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PubMedDate not supplied

Research directions in augmentative and alternative communication for preschool children.

PURPOSE: To review issues related to the use of augmentative systems with young children and present a case study of one child and family's experience with the System for Augmenting Language (SAL). METHOD: The case involved a preschool child with severe developmental delays who had little functional speech. Acquisition and use of graphic symbols on a speech-output communication device was studied in home and clinical settings. Language and communication behaviours of the child and his communication partners were observed and language assessment measures were collected. RESULTS: Child engagement state varied across the two settings with a stable profile seen in the therapy setting and a clear increase at home. Child communicative attempts increased following the introduction of the augmented system. Parents reported successful use of the SAL. CONCLUSION: SAL is a viable communication intervention approach for young children.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1994

Conversation as therapy for older adults in residential care: the case for intervention.

Social isolation resulting from sensory loss tends to reduce life satisfaction in older adults. Residence in a long-term care facility such as a nursing home does little to alleviate their communication needs. Potenial communication partners are available (e.g. other residents, family and friends, nursing staff, volunteers, health-care workers), but many need instruction, counselling and feedback to become therapeutically effective. The speech pathologist's experience as both communication therapist and social facilitator can enhance consultation and staff training in this area.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Quantum communication between N partners and Bell's inequalities.

We consider a family of quantum communication protocols involving N partners. We demonstrate the existence of a link between the security of these protocols against individual attacks by the eavesdropper, and the violation of some Bell's inequalities, generalizing the link that was noticed some years ago for two-partners quantum cryptography. The arguments are independent of the local hidden variable debate.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Initiating requests during community-based vocational training by students with mental retardation and sensory impairments.

Students with mental retardation and deafness or deaf-blindness often need some type of communication system to communicate effectively with communication partners during community-based vocational training. However, students may need specific training to learn how to initiate requests for items or assistance, a skill identified as critical for job success. Students were taught to initiate requests using dual communication boards and gestures. Data were recorded on student performance using a multiple-baseline probe design in which data were collected during baseline, intervention, and generalization phases. Students were able to initiate requests with 80% to 100% accuracy with the communication system at vocational sites. Training students to initiate requests may need to be targeted when students are first learning a job, as this is when most naturally occurring opportunities exist.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Substance use, coping, and safer sex practices among adolescents with hemophilia and human immunodeficiency virus. The Hemophilia Behavioral Intervention Evaluative Project Committee.

PURPOSE: To examine the use of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) to cope with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the use of AOD before or during sex by 306 adolescent males with HIV and hemophilia, and its association with safer sex practices. METHODS: A survey instrument was administered to adolescents at 11 sites of the Hemophilia Behavioral Intervention Evaluative Project. Survey questions focused on knowledge of sexual activity, safer sex practices, AOD use, attitudinal and behavioral influences of parents, peers and sex partners, communication patterns, and perceived facilitators and barriers to practicing safer sex. RESULTS: A total of 68% of all respondents reported using condoms every time they had heterosexual sex. Respondents who did not use AOD to cope were more likely than AOD copers to report that they disclose their HIV status to all sex partners, talk to all of their sex partners about safer sex, find the use of condoms more enjoyable, and have sex partners who approved of their use of condoms. Condom use was not related to the use of AOD to cope or the use of AOD with the most recent female sex partner. CONCLUSIONS: The use of AOD to cope with HIV and its use before or during sex was negatively associated with certain safer sex attitudes and practices. AOD use may help facilitate HIV transmission among adolescents with HIV and/or hemophilia.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Relationship factors and depressive symptomatology associated with mild and severe husband-to-wife physical aggression.

This study uses a gender-specific approach to investigate the association among relationship factors, depressive symptomatology and husbands' marital violence in 327 couples who attended a marital therapy clinic. Both spouses reports were used to group couples according to husbands' verbal (VA), mild physical (MA), and severe physical (SA) aggression as measured by the Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus, 1979). Frequency of aggression and spouses' perceptions about their partners' communication skills during conflict (i.e., use of hostile, verbally aggressive and avoidant conflict styles) were different for all groups. Reports on marital quality, conflict management style, cognitions about marriage, and individual affective state were more negative for both spouses when husbands were severely physically aggressive. Wives in the SA group were most likely to believe that partners cannot change. Discriminant function analysis provided substantial prediction of group membership when husbands were verbally or severely aggressive, but weaker prediction when husbands engaged in mild physical aggression. The limits of current measures of dyadic processes for marital violence research are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Factors related to condom use with casual partners among urban African-American and Hispanic males.

Constructs from the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action were tested for their relationship to condom use with casual partners in a probability sample of urban African-American and Hispanic males aged 15-24. The results indicate the importance of 1) promoting a sense of male responsibility regarding condom use; 2) promoting the belief that condoms should be used with all partners; 3) developing skills for condom use and partner communication; and 4) increasing perceived susceptibility to HIV infection in design of intervention programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

HIV-1 seroprevalence, risk factors, and preventive behaviors among women in northern Thailand.

To study HIV-1 seroprevalence, risk factors, and preventive behaviors among reproductive-age women in northern Thailand, 804 consenting women who were identified postpartum or who were visiting family planning clinics were interviewed and tested during 1998 to 1999. Almost all women were currently married and had been pregnant more than once. Their median age was 27 years. HIV-1 seroprevalence was 3.1% overall and was higher in women aged between 25 and 29 years (5.9%), having had > or =2 lifetime sex partners (6.5%), or whose current marriage had lasted for < or =1 year (7.0%). No woman reported HIV risk factors other than heterosexual sex. Most (76%) HIV-infected women reported no casual sex partners and, therefore, had likely acquired the infection from their husbands. HIV testing and partner communications were common, but only 2% of couples used condoms consistently in the prior 6 months. Nearly half of these women perceived themselves at no or low risk for HIV infection; these women were less likely to have taken preventive actions. To prevent HIV transmission in stable partnerships in this population, additional efforts are needed to increase HIV testing and condom use, to improve women's negotiation skills, and to develop new methods that do not require partner cooperation such as vaginal microbicides or vaccines.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Resident-directed communication patterns in community homes for persons with disabilities.

A descriptive assessment of environmental variables influencing patterns of staff communication with people living in three community-based residential facilities supporting persons with disabilities was presented. Each of the 16 participating staff persons was observed for 2 hours, and all resident-directed communication behaviors were coded according to staff person, activity context, and resident. Statistical analyses were performed examining frequencies of interaction across these variables. Frequencies of communication were found to differ across activities and residents (communicative partners), but not staff persons or homes. Directions for future research and clinical implications are given, including the development of a model of staff performance and the creation of self-reinforcing social communities in residential settings for persons with disabilities.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2003

Acoustic analyses support subjective judgments of vocal emotion.

Subjective human judgments of emotion in speech have been considered to be less reliable than acoustic analyses in scientific studies, but acoustic analyses have had limited ability to detect subtle vocal nuances that give useful social information about human intent and meaning to discourse partners. Two post hoc analyses were undertaken to determine if results from acoustic analyses of vocalizations were related to subjective judgments of vocal affect (affective prosody). Acoustic analyses of fundamental frequency (F(o)) and subjective judgments of emotional content of vocal productions from two studies underwent statistical analyses: Study 1-vocal repetition of sentences using 6 basic emotions in 24 detoxified alcoholics and 15 controls; study 2-quality/quantity of "motherese" speech directed to 52 infants in Cambridge, England. Ratings of emotion indicators for both studies were done by female researchers of different ages and cultural/language backgrounds. In both studies, acoustic analyses of F(o) elements in utterances accounted for approximately 50% of the effect when modeling subjective emotion accuracy and emotion intensity ratings, using linear regression analyses. Acoustic analyses of F(o) are positively associated with subjective judgments of emotion indicators, and speakers who cannot vary F(o) are unable to convey emotion accurately to communication partners. Yet acoustic analyses are limited in comparison to the exquisite complexity of the human auditory and cognitive systems. Subjective judgments of emotional meaning in speech can be a reliable variable in scientific inquiry and can be used for more complex, subtle studies of speech communication and intentionality than acoustic analyses.

Affect↗

PubMed2000

Pretest assessment as a component of safer sex intervention: a pilot study of brief one-session interventions for women partners of male injection drug users in New York City.

This pilot study evaluated whether brief safer sex interventions for women partners of male injection drug users significantly influenced perceptions of partner risk, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge, correct condom usage, and self-reported consistent safer sex (abstinence or 100% of vaginal-penile intercourse acts protected by male or female condoms). The study also examined the impact of pretest assessment on those variables since pretest assessment may challenge participants' current knowledge, safer sex practices, and partner communication techniques. The study randomly assigned participants to pretest or no pretest assessment. Each group was also assigned randomly to a presentation modality: (1) safer sex pamphlet review only, (2) pamphlet review with demonstration of several safer sex alternatives, or (3) pamphlet review with skills practice to mastery with one safer sex alternative of the woman's choice. For the last two conditions, a 35-minute interactive session covered prevention efficacy of safer sex methods for HIV, sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, correct use, eroticization, local cost and availability, and partner objections. At 7 weeks postintervention, a higher proportion of women who took pretest assessment reported consistent safer sex (66.7%) compared to those without pretests (55.6%). Assignment to the interactive interventions (skills or demonstration) had little additional impact over pretest assessment for these women. Among women who did not take pretests, the interactive interventions had strong effects; 76.9% reported consistent safer sex versus 33.3% in the pamphlet review group. There were additional specific effects for pretest assessment on HIV knowledge and partner risk perception and for interactive intervention on correct condom usage. Brief interventions appear to have some positive short-term effects. Pretest assessment may be an important component of brief interventions.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Augmentative and alternative communication: treatment principles and strategies.

This article has attempted to clarify the principles of AAC evaluation and intervention, in part by dispelling myths that have persisted for too long. To the list of general guidelines for deciding when to consider AAC and how to begin breaking down the barriers to full participation by children with severe impairments, we need to add some warning signs that we have learned to heed in our work with these children. These signs are listed in Table 6 and are indicators that aspects of an approach to AAC must be altered or the child may fail to benefit from an intervention. Each sign conflicts in one way or another with current principles of augmentative and alternative communication. We give you these signs along with some possible ways to eliminate or prevent these errors in the future. Providing the best possible set of strategies for communication for a child with severe communication impairments is an enormously complex task. Whether a child can or cannot be assessed with standard procedures or whether he or she has unitary or multiple disabilities, the barriers to communication are many and intricately constructed. Sorting out strategies and how to apply them ordinarily requires input from the consumers of AAC (i.e., the family, child, and primary communication partners), the core team of professionals, as well as a team of specialists in AAC. Conducting evaluations and intervention is challenging because of institutional, bureaucratic, and professional barriers that each member of the team faces. Few, if any, teams can provide services that meet all of the established principles of best practice for every child that it serves. Yet, attempts to identify weaknesses within AAC programs and work to strengthen them must be given high priority in order to provide the best possible AAC services for such children. Only then will it be possible for children with severe communication impairments to overcome their own barriers and begin to participate in their choice of life's activities. That is, after all, the ultimate goal.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Comprehension: an overlooked component in augmented language development.

PURPOSE: Despite the importance of children's receptive skills as a foundation for later productive word use, the role of receptive language traditionally has received very limited attention since the focus in linguistic development has centered on language production. For children with significant developmental disabilities and communication impairments, augmented language systems have been devised as a tool both for language input and output. The role of both speech and symbol comprehension skills is emphasized in this paper. METHOD: Data collected from two longitudinal studies of children and youth with severe disabilities and limited speech serve as illustrations in this paper. The acquisition and use of the System for Augmenting Language (SAL) was studied in home and school settings. Communication behaviors of the children and youth and their communication partners were observed and language assessment measures were collected. RESULTS: Two patterns of symbol learning and achievement--beginning and advanced--were observed. Extant speech comprehension skills brought to the augmented language learning task impacted the participants' patterns of symbol learning and use. CONCLUSIONS: Though often overlooked, the importance of speech and symbol comprehension skills were underscored in the studies described. Future areas for research are identified.

Child↗

PubMed1992

Cell-to-cell communication competence in simian virus 40-transfected rat ovarian cells is reduced following tumor selection.

A pSV3neo-transfected rat ovarian cell line (SV-GC) was developed from a primary granulosa culture (GC) to study gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) during Simian virus 40 (SV40) transformation. SV-GC expressed SV40 large T-antigen (T-ag), grew indefinitely in culture without luteinization, was anchorage independent, and formed tumors in nude mice. Ultrastructural analysis identified abundant gap junctional membrane and suggested that SV-GC was arrested at an early stage of differentiation. Functional GJIC, measured by a dye transfer technique (gap FRAP), was comparable to that observed in normal granulosa cells, suggesting that the expression of T-ag alone was insufficient to reduce GJIC. However, there was approximately a 50% loss in the rate of GJIC in the nude mouse SV-GC-tumor derived and G418 selected cell line (T-SV-GC). SV-GC----T-SV-GC also resulted in a transition from migration of cells as an epithelial sheet to the dissociation of individual fibroblastoid cells. Tumor cell detachment was also seen in migrating malignant human (A2780 and 547) and rat (DC3) ovarian cell lines. Co-culture combinations of normal (GC)----transformed (SV-GC)----tumor-derived (T-SV-GC) cells indicated that the rate of heterologous GJIC was characteristic of the least communicating partner. Taken together, these data suggested that SV-GC----T-SV-GC represented progression toward metastasis with concomitant reduction of GJIC and adhesiveness. These sequentially derived cell lines may be a useful in vitro model system for studies focusing on the mechanism involved in the detachment of cells during the progression of ovarian cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Pathways of neuron-astrocyte interactions and their possible role in neuroprotection.

Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system. Early during development they act as guiding structures for migratory neurons; later they are not only the main source for nutrients and growth factors in the brain, but they are also communication partners of neighboring neurons. For this purpose astrocytes are equipped with several types of transmitter receptors and the capacity to release neuroactive substances. In addition, they form an extended syncytium via gap junction channels which allows fast intercellular signaling pathways. The pivotal involvement of astrocytes in brain function during disease situations is the topic of many studies. Here, we will review the role of astrocytic gap junctions, astroglial metabolism and neuron-astrocyte signaling. Identification of the molecular mechanisms of these three functions will improve our understanding of neuroprotection.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Deaf children's spoken language output with a hearing peer and with a hearing mother.

Knowledge of how deaf children use speech outside the classroom or therapy room many enhance our ability to improve their speech in a variety of situations and with a variety of communication partners. Past research has shown that deaf children's interactions in informal settings with their mothers and hearing peers create situations that can foster improved linguistic skills. In the current study, the amount and intelligibility of spoken language output in 15 deaf children ages 4-5 to 9-8 years during 15 minutes of free play with their mothers was compared with output and intelligibility during a similar session with a self-selected hearing peer. The results, which indicated that significantly more speech was produced during the children's interaction with their mothers, are discussed in terms of future research.

Child↗

PubMed1997

[Requirements for a teleradiology system. Experiences with the MEDICUS-2 field test].

During the Medicus field test we gained experience using the teleradiology system for almost daily teleconferences between a radiology department and clinics for internal medicine, urology, and gynecology. The existing system has a high degree of functionality. The full 12-bit data format is available using the DICOM protocol. A data security concept is implemented, ensuring data integrity, privacy and authentication of communication partners. This concept covers the areas of organization, technique, user training, and software implementation. A future system should be a general purpose radiology workstation covering viewing functionality, image manipulation, and digital archive access. Dedicated teleradiology features have to be a part. Specialized evaluation software, e.g. for dynamic MRI, should be integratable in a modular way. For data exchange with other systems and for the synchronization of teleconference sessions, the protocols should be independent of the network standard used (ISDN, Ethernet, ATM) and based on the DICOM protocol. Extensions of the existing standard are therefore necessary. Besides future technical developments, reimbursement for teleradiology must be accomplished.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2004

Do people with schizophrenia display theory of mind deficits in clinical interactions?

BACKGROUND: Having a 'theory of mind' (ToM) means that one appreciates one's own and others' mental states, and that this appreciation guides interactions with others. It has been proposed that ToM is impaired in schizophrenia and experimental studies show that patients with schizophrenia have problems with ToM, particularly during acute episodes. The model predicts that communicative problems will result from ToM deficits. METHOD: We analysed 35 encounters (> 80 h of recordings) between mental health professionals and people with chronic schizophrenia (out-patient consultations and cognitive behaviour therapy sessions) using conversation analysis in order to identify how the participants used or failed to use ToM relevant skills in social interaction. RESULTS: Schizophrenics with ongoing positive and negative symptoms appropriately reported first and second order mental states of others and designed their contributions to conversations on the basis of what they thought their communicative partners knew and intended. Patients recognized that others do not share their delusions and attempted to reconcile others' beliefs with their own but problems arose when they try to warrant their delusional claims. They did not make the justification for their claim understandable for their interlocutor. Nevertheless, they did not fail to recognize that the justification for their claim is unconvincing. However, the ensuing disagreement did not lead them to modify their beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrated intact ToM skills in conversational interactions. Psychotic beliefs persisted despite the realization they are not shared but not because patients cannot reflect on them and compare them with what others believe.

Adult↗