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PubMedDate not supplied

Isabel Maitland Stewart's philosophy of education.

Isabel Maitland Stewart developed the first course dealing specifically with the teaching of nursing. The purpose of this study was to determine the essential principles of Stewart's philosophy of general and nursing education and to determine the significance and influence of John Dewey on her philosophy. Documents were collected, classified, and examined using content analysis. Quotations from Stewart's writings were categorized according to the nature of man; standards; means, ends, and goals; learning; and education. These were examined topically and from the standpoint of their identification with contemporary philosophical thought, particularly pragmatism. Conclusions are based on the interpretation of Stewart's direct statements. She was progessivist and utilitarian in her ethical view. Such a philosophy is closely allied with pragmatism and, more specifically, pragmatic realism.

Education↗
PubMed1993

The educational philosophies behind the medical humanities programs in the United States: an empirical assessment of three different approaches to humanistic medical education.

This study investigates the three major educational philosophies behind the medical humanities programs in the United States. It summarizes the characteristics of the Cultural Transmission Approach, the Affective Developmental Approach, and the Cognitive Developmental Approach. A questionnaire was sent to 415 teachers of medical humanities asking for their perceptions of the amount of time and effort devoted by their programs to these three philosophical approaches. The 234 responses constituted a 54.6% return. The approximately 80:20 gender ratio of males to females and other demographic data on age and educational background were consistent with other studies of the field of medical humanities. Reflections on the results in Table II indicate that some changes need to take place in the teaching of the medical humanities if the perceived ideal is to be achieved. In order for the current teachers of the medical humanities to think that the appropriate philosophies behind the teaching of the medical humanities are being implemented as they should be, much less time and effort need to be devoted to the Cultural Transmission Approach. With no other published reports on the educational philosophies behind the medical humanities programs, this study created a new knowledge base about this relatively young and rapidly emerging field.

Education, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Philosophy and the DSM-III.

This report explores the interface between psychiatry and the DSM-III, arguing that philosophy and psychiatry are of value to one another. Three trends within philosophy are delineated--positivism, hermeneutics, and a synthetic position. These trends are applied to the DSM-III and to specific issues in psychiatric nosology such as the definition of mental disorder, the question of establishing boundaries between different psychiatric disorders, and the differentiation of organic and functional disorders. It is argued that while nosologists often think of themselves along positivist lines, and are often criticized by hermeneutic thinkers for just these assumptions, a synthetic view accounts best for how psychiatric science works. It is concluded that philosophy undergirds psychiatric nosology, while psychiatric nosology raises a series of philosophical questions.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1991

A corporate college of nursing and midwifery philosophy: a strategy for managing change.

This paper is an account of the process of identifying a college of nursing and midwifery corporate philosophy. This process represents one component of a change strategy for managing an amalgamation between three schools of nursing to form one college of nursing and midwifery. The paper is divided into four sections: Literature review, Methodological approach, Lessons learned and Managing change: a way forward. The literature review draws on what is described, in general education, as the school/college 'effectiveness literature'. This literature emphasises why the building of corporate norms is so important and that real change in the organization of a college cannot occur without the college redefining its commitments. A methodological approach embedded in grounded theory is described. This approach facilitated the discovery of colleagues' views from their perspective, and within their working context. It also enabled all the staff to take part in the process of identifying a corporate philosophy, which would subsequently underpin the college's educational policy and practice. This process was therefore conceptualised as an attempt to provide 'ownership' for a working corporate philosophy. In the final section it is suggested that many of the theories of change nurse and midwifery educators draw upon are conceptually and practically inadequate, as a basis for action in the socio-political climate of the 1990s. Effective approaches to the management of multiple changes calls for combining and balancing factors that do not apparently go together--in essence a dialectical approach to the management of change in nurse and midwifery education.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1996

Physician preventive care philosophy and the five year durability of a preventive services office system.

A group of 30 community physicians who practiced in northeastern United States and who participated in the Cancer Prevention in Community Practice project in 1988 were interviewed five years later. The aim of the interviews was to assess the long-term impact of the preventive services office system which had been introduced by the project. The qualitative analysis of interviews revealed three distinct physician philosophies about the provision of preventive services: a Request Only focus, responding to specific patient inquiries about prevention but taking no initiative to recommend indicated services; a Health Maintenance Visit focus, providing indicated services only during visits specifically scheduled for preventive care; and an Opportunistic Prevention focus, providing indicated preventive services at every chance. Physicians demonstrated these philosophies in their overall view of disease prevention, perceived obstacles to delivery of preventive care, as well as in their continued use of flow sheets and their impression of the value of the Cancer Prevention in Community Practice project. The long-term impact of the office system was the most apparent in the Opportunistic Prevention group. We conclude that the durability of a preventive services office system is influenced by a physician's preventive care philosophy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The medical philosophy of Francis Bacon (1561-1626).

Francis Bacon's view of man is dualistic but, although he takes note of mental faculties, he makes the relation between mind and body, rather than the substance of mind, the basis for enquiry into mental processes and, more particularly, for the medically relevant study of mind. (He uses "mind" and "soul" as equivalent terms.) The healing of the body requires study of the body, and the ineffectiveness of physicians is due to their failure in this respect rather than to the body's complexity. To learn about the body requires clinical observation and recording, together with the comparison of bodies, experiments on living animals and attention to pathological changes. The aims of medicine should include not only the restoration of health but also the relief of suffering and they are not to be limited by putting aside a disease as incurable. To learn from treatment it must be fixed in its ordering with controlled and limited variation. Bacon has no separation of medicine from natural science; his philosophy of medicine is his general philosophy of the advancement of knowledge, but limited to a particular field of application. If medicine is separated from natural philosophy it is changed wholly or greatly into empiricism.

England↗
PubMed1994

Philosophy and models in critical care nursing.

In 1991 a new philosophy and nursing model was developed in the adult intensive care unit. A team approach over several months, through the exploration of attitudes, values and beliefs, gave rise to the unit philosophy. The philosophy identified the beliefs of the nursing team which then, along with identified knowledge and goals for practice, directed us towards an appropriate nursing model. The Mead model, an adaptation from Roper, Logan & Tierney's model, was chosen and then adapted further. We believe the resulting model, although not perfect, guides our practice, reflects our beliefs, and is practical and 'user friendly'.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Doctoral programs in nursing: philosophy, curricula, and program requirements.

This study examined the philosophy, curricula, and program requirements of doctoral nursing programs in the United States. Forty-four doctoral nursing programs were solicited by mail and information about doctoral nursing programs was obtained. Of the programs, 31 offer the doctor of philosophy degree, 11 the doctor of nursing science degree, and 1 the doctor of education degree. Program philosophies could not be distinguished from one another. Eighteen doctoral programs offered advanced clinical courses and 22 programs focused on role preparation; 16 offered both clinical and role preparation. There was much variation in credit requirements, but the standard program was 60 credits in length, with 48 credits in nursing and 12 credits in cognates and electives. Approximately half the required credits focused on research. The similarity in the curricula of doctoral programs is striking. Discipline-specific values may be strong and account for the congruence in the types of curricula found in this study. Continued focus on research preparation, with varying degrees of emphasis on clinical or role development, is expected. The dominance of the doctoral degree as the terminal degree for nursing is likely to continue.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

The medium of signs: nominalism, language and the philosophy of mind in the early thought of Dugald Stewart.

In 1792 Dugald Stewart published Elements of the philosophy of the human mind. In its section on abstraction he declared himself to be a nominalist. Although a few scholars have made brief reference to this position, no sustained attention has been given to the central role that it played within Stewart's early philosophy of mind. It is therefore the purpose of this essay to unpack Stewart's nominalism and the intellectual context that fostered it. In the first three sections I aver that his nominalism emanated from his belief that objects of the mind--qualities, ideas and words--were signs that bore no necessary relation to the external objects that they were meant to represent. More specifically, it was these signs that were arranged into systems of thought by the 'operations of the mind'. The next three sections suggest that his treatment of words as signs most probably originated in his views on language and medicine and that his nominalistic philosophy of mind could also be extended to systems that sought to classify the natural world. I conclude by suggesting several avenues of enquiry that could be pursued by future scholars interested in excavating Stewart's thought.

Classification↗
PubMed1998

The dietitians' philosophy and practice in multidisciplinary weight management.

Dietitians are developing a philosophy and a practice protocol of weight management. A professional philosophy of weight management addresses questions about the social, psychological, and biological spectra of weight management: Should overweight be considered in terms of size acceptance or gluttony and sloth? How should emotional overeating and obsessive restriction be managed? Should obesity be considered a chronic disease, or should the idea that health at every size is possible be espoused? A professional practice protocol addresses another set of questions: Is obesity to be viewed as a short-term and long-term health challenge? Regarding the spectrum of antiobesity agents and antidieting approaches of weight management, what professional position and individual practice will be adopted? Should professional contact with patients be continuous or aimed toward self-care? What measures of successful outcomes will be used: weight change or life quality improvement? How should professional responsibility be balanced with personal concerns about eating and health behaviors that affect body weight? What are examples of closing the gap between the vision and the reality of the roles and goals of the dietitian on a weight management team? Dietitians are translating philosophy into practice. Because dietary control alone has a record of limited success in weight loss and less success in maintaining weight loss, the dietitian's expanded role includes helping patients manage weight with coping skills, motivation techniques, physical activity, and food behavior change. The challenge is integrating functional components of practice with dietitians' unique food and nutrition skills that include selection of alternative foods, portion control, and preparing acceptable, tasty foods for lifelong weight management.

Dietary Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sculpting a nurse-midwifery philosophy. Ernestine Wiedenbach's influence.

An educational project used in a professional-issues course for student nurse-midwives is described. The class project involved nurse-midwives portraying (in clay), and subsequently discussing, their individual practice philosophies. Background information on the importance of philosophy statements is provided. Included is the historic influence of a certified nurse-midwife foremother, Ernestine Wiedenbach, on the professional importance of articulating a guiding philosophy.

Culture↗
PubMed2003

The philosophy of chemistry.

Although chemistry is by far the largest scientific discipline according to any quantitative measure, it had, until recently, been virtually ignored by professional philosophers of science. They left both a vacuum and a one-sided picture of science tailored to physics. Since the early 1990s, the situation has changed drastically, such that philosophy of chemistry is now one of the most flourishing fields in the philosophy of science, like the philosophy of biology that emerged in the 1970s. This article narrates the development and provides a survey of the main topics and trends.

Chemistry↗
PubMed2002

A critical analysis of the philosophy, knowledge and theory underpinning mouth care practice for the intensive care unit patient.

In the provision of high quality mouth care practice for the intensive care unit (ICU) patient, the nurse draws on philosophy, knowledge and theory. The complexity of mouth care for the ICU patient is compounded by their medical or surgical condition and the psychological effects of mouth care problems. Effective mouth care practice includes proactive prediction and prevention of complications, and prompt and skilled intervention in the problems arising. Therefore, critical analysis of the philosophy, knowledge and theory relevant to mouth care practice is important. The philosophical approach to mouth care requires the nurse to view the practice from different perspectives. Nursing knowledge has inextricable links with nursing practice that challenges the nurse in her/his everyday work. This application of knowledge to practice is conceptualised as ways of thinking, which is also based on what the nurse might know. Therefore, the judicious use of theory and the necessary skills are essential to provide high quality and effective mouth care practice. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the ways in which philosophy, knowledge and theory all have an impact on the practice of mouth care for the ICU patient.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Incurable suffering from the "hiatus theoreticus"? Some epistemological problems in modern medicine and the clinical relevance of philosophy of medicine.

Up to now neither the question, whether all theoretical medical knowledge can at least be described as scientific, nor the one how exactly access to the existing scientific and theoretical medical knowledge during clinical problem-solving is made, has been sufficiently answered. Scientific theories play an important role in controlling clinical practice and improving the quality of clinical care in modern medicine on the one hand, and making it vindicable on the other. Therefore, the vagueness of unexplicit interrelations between medicine's stock of knowledge and medical practice appears as a gap in the theoretical concept of modern medicine which can be described as "Hiatus theoreticus" in the anatomy of medicine. A central intention of the paper is to analyze the role of philosophy of medicine for the clarification of the theoretical basis of medical practice. Clinical relevance and normativity in the sense of modern theory of science are suggested as criteria to establish a differentiation between philosophy of medicine as a primary medical discipline and the application of general philosophy in medicine.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1998

Some philosophies can console: an old but forgotten message.

Thesis: Since Socrates, western philosophy has been concerned with the study of humankind, with a strong emphasis on how we ought to live and why. Philosophy, in its multiple forms and expressions, has enabled many to pursue their lives with greater depth, richness, and variety; yet it can also act as a therapeutic method for the achievement of a healthier life. Asking and answering philosophical questions such as 'How best ought I live?', 'What is the meaning of my life in relation to the whole?', 'Why should I live?', 'What constitutes a healthy life?' can act as therapeutic entryways, not only within the parameters of one's own mind or in a university classroom, but also within a health care/therapy context. Philosophy, both as subject and method, is a powerful, largely unrecognized, therapeutic instrument for social medicine, an instrument whose application in various health care settings could benefit those--patient and staff--in need of consolation and support when they need it most.

Existentialism↗
PubMed1998

Hermeneutic philosophy. Part I: Implications of its use as methodology in interpretive nursing research.

Increasingly, nurses use the philosophy of hermeneutics, especially Heideggerian and Gadamerian hermeneutics, to inform interpretive research. However, application of the work of these philosophers to interpretive nursing research has proved problematic as it fails to recognise, or act upon, obligations inherent in their work. Through a review of hermeneutically informed nursing research, methodological implications regarding the use of hermeneutic philosophy are examined in relation to: (i) the need to address forestructures and pre-understandings; (ii) checking interpretations with research participants; (iii) seeking objectivity, consensus and accuracy in textual interpretation; (iv) evaluating interpretations; and (v) gaining entry into the hermeneutic circle. This review suggests that despite obligations inherent in Heideggerian and Gadamerian hermeneutic philosophy, nurses fail to actualise these obligations in their research. In following Heidegger, nurses need to make the scientific theme secure by working out their forestructures in terms of the phenomenon under investigation. Those following Gadamer need to accept that interpretation seeks to manifest textual meanings rather than individual ones. And, whether following Heidegger or Gadamer, the way to make manifest textual meanings is to engage with the text within the hermeneutic circle by continuing to address forestructures and pre-understandings and by considering their influences upon the research.

Bias↗
PubMed1990

Medical Critique [Krytyka Lekarska]: a journal of medicine and philosophy-1897-1907.

Medico-philosophical reflections were developed in the 19th and the 20th centuries by three consecutive generations of Polish physicians, active in what was later named the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine. The second generation of this school published its own journal, Medical Critique [Krytika Lekarska], from 1897 to 1907. Medical Critique included numerous articles on the nature of medical knowledge, the reductionism versus holism debate in biology and medicine, the importance of teleologically-oriented approaches in medicine, the influence of theories and of a priori ideas on clinical observations and on 'clinical facts', the problem of classification of diseases, the normative and ethical dimension of medicine, and the ion relationships between philosophy, history and medicine. The existence of a journal dealing specifically with theoretical reflections on medicine undoubtedly contributed to the propagation of original work in the philosophy of medicine in Poland.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1984

An analysis of changing trends in philosophies of science on nursing theory development and testing.

The effects of changing trends in philosophies of science on nursing theory development and testing are analyzed. Two philosophies of science--logical empiricism and historicism--are compared for four variables: (1) components of science, (2) conception of science, (3) assessment of scientific progress, and (4) goal of philosophy of science. These factors serve as the basis for assessing trends in the development and testing of nursing theory from 1964 to the present. The analysis shows a beginning philosophic shift within nursing theory from logical empiricism to historicism and addresses implications and recommendations for future nursing theory development and testing.

Philosophy, Nursing↗