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PubMed2004

Comparison of the men's and the women's pole vault at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.

The aim of this study was to identify differences between elite male and female pole vaulters in terms of their mechanical energy and angular momentum. The vaulter's total mechanical energy and angular momentum were calculated from the three-dimensional kinematic data of the pole vault finals at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The development of total, kinetic and potential energy showed similar characteristics for men and women. The initial energy of the vault, the energy at maximum pole bend position and the final energy were significantly higher for male athletes (P <0.05), while the energy gain produced by the athletes during the vault showed no significant differences (male vaulters 5.88 +/- 1.02 J.kg(-1), female vaulters 5.74 +/- 1.63 J.kg(-1)). Time-related parameters relating to pole bending and recoiling also showed no significant differences (P <0.05). In contrast to the male vaulters, the female vaulters did not show a free upward flight phase. The angular momentum was significantly higher for the female vaulters during the initial pole bend and during the bar clearance (P <0.05). We conclude that the pole vaulting technique of female elite athletes is not a projection of the technique of male elite vaulters at a lower jump height, but rather a different way of jumping and interacting with the elastic pole. The current technique of elite female pole vaulters still has potential for further improvement.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

Visualization of Mad2 dynamics at kinetochores, along spindle fibers, and at spindle poles in living cells.

The spindle checkpoint prevents errors in chromosome segregation by inhibiting anaphase onset until all chromosomes have aligned at the spindle equator through attachment of their sister kinetochores to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. A key checkpoint component is the mitotic arrest-deficient protein 2 (Mad2), which localizes to unattached kinetochores and inhibits activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) through an interaction with Cdc20. Recent studies have suggested a catalytic model for kinetochore function where unattached kinetochores provide sites for assembling and releasing Mad2-Cdc20 complexes, which sequester Cdc20 and prevent it from activating the APC. To test this model, we examined Mad2 dynamics in living PtK1 cells that were either injected with fluorescently labeled Alexa 488-XMad2 or transfected with GFP-hMAD2. Real-time, digital imaging revealed fluorescent Mad2 localized to unattached kinetochores, spindle poles, and spindle fibers depending on the stage of mitosis. FRAP measurements showed that Mad2 is a transient component of unattached kinetochores, as predicted by the catalytic model, with a t(1/2) of approximately 24-28 s. Cells entered anaphase approximately 10 min after Mad2 was no longer detectable on the kinetochores of the last chromosome to congress to the metaphase plate. Several observations indicate that Mad2 binding sites are translocated from kinetochores to spindle poles along microtubules. First, Mad2 that bound to sites on a kinetochore was dynamically stretched in both directions upon microtubule interactions, and Mad2 particles moved from kinetochores toward the poles. Second, spindle fiber and pole fluorescence disappeared upon Mad2 disappearance at the kinetochores. Third, ATP depletion resulted in microtubule-dependent depletion of Mad2 fluorescence at kinetochores and increased fluorescence at spindle poles. Finally, in normal cells, the half-life of Mad2 turnover at poles, 23 s, was similar to kinetochores. Thus, kinetochore-derived sites along spindle fibers and at spindle poles may also catalyze Mad2 inhibitory complex formation.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1998

Supracostal percutaneous nephrolithotomy for upper pole caliceal calculi.

The incidence of upper pole calculi is 15% of all caliceal calculi. The management of such calculi has been simplified since the advent of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). In our experience, however, there is a subset of upper pole caliceal calculi wherein certain features can render SWL less than adequate treatment, namely diameter >1.5 cm, narrowing of the caliceal infundibulum, either singly or combined, and morbid obesity. In such instances, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is indicated. Percutaneous access to an upper pole calix can be difficult by a subcostal track. The supracostal 12th rib approach provides direct and efficient access to an upper pole calix and is ideally suited for upper pole calculi. Twenty-one patients with large or complex upper pole calculi were treated by supracostal PCNL. The maximum diameter of the calculi ranged from 7 to 40 mm. Eight were branched (staghorn). There was one horseshoe kidney, and calculi were bilaterally represented in another patient. Two patients were morbidly obese. All procedures were performed in one stage under general anesthesia. Following cystoscopy and ureteral catheterization, the upper pole calix was accessed directly with the aid of C-arm fluoroscopy and retrograde ureteral contrast injection. The percutaneous tract was dilated to a maximum of 26 F, a working sheath was inserted, and the calculi were extracted after ultrasonic or pneumatic fragmentation. One patient required secondary SWL for residual fragments. There were no intrathoracic complications, and blood loss was minimal. Large or complex upper pole caliceal calculi, particularly in the morbidly obese, can be treated effectively by PCNL using supracostal percutaneous access.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1996

Is there a best alternative to treating the obstructed upper pole?

PURPOSE: We addressed whether salvage of upper pole renal units in comparison to partial nephrectomy affects differential renal function in patients with a duplicated obstructed upper pole. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all children who underwent surgery for a unilateral obstructed duplicated kidney at our institution from 1988 to 1995. Patients were evaluated with respect to postoperative complications, reoperation rate and percent change in differential renal function of the obstructed duplicated kidney, as determined by nuclear renography. RESULTS: We identified 46 patients with a unilateral obstructed upper pole of a duplicated kidney who were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (12 patients) underwent an upper pole salvage procedure, that is ureteropyelostomy or ureteroureterostomy, and group 2 (31 patients) underwent partial nephrectomy. Three reoperations (25%) were performed in group 1 and 1 (4%) was done in group 2. Postoperative symptomatic urinary tract infections were diagnosed in 3 group 1 patients (25%) and in 2 (8%) in group 2. Average change in ipsilateral renal function in the 8 patients who underwent upper pole salvage procedures was 2.25 +/- 2.34% (range -6 to 12). In the 8 patients who underwent upper pole nephrectomy and who also had postoperative renal scans average change in function was -1.25 +/- 4.51% (range -23 to +16). CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant loss of relative renal function in patients treated with partial nephrectomy and no significant gain in relative renal function in those treated with an upper pole salvage procedure. The reoperation rate was higher in the upper pole salvage than in the partial nephrectomy group (25 versus 4%). While not statistically significant, we believe that this rate is clinically important. We think that partial nephrectomy should remain the preferred treatment for most patients with obstructed duplicated kidneys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Posterior pole retinal thickness measurements by the retinal thickness analyzer in healthy Chinese subjects.

PURPOSE: To assess retinal thickness at the posterior pole in healthy Chinese subjects with the retinal thickness analyzer (RTA). METHODS: Retinal thicknesses at the posterior pole and fovea were measured by the RTA in 331 eyes of 178 healthy Chinese subjects. Retinal thicknesses as a function of sex, age, refractive errors, and axial length were also evaluated. RESULTS: The average thickness of the foveal area +/- SD was 158.6 +/- 24.8 microm, the average thickness of the perifoveal region (600-2,500 microm from fovea) +/- SD was 174 +/- 25.2 microm, and the average thickness of the posterior pole region (600-6,000 microm from fovea) +/- SD was 171.9 +/- 25.3 microm. There was no significant difference in retinal thicknesses of the foveal, perifoveal, and posterior pole regions in either right or left eyes or as a function of different spherical equivalents. Moreover, there was no significant difference of foveal thickness between males and females. Greater retinal thicknesses of the foveal, perifoveal, and posterior pole regions were associated with age of older than 40 years and axial length of < 24 mm, and greater perifoveal and posterior pole thicknesses were found for females. Furthermore, there were no significant correlations between age, refractive errors, and axial lengths with retinal thicknesses. CONCLUSION: Retinal thicknesses of the posterior pole region differed by age, axial length, and sex, but there was no effect of laterality or different spherical equivalents. The RTA is a fast and noninvasive technology to assess retinal conditions with thickening or thinning in the fovea and posterior pole.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Branching sites and morphological abnormalities behave as ectopic poles in shape-defective Escherichia coli.

Certain mutants in Escherichia coli lacking multiple penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) produce misshapen cells containing kinks, bends and branches. These deformed regions exhibit two structural characteristics of normal cell poles: the peptidoglycan is inert to dilution by new synthesis or turnover, and a similarly stable patch of outer membrane caps the sites. To test the premise that these aberrant sites represent biochemically functional but misplaced cell poles, we assessed the intracellular distribution of proteins that localize specifically to bacterial poles. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) hybrids containing polar localization sequences from the Shigella flexneri IcsA protein or from the Vibrio cholerae EpsM protein formed foci at the poles of wild-type E. coli and at the poles and morphological abnormalities in PBP mutants. In addition, secreted wild-type IcsA localized to the outer membrane overlying these aberrant domains. We conclude that the morphologically deformed sites in these mutants represent fully functional poles or pole fragments. The results suggest that prokaryotic morphology is driven, at least in part, by the controlled placement of polar material, and that one or more of the low-molecular-weight PBPs participate in this process. Such mutants may help to unravel how particular proteins are targeted to bacterial poles, thereby creating important biochemical and functional asymmetries.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed2001

Aubergine encodes a Drosophila polar granule component required for pole cell formation and related to eIF2C.

In Drosophila oocytes, activation of Oskar translation from a transcript localized to the posterior pole is an essential step in the organization of the pole plasm, specialized cytoplasm that contains germline and abdominal body patterning determinants. Oskar is a component of polar granules, large particles associated with the pole plasm and the germline precursor pole cells of the embryo. aubergine mutants fail to translate oskar mRNA efficiently and are thus defective in posterior body patterning and pole cell formation. We have found that Aubergine protein is related to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C and suggest how it may activate translation. In addition, we found that Aubergine was recruited to the posterior pole in a vas-dependent manner and is itself a polar granule component. Consistent with its presence in these structures, Aubergine is required for pole cell formation independently of its initial role in oskar translation. Unlike two other known polar granule components, Vasa and Oskar, Aubergine remains cytoplasmic after pole cell formation, suggesting that the roles of these proteins diverge during embryogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Oskar anchoring restricts pole plasm formation to the posterior of the Drosophila oocyte.

Localization of the maternal determinant Oskar at the posterior pole of Drosophila melanogaster oocyte provides the positional information for pole plasm formation. Spatial control of Oskar expression is achieved through the tight coupling of mRNA localization to translational control, such that only posterior-localized oskar mRNA is translated, producing the two Oskar isoforms Long Osk and Short Osk. We present evidence that this coupling is not sufficient to restrict Oskar to the posterior pole of the oocyte. We show that Long Osk anchors both oskar mRNA and Short Osk, the isoform active in pole plasm assembly, at the posterior pole. In the absence of anchoring by Long Osk, Short Osk disperses into the bulk cytoplasm during late oogenesis, impairing pole cell formation in the embryo. In addition, the pool of untethered Short Osk causes anteroposterior patterning defects, owing to the dispersion of pole plasm and its abdomen-inducing activity throughout the oocyte. We show that the N-terminal extension of Long Osk is necessary but not sufficient for posterior anchoring, arguing for multiple docking elements in Oskar. This study reveals cortical anchoring of the posterior determinant Oskar as a crucial step in pole plasm assembly and restriction, required for proper development of Drosophila melanogaster.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Importin beta is transported to spindle poles during mitosis and regulates Ran-dependent spindle assembly factors in mammalian cells.

Spatial control is a key issue in cell division. The Ran GTPase regulates several fundamental processes for cell life, largely acting through importin molecules. The best understood of these is protein import through the nuclear envelope in interphase, but roles in mitotic spindle assembly are also established. In mammalian cells, in which centrosomes are major spindle organizers, a link is emerging between the Ran network, centrosomes and spindle poles. Here, we show that, after nuclear envelope breakdown, importin beta is transported to the spindle poles in mammalian cells. This localization is temporally regulated from prometaphase until anaphase, when importin beta dissociates from poles and is recruited back around reforming nuclei. Importin beta sediments with mitotic microtubules in vitro and its accumulation at poles requires microtubule integrity and dynamics in vivo. Furthermore, RNA interference-dependent inactivation of TPX2, the major Ran-dependent spindle organizer, abolishes importin beta accumulation at poles. Importin beta has a functional role in spindle pole organization, because overexpression yields mitotic spindles with abnormal, fragmented poles. Coexpression of TPX2 with importin beta mitigates these abnormalities. Together, these results indicate that the balance between importins and spindle regulators of the TPX2 type is crucial for spindle formation. Targeting of TPX2/importin-beta complexes to poles is a key aspect in Ran-dependent control of the mitotic apparatus in mammalian cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Restroation of the capacity to form pole cells in u.v.-irradiated Drosophila embryos.

Injection of pole plasm into u.v.-irradiated posterior poles of early Drosophila embryos leads to the restoration of the capacity to form pole cells in nearly half of the recipients. The effect is specific, since cytoplasm from the anterior tip has no such result. In most cases only a small number (between 1 and 5) of discrete pole cells are formed. However, a large number of pole cell fragments with or without nuclei occur. Occasionally pole cells were formed outside the area of the originally irradiated pole plasm. This happened when material was injected more anteriorly than usual. Thus polar cytoplasm contains some factor(s) necessary for the formation of pole cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The spindle pole body duplicates in early G1 phase in the pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis: an ultrastructural study.

The spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis was observed during the cell cycle using freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy. The spindle pole body was located on the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and consisted of two disk elements connected by an intervening midpiece in G1 through G2 phases. Each disk element was composed of filamentous materials and measured 150 nm in diameter and 100 nm in thickness. The midpiece had higher electron density and measured 60 nm in length and 40 nm in thickness. At the beginning of prophase, each disk element of the spindle pole body enlarged to more than double in size. They were separated on the nuclear envelope, and associated with numerous cytoplasmic microtubules. At mitosis, the spindle pole body entered the nuclear envelope, associated with numerous nuclear microtubules, and was located at the spindle poles. At the end of telophase, it was extruded back into the cytoplasm from the nuclear envelope. Three-dimensional analysis of cells in different cell cycles suggested that duplication of the spindle pole body took place in early G1 phase. Thus, the location, structure, and duplication cycle of the E. dermatitidis spindle pole body were different from those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2004

Influence of ski pole grip on peak upper body power output in cross-country skiers.

This study tested the influence of three ski pole grip systems (pole grip + wrist strap) on peak upper body power output: a traditional system (Swix PC grip and simple strap); a modern system (Swix PC grip and SR94 strap); an integrated system (Yoko 232 grip and Yoko 232 strap). Nine men [mean (SD): 32 (12) years, 177.0 (5.4) cm, 75.1 (6.0) kg] and two women [24 (9) years, 174.6 (3.6) cm, 67.3 (7.7) kg], all of whom were experienced cross-country ski racers at the regional, national, or international level for the U.S., performed three successive upper body power (UBP) tests on a modified double-poling ergometer. Each subject performed three 15-s tests of UBP using stiff cross-country ski poles (classic length; same poles for all tests per subject) and a resistance corresponding to 3% of body mass. Peak UBP was determined as the highest 5-s average power output during the last 10 s of each test. The three grip systems were tested in a counterbalanced order with 3-3.5 min of rest between tests. Peak UBP data were analyzed using a two-factor RM ANOVA and Sheffe's post-hoc test at the 0.05 alpha level. Peak UBP for the integrated system [mean (SE): 169.2 (6.8) W or 2.30 (0.06) W/kg] was significantly higher than value for both the modern [164.1 (7.2) W or 2.23 (0.07) W/kg] and traditional systems [162.5 (7.0) W, or 2.21 (0.06) W/kg] for absolute and relative power output (P<0.05). Given that double-poling peak UBP can be influenced by the ski pole grip system, a skier's choice of grip system may also influence cross-country ski racing performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Immunocytological and FISH analysis of pole cell formation and soma elimination of germ line-limited chromosomes in the chironomid Acricotopus lucidus.

In the chironomid Acricotopus lucidus, germ line-soma differentiation becomes evident with the formation of the pole cells and the elimination of the germ line-limited chromosomes (Ks) from the future somatic nuclei of the embryo. Unlike in Drosophila, the early nuclear divisions do not proceed synchronously in A. lucidus. Usually, only one nucleus, the future pole nucleus, penetrates into the pole plasm, always at a telophase stage in the course of a regular mitosis. This happens by chance, depending on the orientation of the mitotic spindles of the early syncytial nuclei. Consequently, the time and the cell cycle at which a nucleus reaches the pole plasm, and pole cells arise, vary between embryos of the same oviposition. When entering the first germ line mitosis, while polar plasm and syncytial plasm are still not separated, some future somatic nuclei begin to eliminate their Ks. While the soma chromosomes (Ss) undergo normal anaphasic migration to the opposite poles, the K chromatids do not separate and remain in the equatorial plane, as demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization using germ line-specific DNA probes. The elimination of the Ks does not occur at the same time in all future somatic nuclei. Nondisjunction of Ks was observed in the first mitosis of the pole nucleus, leading to primordial germ cells with different compositions of their K complements. The pattern and timing of elimination mitoses in the embryos indicate that each of the future somatic nuclei seems to regulate the elimination of the Ks autonomously.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Inhibition by ultraviolet light of pole cell formation in Smittia sp (Chironomidae, Diptera): action spectrum and photoreversibility.

The formation of pole cells (primordial germ cells) in Smittia sp can be inhibited by ultraviolet (uv) irradiation without causing significant mortality. Until 70 min after egg deposition, pole cells are suppressed by low uv doses applied to the posterior pole region. Microbeam irradiation of a target area including the oosome inhibits pole cell formation; this is not observed after irradiation of other target areas. The action spectrum for uv inhibition of pole cells shows a distinct peak at 260 nm; its shape suggests that a nucleic acid-protein complex acts as an effective target. Independent evidence for the involvement of a nucleic acid moiety is derived from the fact that uv inhibition of pole cell formation is photoreversible. The results are discussed in the context of pole cell determination by localized cytoplasmic components.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Spindle-pole organization during early mouse development.

Spindle-pole organization during early mouse development was examined using a variety of immunological reagents that recognize centrosomal components. Spindle poles of unfertilized eggs and blastocysts were found to react positively with two antisera (centrin and NRS-01), whereas poles of activated eggs and early cleavage-stage embryos were negative when treated with the same sera. In contrast, a third antiserum (5051) showed positive spindle-pole staining throughout the preimplantation stages of development. Two monoclonal antibodies (MPM-1 and MPM-2) that are known to react with mitotic phosphoproteins were also used in this study. Both antibodies stained the cytoplasm of mitotic cells with extremely high intensity. In addition, MPM-2 was found to stain spindle poles. These results suggest that organizational changes in the spindle pole are occurring during early mouse development. Embryos homozygous for a recessive lethal mutation known as oligosyndactyly (Os) were also treated with the reagents described above. This mutation results in a metaphase arrest at the blastocyst stage with intact spindles being present. Spindle poles were observed in Os homozygous mutants stained with centrin, NRS-01, and 5051. However, when Os mutants were stained with the MPM monoclonal antibodies, about half of the mitotic cells completely lacked the dramatic cytoplasmic staining. This observation is in contrast to that observed for wild-type embryos, where greater than 95% of mitotic cells showed positive cytoplasmic staining.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Simulation of 'smart' pole vaulting.

The process of pole vaulting is simulated using a finite element two-dimensional model of the pole and the vaulter. The pole is modelled with 20 beam elements and the vaulter with seven such elements linked together by pin joints. 'Smart' behaviour is achieved through control of limited muscle torques at the joints according to a given strategy. This control strategy is such that the vaulter strives to carry through a prescribed sequence of motions, corresponding to a given style, during a vault. The optimum pole length is determined for a vaulter with given initial velocity, strength and style. When a pole of optimum length is used, the maximum increase of the potential energy of the vaulter is 1.27 times the initial kinetic energy of the vaulter and the pole. This shows that the contribution from muscle work to the increase in potential energy during a vault may be significant. The simulation method should be a useful tool for optimization of pole design. It might also be useful for optimization of vaulting style or for judging the importance of vaulter strength.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

'Pole test' measurements in critical leg ischaemia.

BACKGROUND: For the quantification of critical limb ischaemia (CLI) most vascular surgery units use sphygmo-manometric and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) measurements. However, measurements obtained by cuff-manometry can be overestimated especially in diabetic patients because of medial calcification that makes leg arteries less compressible. TcPO2 measurements present a considerable overlap in the values obtained for patients with different degrees of ischaemia and its reproducibility has been questioned. Arterial wall stiffness has less influence on the pole test, based on hydrostatic pressure derived by leg elevation, and this test seems to provide a reliable index of CLI. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the pole pressure test for detection of critical lower limb ischaemia, correlating results with cuff-manometry and transcutaneous oxygen pressure. DESIGN: University hospital-prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four patients (83 legs) with rest pain or gangrene were evaluated by four methods: pole test, cuff-manometry, TcPO2 and arteriography. CLI was present if the following criteria were met: (a) important arteriographic lesions+rest pain with an ankle systolic pressure (ASP) < or = 40 mmHg and/or a TcPO2 < or = 30 mmHg, or (b) important arteriographic lesions+tissue loss with an ASP < or = 60 mmHg and/or a TcPO2 < or = 40 mmHg. Fifty-seven lower limbs met the criteria for CLI. RESULTS: Measurements obtained by cuff-manometry were significantly higher to those obtained by pole test (mean pressure difference: 40 mmHg, p<0.001). The difference between the two methods remained statistically significant for both diabetics (50.73, p<0.001) and non-diabetics (31.46, p<0.001). Mean TcPO2 value was 15.51 mmHg and there was no important difference between patients with and without diabetes. Overall, there was a correlation between sphygmomanometry and pole test (r = 0.481). The correlation persisted for patients without diabetes (r = 0.581), but was not evident in patients with diabetes. Correlation between pole test and TcPO2 was observed only for patients with diabetes (r = 0.444). There was no correlation between cuff-manometry and TcPO2. The pole test offered an accuracy of 88% for the detection of CLI. The sensitivity of this test was 95% and the specificity 73%.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Differences in the formation of poles of Enterococcus and Bacillus.

The pole of Enterococcus hirae (Streptococcus faecium) is more pointed than that of Bacillus subtilis; i.e. the pole of the former is prolate and the latter is oblate. Both species form their poles by constructing annular additions on the inside surface. In both cases, the thick septum starts to split from the outside before the septum is complete. Physiochemical considerations dictate that the peptidoglycan must be unstretched as laid down. However, it later becomes stressed and may stretch to increase its surface area or to change its shape. Our earlier analysis for B. subtilis demonstrated that, without the addition of new peptidoglycan, the nascent wall is stretched after it is externalized to 1.51 times the original area. The wall of partially formed poles that is already exteriorized continues to deform with further development. For E. hirae, Higgins & Shockman's measurements showed that the completed pole has a surface area 2.18 times larger than a completed septal disk and the wall changes shape very little after exteriorization. A model is presented here for the streptococcus in which the septal wall does not increase its surface area on exteriorization either by expansion or by murein insertion. Instead, the septal wall as it is split and exteriorized twists to become oblique, increasing the inner radius of the incomplete septum. In consequence of this rotation, extra layers of peptidoglycan are added to the inside face of the developing septum. This additional murein forms the more pointed pole shape for E. hirae. This "split-and-splay" model thus refines and extends the surface stress theory of E. hirae developed a decade ago by proposing a source of the extra wall needed for the formation of its prolate, more pointed, pole.

Animals↗