins are present in the peritoneum and might participate in water transport. Further quantitative analysis of aquaporin messages in the dialysate might clarify the pathogenesis of water removal failure.

Ankyrins↗
PubMed1997

Long-term effects of glycylglycine peritoneal dialysis solution with neutral pH on peritoneum in rats.

This study was designed to test the morphological and functional effects of neutral, bicarbonate-based peritoneal dialysis solution containing glycylglycine on the peritoneum of chronically dialyzed rats. Peritoneal dialysis catheters were implanted in 36 rats. The animals were dialyzed twice daily for 4 weeks with a solution containing bicarbonate (35 mmol/L), glycylglycine (10 mmol/L), and 4% of anhydrous glucose (pH 7.35) (group 1; n = 18) or with lactate-based standard 4.25% Dianeal (pH 5.3 (group 2; n = 18). At the beginning of the study, reabsorption of glucose was slower in group 1 (p < 0.02); at the same time, the hyaluronic acid level in the effluent was higher in this group (p < 0.05). However, towards the end of the study these differences disappeared. After 4 weeks of dialysis in rats exposed to bicarbonate-based solution only, the transperitoneal loss of proteins was slower. In morphological studies of the parietal peritoneum, we detected no statistically significant differences between control nondialyzed rats and those exposed to tested solutions. In a biopsy of visceral peritoneum a tendency was observed for increased thickness of peritoneum in rats dialyzed with both tested peritoneal dialysis solutions when compared to control animals. In conclusion, neutral pH glycylglycine peritoneal dialysis solutions seem to be more biocompatible than standard dialysis solutions.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Primary malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (metaplastic carcinoma) of the female peritoneum. A clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical study of three cases and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Malignant mixed mesodermal tumors (malignant mixed Müllerian tumors [MMMT]) occur rarely in extragenital sites. METHODS: The authors analyzed the clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical features of three cases of primary MMMT of the female peritoneum. RESULTS: The neoplasms occurred in 60-, 64- and 84-year-old women and arose from pelvic peritoneum. Two patients died with disseminated disease 8 and 24 months postoperatively. The third died of cardiac failure 12 months postoperatively with questionable metastatic disease. Microscopically, two tumors were of the heterologous type, containing foci of rhabdomyosarcomatous (case 1) and chondrosarcomatous (case 3) differentiation. Immunohistochemically, coexpression of keratin and vimentin was observed focally in both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components in all three neoplasms, whereas coexpression of low molecular weight cytokeratin, vimentin and actin was observed focally in case 2. Rhabdomyosarcomatous areas were positive with desmin and actin, and chondrosarcomatous areas for S-100 protein. Both epithelial and mesenchymal components were positive for alpha-1 antichymotrypsin in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the present cases and a review of 15 reports from the literature, primary MMMT of the female peritoneum proved to be a rare but highly malignant neoplasm occurring in elderly postmenopausal women. Of 15 patients with available follow-up, 12 died with disease, mostly within 1 year, regardless of the initial tumor stage, histology (homologous versus heterologous MMMT) or treatments attempted. The tumor developed within pelvic peritoneum in half the cases. Histogenetically, peritoneal MMMT are thought to represent "metaplastic" carcinomas originating from the secondary Müllerian system.

Actins↗
PubMed1989

Studies on the accumulation of serum proteins in zymosan-induced inflammation in mouse peritoneum.

Inflammatory responses were induced in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of zymosan. This resulted in a rapid accumulation of protein in the peritoneum that was dependent on the time of the injection and concentration of zymosan used. Though other stimuli, e.g., phorbol myristate acetate, lipopolysaccharide, carrageenan and latex beads, caused the accumulation of proteins, the maximum response was obtained only with zymosan. Injection of free fatty acids were unable to induce protein accumulation in peritoneum. Factors which decreased leukotriene production in mouse peritoneum, i.e., dietary n-3 fatty acids essential fatty acid deficient diets, did not affect protein accumulation. Direct injection of leukotrienes also failed to induce protein accumulation. Analyses revealed that the proteins were similar to serum proteins, indicating that zymosan causes the leakage of serum proteins into peritoneum.

Animals↗