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PubMed1996

Utilization of the Draw a Person Test in the elderly.

The purpose of this study was to assess quantitative and qualitative changes that occurred in the drawing of the human figure during depression and dementia in the elderly. A modified scale version of the Draw a Person Test (DAP) is presented. The first study (80 subjects) enabled the reduction of the number of items from 73 to 20 according to interrater reliability and diagnostic sensitivity to differentiate patients with dementia from control subjects. The second study (160 subjects: 51 with dementia, 70 with major depression, 39 elderly controls) used this 20-item DAP for cognitive assessment. The second study also featured an additional qualitative assessment (DAP 50) considering five components based upon a projective examination of the drawings. Combination of the 20-item DAP and the DAP 50 provides a complete approach to patients in accordance with the affective dimension. Results showed the ability of the 20-item DAP to discriminate dementia from depression with a better cutoff score of 7 and the usefulness of the DAP 50 in the investigation of impaired components during depression and dementia in the elderly, with the goal of specifying key aspects of psychopathology in dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Psychic reactions to long-term hemodialysis: evaluation in the elderly by means of the Draw-A-Person Test.

Twelve patients who attended a daytime session in a hemodialysis unit were studied. Most were older than patients whose adaptation has been the subject of previous reports. Problems of life satisfaction for these elderly patients often are different from those for younger persons. Most of the group showed maladaptive reactions which interfered with their activities when away from the unit. The Draw-A-Person test was a useful tool in pinpointing these reactions, which can lead to feelings of helplessness and depression. Factors which encourage good adaptation to long-term hemodialysis are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Relationships between the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and a body-image test in Costa Rican children.

Although researchers have used drawings of the human figure to evaluate body-image in adults and children, test measures of the concepts involved have not been precisely constructed, so the purpose of this study was to estimate the body-image concept relations measured on the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and on the Prueba para Diagnóstico de Imagen Corporal--Universidad Nacional for 90 kindergarten, first and second graders. Factor analyses (sex by grade, 2 x 3; and sex by age, 2 x 7) showed that sex was not a significant factor on either measure, but grade and age were. A Pearson correlation for the total scores on both tests was a moderate, significant value of .45. Correlations of the total with subtest scores varied from .30 to .50. Values were strongest for first grade children from 6 to 6 1/2 yr. of age (.59 to .78), at the beginning of the developmental period in which children gradually gain an awareness of the parts of the body, their functions and left-right concepts.

Art↗
PubMed1997

Implications of the people = male theory for the interpretation of the Draw-A-Person Test.

Researchers in the language and social-cognitive fields have suggested that social mores and the use of masculine generic grammatical terms such as he and man have resulted in a people = male bias. This information processing bias causes most people to attribute male gender to a gender-unspecified person. Male gender appears to be prototypic of the person construct or category. These research findings have implications for the interpretation of the Draw-A-Person Test (Machover, 1949).

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality tests and gender identification in male transsexuals].

The aim of this research project was to study gender identification in male transsexuals compared to male and female controls, using the Rorschach test and the MMPI. In the international literature, many researches have shown that the nature of the human response on Rorschach card III is linked to gender identification, as is the MMPI Mf scale. Ten untreated male homosexual transsexuals and 18 treated and operated male homosexual transsexuals were compared to 10 male and 12 female controls regarding verbal IQ, human content on Rorschach card III and the MMPI Mf scale. Absence of hormonal treatment for the first group of transsexuals was checked by a blood test at the time of the psychological testing. Responses on Rorschach card III were scored according to different kinds of human contents: male (M), female (F), gender-unidentified/neutral (N), bisexual (B), feminine then masculine or the opposite (M/F), and nonhuman (NH). N, B, M/F and NH responses were rare in all Rorschach protocols. As expected, responses given by participants in the control group were significantly more consistent with their anatomical sex than with the opposite sex. Untreated transsexuals do not differ from treated and operated transsexuals on Rorschach data, and both transsexual groups give significantly more female human representations than male controls. Transsexuals' results are similar to female controls. Untreated transsexuals' mean score on the MMPI Mf scale is significantly higher than that of treated and operated transsexuals' score, in the male profile (biological sex). Both groups of transsexuals score higher on the Mf scale in the male profile than in the female profile. The mean Mf score in the male profile is significantly higher than that of male controls, whereas, in the female profile, the mean Mf score is similar to that of female controls. This study shows that for both groups of transsexuals, results are homogenous in respect of Rorschach and MMPI, showing hyper-conformism to self-perceived gender. Results in both groups are similar to results of female controls, but tend to show even more feminine gender identification. The absence of any significant difference between untreated and treated and operated transsexuals seems surprising, suggesting that the hormonal treatment has not had a major impact on gender identification processes. It would doubtless be interesting to study gender identification using even more kinds of data: all human contents in the Rorschach protocol (not just the responses given to card III), MMPI Mf scale, Draw-A-Person Test and Animal-and-Opposite Drawing Test. This would enhance result liability and could provide useful information about how gendter identification processes evolve after surgical sex reassigment.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of a lecture and computer program to teach fundamentals of the Draw-a-Person test.

BACKGROUND: Although computer-assisted education has been used to augment education in many areas, there are few studies of programs designed to replace lectures in a medical curriculum. OBJECTIVE: To test whether a thoughtfully designed computer program can replace a standard lecture in a pediatrics curriculum while teaching the subject matter equally well. METHODS: A computer program was developed to teach the Draw-a-Person developmental test using the multimedia-authoring tool Director. One of us (A.E.C.) tested and modified the program several times during its creation after submitting it to several objective evaluators. Thirty-nine students taking the clinical pediatrics rotation were chosen by month to interact with the program or attend the lecture. All students then scored 3 drawings and assigned them a developmental age according to the Draw-a-Person test rules. Students assigned to the computer program also completed a questionnaire evaluating the program in several subjective areas. A t test for 2 samples assuming equal variance was used to analyze the test results. RESULTS: Students receiving the lecture (control group) scored the 3 drawings as 5.43 years (age range, 4.5-8 years), 9.08 years (age range, 7-12 years), and 3.5 years (age range, 2-5 years), respectively. Those using the computer program (study group) scored the 3 drawings as 5.91 years (age range, 5-7 years), 7.68 years (age range, 7-8 years), and 4.34 years (age range, 3-5 years), respectively. The correct answers for the ages were 6, 7.75, and 4.25 years, respectively. A t test for 2 samples assuming equal variance showed that students using the computer program performed better on all 3 drawings (P<.05, P<.02, and P<.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Students using the computer program were more accurate than students attending the lecture when scoring drawings and estimating a developmental age from them. These results support the conclusion that a thoughtfully designed computer program can replace a standard lecture in a pediatrics curriculum.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social desirability bias in personality testing: implications for astronaut selection.

The assessment of personality is recognized by space agencies as an approach to identify candidates likely to perform optimally during spaceflights. In the use of personality scales for selection, the impact of social desirability (SD) has been cited as a concern. Study 1 addressed the impact of SD on responses to the Personality Characteristic Inventory(PCI) and NEO-FFI. This was achieved by contrasting scores from active astronauts (N=65) with scores of successful astronaut applicants (N=63), and between pilots applicants (N=1271) and pilot research subjects (N=120). Secondly, personality scores were correlated with scores on the Marlow Crown Social Desirability Scale among applicants to managerial positions (N=120). The results indicated that SD inflated scores on PCI scales assessing negative interpersonal characteristics, and impacted on four of five scales in NEO-FFI. Still, the effect sizes were small or moderate. Study 2 addressed performance implications of SD during an assessment of males applying to work as rescue personnel operations in the North Sea (N=22). The results showed that SD correlated negatively with cognitive test performance, and positively with discrepancy in performance ratings between self and two observers. In conclusion, caution is needed in interpreting personality scores in applicant populations. SD maybe a negative predictor for performance under stress.

Astronauts↗
PubMed1984

Personality test measures in optometry school admissions.

Predicting clinical competence among optometry students from data obtainable at the time of admissions is the focus of this study. Preoptometry grades, Optometry College Admission Test (OCAT) scores, and applicant scores on a standardized personality inventory were tested as predictors of faculty ratings of student performance in optometry clinics. Students' clinical performance was best predicted by certain personality dimensions, objectively measured by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Preoptometry grades and OCAT scores, although significantly correlated with optometry grades, were generally poor predictors of clinical performance. For men, achievement drive, self-confidence, and tolerance and for women, self-confidence, assertiveness, and interpersonal effectiveness were the personal qualities most highly correlated with instructors' ratings of performance. The study demonstrates that these personal qualities, as well as the degree to which an applicant presents a "good impression," can be objectively assessed at the time of application to optometry school.

College Admission Test↗