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PubMed2004

Effects of winning the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on breed popularity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether winning best in show at the annual Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show was associated with a subsequent increase in breed popularity. DESIGN: Analysis of archival data. STUDY POPULATION: Breed-specific numbers of individual purebred puppies registered with the American Kennel Club between 1946 and 2002. PROCEDURE: For breeds that had won the Westminster Show, the slope of the curve for number of new registrations per year for the 5 years prior to winning was compared with the slope of the curve for the 5 years after winning. In addition, the annual percentage change in number of new registrations for the breed that won each year was compared with the annual percentage change in number of new registrations for the nonwinning breed most similar in popularity to the winning breed. RESULTS: For breeds that had won the Westminster Show, the slope of the curve for number of new registrations per year for the 5 years prior to winning was not significantly different from the slope of the curve for the 5 years after winning. Annual percentage change in number of new registrations for the breed that won each year was not significantly different from annual percentage change in number of new registrations for matched nonwinning breeds. CONCLUSIONS: Results do not support the view that being named best in show at the annual Westminster Show results in a surge in popularity of winning breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An evaluation of residual organochlorine pesticides in popular Indian herbal teas.

Herbal preparations are gaining popularity worldwide because of their history of use and the belief that they are free of harmful side effects. Among the most popular products are herbal teas, which are marketed extensively with emphasis on their medicinal properties. At the same time, the World Health Organization has been emphasizing the need for quality assurance of herbal products, including testing for inadvertent contamination. The authors conducted a quality-assurance evaluation of residual organochlorine pesticides in some popular brands of Indian herbal teas. Organochlorine pesticide residue build-up from agricultural or storage practices was estimated with gas-liquid chromatography. The results revealed scant presence of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or its metabolites; endosulfan--a highly toxic pesticide--was absent in all 8 brands of herbal teas studied. Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers were detected in 2 samples, but levels were below the permissible limit for pesticide residue in foods, as promulgated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The authors believe that all herbal preparations should be checked for toxic chemical residues to allay consumer fears of exposure to known neurotoxicant pesticides and to aid in promoting global acceptance of these products.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1995

Information on drugs and environmental influences in pregnancy in popular magazines: a critical review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of information in popular magazines in Australia about drugs and environmental influences in pregnancy. METHODS: All issues of the 14 highest-circulation popular magazines likely to contain relevant articles were prospectively surveyed between November 1991 and October 1992. The accuracy of information about drugs and environmental influences in pregnancy was assessed after reference to evidence-based scientific publications such as the Cochrane Database of Perinatal Trials. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-nine statements in 162 articles were rated as accurate (77.6%), misleading (16.7%), giving a false sense of security (3%) or anxiety-provoking or inaccurate (2.7%). CONCLUSION: An accuracy rate of 77.6% may appear acceptable. However, the media, and popular magazines in particular, are an important source of health and lifestyle information. Misinformation may induce anxiety and lead to unnecessary or inappropriate changes to medication, diet and lifestyle. Any inaccuracy should be considered unacceptable.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1998

Coverage and quality of oral cancer information in the popular press: 1987-98.

OBJECTIVES: National data show a lack of knowledge and misinformation about oral cancer and its early detection among the general public. A major source of health information is the popular press. For that reason this study reviewed coverage and quality of news items on the topic of oral cancer in the popular press. In addition, the number and types of tobacco advertisements in women and men's magazines were recorded for a one-year period. METHODS: Articles from magazines and newspapers were retrieved from the Magazine Index (1987 to April 1998), Newspaper Abstract (1989 to April 1998) and the Health & Wellness (1987 to April 1998) databases. The articles were analyzed both for adequacy of content and information. RESULTS: A total of 50 articles and news items including oral cancer were identified and analyzed, 18 from newspapers and 32 from magazines. Ninety-four percent of the articles mentioned at least one risk factor for oral cancer. More than half of the articles (56%) identified spit tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) as the major risk factor for oral cancer, while far fewer mentioned either cigarettes (32%) or cigars (12%). Over 50 percent of the articles did not mention warning signs for oral cancers. Fourteen percent suggested clinical oral cancer examinations by a health professional; only 8 percent advised the use of self-examination. A total of 417 tobacco advertisements (482 pages) were found among 22 magazines for the one-year period. They included 410 cigarette ads, seven cigar ads, and no spit tobacco ads. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the lack of coverage about oral cancer in the popular press in the past decade and provides a partial explanation of the public's lack of knowledge and misinformation about oral cancers.

Advertising↗
PubMed2001

[Factors in popularizing home nutritional therapy (HNT) in Japan-analysis of nurse's awareness].

Home nutritional therapy (HNT) is not popular in Japan as compared with American countries. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of nurses in popularizing HNT. We sent out questionnaires to 469 nurses working at the O University affiliated Hospital, and got 265 responses. As a result, the following two factors were considered to affect the popularization of HNT. 1. Nurses had only a superficial knowledge of the activities of the nutrition support team (NST), and medical care by NST had not been spread. 2. In HNT, there were several gaps between ideals and the real role of nurses.

Awareness↗
PubMed2001

Conflict behaviors and their relationship to popularity.

This study examined conflict behaviors (self, other) among 127 Turkish college students. Differences in five conflict behaviors (forcing, avoiding, accommodating, compromising, and collaborating) were then explored in relation to popularity and unpopularity. Results indicated that the students engaged in more avoiding and compromising behaviors, while perceiving more forcing behavior in others. Further, the unpopular group was found to engage in more compromising behavior, and perceived more forcing behavior in others, as compared with the popular group. Constructive and destructive conflict strategies, and their implications for popularity, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The historical roots of popular practices in oral health: Pistacia lentiscus in Cartagena, Murcia (Spain).

All over the world, different cultures have made use of the plants that nature has provided for their oral care and hygiene. Many of these popular uses were integrated into scientific medicine during ancient times, but have once again returned to occupy a place in popular medical practice. This article will trace the historical route of the popular uses of Pistacia lentiscus (the mastic tree, or evergreen pistache) in the province of Murcia in the south of Spain.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed2006

Glycemic index and glycemic load of popular weight-loss diets.

CONTEXT: Carbohydrate-restricted diets have been popular in recent years. The theoretical glycemic impact of these diets, compared with other popular weight-loss diets, has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To assess the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of 2 popular, carbohydrate-restricted diets (South Beach and Sugar Busters!) and compare them with a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (Ornish) and a moderate-fat, moderate-carbohydrate diet (EatRight). DESIGN: All available sample menus provided in the book for each diet were extracted and included in the analyses. GI values for all carbohydrate-containing foods were assigned based on a published list. GL values were determined based on these GI values and recommended serving sizes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Median daily GI and GL values were calculated for each diet and for each phase of South Beach and each meal pattern of EatRight. RESULTS: The median daily GLs of South Beach and Sugar Busters! (34 and 48, respectively) were less than one half those of Ornish and EatRight (113 and 104, respectively). Adjusting the diets to 1500 kcal attenuated the differences slightly. The median daily GIs of the diets were in a very narrow range (46-53); however, South Beach (46) was significantly lower than Ornish (53). CONCLUSIONS: The GLs of 2 carbohydrate-restricted diets were significantly lower than those of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet and a moderate-fat, moderate-carbohydrate diet. The differences were due primarily to lower carbohydrate content rather than to differences in overall GIs of the diets.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2006

The impact of the popular media on cosmetic dentistry.

UNLABELLED: The popular media's influence on social norms with respect to people's appearance is likely to have played a part in the recent growth of cosmetic dentistry. AIMS: This study was designed to investigate the manner in which the popular media have affected the perception and delivery of aesthetic dentistry in New Zealand. METHODS: A nationwide survey was posted to a random sample of 600 general dental practitioners (GDPs) requesting sociodemographic details and information on the types of aesthetic dental procedures provided and the demand for those. Information was also sought on GDPs' awareness of television programmes and reality "makeover" television shows (such as "Extreme Makeover") covering issues related to aesthetic dentistry, together with the impact of such programmes (and that of different print media) on their patients' perceptions of, and demand for, aesthetic dentistry. RESULTS: The response rate was 81.2 percent. A majority of participants perceived an increased demand for tooth whitening (77.8 percent) and veneers (54.8 percent) subsequent to the airing of those television programmes, with 85.2 percent reporting patients mentioning "Extreme Makeover" in relation to aesthetic dentistry. Some 56.8 percent believed that patients had higher aesthetic expectations subsequent to the airing of that programme. An increased demand for tooth whitening was reported by more female than male GDPs, and also by younger practitioners and those who were practising in larger centres. Similar patterns were observed with respect to GDPs recommending tooth whitening for patients. Women's magazines were ranked by GDPs as having the highest impact on patients' perceptions of aesthetic dentistry. CONCLUSION: The popular media (especially television) appear to have had an impact on the demand for various aesthetic dental procedures in New Zealand.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in popular parenting books and the need for parental critical thinking.

Parents continually struggle to find better ways to make decisions regarding their children, and many use popular parenting books. The purpose of this article is to discuss the critical thinking skills needed by parents and practitioners who work with parents to make informed parenting decisions influenced by popular media. It also addresses strategies on sleeping, cosleeping, feeding and toilet training in popular parenting books, and the corresponding empirical evidence found in the scientific literature.

Child Rearing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health education and people's participation in health in Nicaragua: research on the profile, role and function of the "brigadistas populares" in health].

The Nicaraguan democratic government has been building, since the defeat of somozism in 1979, a very extensive and uniform health system in the whole country, giving special attention to the problems of prevention and health education, promoting and utilizing a wide participation of the population. The most emblematic representative of the Nicaraguan model of participation is the Brigadista Popular en Salud, a voluntary figure in urban and rural areas, working along side the Sole National Health System. The work and role of the Brigadista is integrated in a health education action defined "Educaciòn Popular en Salud", intended as a dialogue through which the educator and educated, beginning with the specific political and economical social reality, accomplish work of observation, analysis and syntesis of the different phenomena that deal with health-sickness. The Brigadista is a member of the community that works voluntarily for the community to carry out health actions, in coordination with the "Puesto de Salud" of the community. The authors refer to a research study done in the field in 1987, geared to study the profile, role and activities of the Brigadista. The research was done in the "Las Segovias" Region, in the Northern part of the country, in two Health Areas, involving three urban centers and six rural communities: 73 Brigadistas were interviewed, of which 50 (predetermined) of urban centers and 23 (total population) in rural communities. The article represents in a comparative manner the operative Brigadista respectively, in urban areas on the one hand and in rural areas on the other. The article examines: sex; age; schooling; work activity; social-cultural background; collective systems background; participation in Literacy Campaigns; motivation; length and continuity of activities; relationship with the territory; activities done. The Brigadista that works in rural areas seems actually to be more attached, even to the formal image of his role, that the urban Brigadista. This is shown by the reduced turn-over, the wider span of functions, the closer relationship with collective systems that represent categories, a more intense relationship with colleagues of the health system as well as with other Brigadistas, the operative reference to specificity defined territories, more continuity in the functions of the Brigadista Popular en Salud.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Popular medical concepts in Jamaica and their impact on drug use.

Universally, popular medical concepts form the basis of lay understanding of health, disease and cure. In Jamaica these concepts first developed in association with traditional herbal medicine. Now they are applied to the most common forms of primary care: over-the-counter and prescribed drugs. Research findings suggest that where there is disagreement between popular and professional medical models, as is the case in Jamaica, the effect of popular concepts is to increase self-medication and reduce adherence to prescribed medical regimens. To ameliorate this situation and the attendant potential risks for drug consumers, methods for providing needed drug information and improving physician-patient communication are suggested. These suggestions apply not only to Jamaicans living in Jamaica and the United States, but also to members of any group whose ethnomedical concepts differ from the biomedical training of physicians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Student perception of school environment and its relationship to mood, achievement, popularity, and adjustment.

This study examined relationships between student perceptions of classroom environment and mood, achievement, popularity, and adjustment, both for students in general and for "problem" (i.e., acting-out, anxious, and unpopular) children. Subjects included 511 fifth- and sixth-grade students from 23 classes in four suburban schools. Class environment was assessed by responses to a short form of the Classroom Environment Scale (CES). Students also completed mood adjective checklists and peer sociometric ratings. Reading and arithmetic report card grades and achievement test scores were recorded for the school year, and teachers submitted adjustment ratings for all students. Classes, rather than students, were used as the main unit of analysis. For classes in general, high perceived Order and Organization and Affiliation related to greater student popularity. Relationships between perceptions of class environment and the dependent measures were stronger for problem students. For that group, high perceived Order and Organization, Affiliation, and Innovation related to positive mood, greater peer popularity, and teacher ratings indicating more positive adjustment.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Harold Lloyd, the man who popularized eyeglasses in America.

BACKGROUND: Harold Lloyd was a cinema comedian who set records for popularity at the box office while establishing a unique screen persona. His character's distinquishing feature was a pair of spectacles made of tortise shell. Lloyd's screen character was so popular that, during the 1920s, the wear of spectacles became acceptable and faddish and contributed significantly to the popularization of eyewear.

Eyeglasses↗
PubMed1997

The revival of eugenics in American popular culture.

This paper explores the possibility of a "new eugenics" from the perspective of American popular culture. Several related ideas have been expressed in recent popular sources: differential rates of reproduction among different groups are threatening the future; there are "lives not worth living"; and the threats of disability are sufficient to justify limiting reproductive rights. These beliefs draw on assumptions that the future will depend on controlling the genetic constitution of the species. Popular ideas about the powers of the gene, we argue, are laying the basis for policies controlling reproduction for the common good.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1997

Political ideology and popular beliefs about class and opportunity: evidence from a survey experiment.

This paper examines popular understanding of class inequalities in opportunity using an experimental approach to assess implicit as well as explicit comprehension. Three competing representations of popular beliefs are compared: a 'class inequality' model, implying widespread belief in class-related inequalities of opportunity; a 'meritocratic' view of achievement, in which emphasis is placed on individual responsibility; and an 'ideological polarization' model, which assumes that beliefs emphasizing class inequality or merit vary with left-right ideology. Predictions derived from these ideas are tested using a national survey with an experimental design, in which respondents are presented with vignettes designed to elicit their beliefs as to how and why people from different class backgrounds obtain middle-class or working-class occupations. As predicted by the class inequality model, there is clear evidence of the impact of tacit assumptions about class structured inequality of opportunity on expectations, judgments of responsibility and explanations of occupational attainment. Even among right-wing respondents, who are more likely to endorse the rhetoric of individual responsibility, there remains an implicit awareness of social class influences on life-chances, suggesting the pervasive presence of these beliefs in popular understanding of social processes.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1990

Critical review of articles regarding pregnancy exposures in popular magazines.

To determine the scope of teratogen information available to the public through the media, a survey of 15 popular magazines was conducted. All 1985 issues of the selected magazines were reviewed for articles addressing pregnancy exposure concerns, yielding 56 articles from 10 magazines. The remaining 5 publications provided no pertinent articles. Two health professionals, both experienced teratology counselors, independently rated each article for accuracy of content and quality of presentation based on standardized evaluation criteria. The findings were compared and agreement for all criteria in each article was reached by the 2 reviewers. Regarding the quality of the information in the 56 articles, 31 (55.4%) were scored as misleading or inaccurate. On examination of overall presentation, 26 (46.4%) were rated as alarming and 8 (14.3%) presented a false sense of security; 22 (39.3%) provided a balanced presentation. A review of the types of articles rated revealed 19 (33.9%) general overviews of pregnancy issues, 18 (32.1%) news stories, 17 (30.4%) question-and-answer columns, and 2 (3.6%) feature stories. Of the reviewed papers, 7 (12.5%) included a citation from which the primary data could be obtained and only 14 of the articles (25%) suggested that the reader contact her/his healthcare provider regarding the issues. We conclude that the information available in popular magazines regarding exposures in pregnancy is frequently misleading, alarming, and unsupported by the scientific literature.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Read all about it: the over-representation of breast cancer in popular magazines.

BACKGROUND: While women are far more likely to develop and die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than breast cancer, research has shown that they markedly overestimate their personal risks of breast cancer and underestimate their CVD risks. The source of this disparity is not yet known, although increased media attention to breast cancer relative to CVD has been suggested to play a role. The purpose of the present study was to provide a first critical test of this possibility. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) the number of breast cancer articles would be greater than the number of CVD articles; and (b) this disparity in coverage would increase over the years. METHODS: A web-based search engine was used to quantify all breast cancer and cardiovascular disease articles (keyword search) in 73 popular magazines on a annual basis for a 10-year interval (1990-1999). RESULTS: Consistent with study hypotheses, breast cancer articles outnumbered CVD articles, and this disparity widened over the years (P < 0.0001). This disparity was not limited to specific magazine categories (e.g., women's interest). CONCLUSIONS: Over-representation of breast cancer vis-a-vis CVD is pervasive in popular magazines. Future research should investigate how such disparities in the media may influence risk perceptions, adoption of preventive health behaviors, and compliance with screening guidelines.

Bibliometrics↗