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PubMed2003

Pilot study of the roles of personality, references, and personal statements in relation to performance over the five years of a medical degree.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the power of three traditional selection procedures (A levels, personal statements, and references) and one non-traditional selection procedure (personality) to predict performance over the five years of a medical degree. DESIGN: Cohort study over five years. SETTING: Nottingham medical school. PARTICIPANTS: Entrants in 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A level grades, amounts of information contained in teacher's reference and the student's personal statement, and personality scores examined in relation to 18 different assessments. RESULTS: Information in the teacher's reference did not consistently predict performance. Information in the personal statement was predictive of clinical aspects of training, whereas A level grades primarily predicted preclinical performance. The personality domain of conscientiousness was consistently the best predictor across the course. A structural model indicated that conscientiousness was positively related to A level grades and preclinical performance but was negatively related to clinical grades. CONCLUSION: A teacher's reference is of no practical use in predicting clinical performance of medical students, in contrast to the amount of information contained in the personal statement. Therefore, simple quantification of the personal statement should aid selection. Personality factors, in particular conscientiousness, need to be considered and integrated into selection procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Personality architecture: within-person structures and processes.

This chapter reviews theory and research on intraindividual personality structures and processes. Principles for modeling the architecture of personality, that is, the overall design and operating characteristics of intraindividual personality systems, are addressed. Research demonstrates that a focus on within-person structures and processes advances the understanding of two aspects of personality coherence: the functional relations among distinct elements of personality, and cross-situational coherence in personality functioning that results from interactions among enduring knowledge structures and dynamic appraisal processes. Also reviewed are recent conceptual and empirical advances, which demonstrate that the interindividual personality variables that summarize variability in the population are wholly insufficient for modeling intraindividual personality architecture.

Cognition↗
PubMed1999

Co-occurrence of mood and personality disorders: a report from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS).

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of subtypes and particular clinical features of mood disorders to co-occurrence with specific personality disorders. Five hundred and seventy-one subjects recruited for the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS) were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (DIPD-IV). Percent co-occurrence rates for current and lifetime mood disorders with personality disorders were calculated. Logistic regression analyses examined the effects of clinical characteristics of depressive disorders (e.g., age at onset, recurrence, symptom severity, double depression, and atypical features) on personality disorder co-occurrence. In comparison with other DSM-IV personality disorders, avoidant, borderline, and dependent personality disorders (PDs) were most specifically associated with mood disorders, particularly depressive disorders. Severity and recurrence of major depressive disorder and comorbid dysthymic disorder predicted co-occurrence with borderline and to a lesser extent research criteria depressive personality disorders. The results are consistent with the view that a mood disorder with an insidious onset and recurrence, chronicity, and progression in severity leads to a personality disorder diagnosis in young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1).

BACKGROUND: During 2004, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus caused poultry disease in eight Asian countries and infected at least 44 persons, killing 32; most of these persons had had close contact with poultry. No evidence of efficient person-to-person transmission has yet been reported. We investigated possible person-to-person transmission in a family cluster of the disease in Thailand. METHODS: For each of the three involved patients, we reviewed the circumstances and timing of exposures to poultry and to other ill persons. Field teams isolated and treated the surviving patient, instituted active surveillance for disease and prophylaxis among exposed contacts, and culled the remaining poultry surrounding the affected village. Specimens from family members were tested by viral culture, microneutralization serologic analysis, immunohistochemical assay, reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, and genetic sequencing. RESULTS: The index patient became ill three to four days after her last exposure to dying household chickens. Her mother came from a distant city to care for her in the hospital, had no recognized exposure to poultry, and died from pneumonia after providing 16 to 18 hours of unprotected nursing care. The aunt also provided unprotected nursing care; she had fever five days after the mother first had fever, followed by pneumonia seven days later. Autopsy tissue from the mother and nasopharyngeal and throat swabs from the aunt were positive for influenza A (H5N1) by RT-PCR. No additional chains of transmission were identified, and sequencing of the viral genes identified no change in the receptor-binding site of hemagglutinin or other key features of the virus. The sequences of all eight viral gene segments clustered closely with other H5N1 sequences from recent avian isolates in Thailand. CONCLUSIONS: Disease in the mother and aunt probably resulted from person-to-person transmission of this lethal avian influenzavirus during unprotected exposure to the critically ill index patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Work values: a comparison of non-disabled persons with persons with paraplegia.

A number of studies focus on factors that might explain the low level of employment of persons with paraplegia without questioning the social representations connected to work. Being employed is considered a priori as beneficial, constituting an important objective for rehabilitation. However sociologists have recently pointed out that work, as a means of self fulfilment, is a 'constructed' rather than a 'natural' category. The comparisons of the representations of work given by two groups: persons with paraplegia (n = 350), and non-disabled persons (n = 327) show that persons with paraplegia are more likely than non-disabled persons to consider work as a source of personal fulfilment and social recognition and less likely to positively value the fact of not-working. In addition, a demonstrated satisfaction with not working, among persons of working age, is clearly more significant among non-disabled persons than among persons with paraplegia. Among these, some of them who have generally made up their mind about not working declare that they feel satisfied being unoccupied. This satisfaction is explained, in part, by expressed representations of work. The authors suggest a reflection on the place of work in rehabilitation programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Personal constructs of anxiety under the 1,5-benzodiazepine derivative clobazam related to trait-anxiety levels of the personality.

In an initial interview, 20 volunteer subjects provided 32 personal constructs of anxiety, using Kelly's repertory grid technique. The bipolar ends of the anxiety constructs were then separated by 10-point rating scales. Subjects could then indicate the degree of anxiety feeling on their own personal constructs. The 20 subjects were divided into high and low trait-anxiety sub-groups, on the basis of Speilberger trait-anxiety (personality) scores. Subjects were administered acute single doses of 20 mg clobazam or matching placebo, in a counterbalanced double-blind design. Anxiety levels on the individual personal constructs of anxiety were measured 2 h after drug administration. There was a significant ANOVA interaction effect between drug condition and trait-anxiety. Of the ten subjects in the high trait-anxiety sub-group, eight demonstrated reduced levels of personal construct anxiety under clobazam (three significantly). In contrast, of the ten subjects in the low trait-anxiety sub-group, nine demonstrated increased levels of personal construct anxiety (eight significantly). The present results are discussed in relation to previous similar findings. Clobazam and other benzodiazepine derivatives (such as diazepam) are effective anxiolytics with the clinically anxious and with normal volunteers having high trait-anxiety personalities. However, normal subjects with low trait-anxiety personalities often produce paradoxical increases in anxiety feelings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A family study of self-reported personality traits and DSM-III-R personality disorders.

Personality traits and DSM-III-R personality disorders of first-degree relatives of patients with psychoses were studied using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised (PDQ-R), two self-report instruments. The relatives were compared on their scores for the five personality factors in the NEO-FFI, the prevalence of individual DSM-III-R personality disorders, and their scores for each personality disorder scale in the PDQ-R. The results suggest that there is no difference in personality traits and prevalence of personality disorders, including schizophrenia spectrum disorders, when relatives of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression are compared to each other. Relatives of patients with "atypical psychosis," psychotic disorders that do not meet DSM-III-R criteria for any specific nonorganic psychotic disorder, may be a distinctive group.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Personality traits and personality disorders in early onset versus late onset major depression.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the relationship between certain personality disorders and/or personality traits and early onset major depression. METHODS: A total of 400 depressed primary care patients were assessed for personality disorders using the SCID screen and for personality traits using the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP) questionnaire. Early onset was defined as onset of the first episode before the age of 26. Logistic regressions were performed to reveal relationships after adjustment for sex, age and number of previous episodes. RESULTS: Both groups had a similar severity of current illness determined by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Those with an early onset presented with a more debilitating course, seen in the form of more depressive episodes and previous hospitalisations in spite of their younger age. Early onset was also an independent predictor for avoidant, borderline and paranoid personality disorders. It also predicted increased scores on the KSP scales Psychic anxiety, Psychasthenia, Muscular tension, Suspicion and Irritability, and decreased Socialisation. LIMITATIONS: The evaluation was performed as a self-assessment, subjects had a superimposed major depressive episode when assessed, and subgroups of individuals were not eligible. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset major depression is a predictor for personality pathology and deviant personality traits. A better understanding of the interplay between genetics and environment that underlies this phenomenon will help to improve the long-term course in afflicted individuals.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Generalized social phobia versus avoidant personality disorder: differences in psychopathology, personality traits, and social and occupational functioning.

Four groups of patients with social phobia (SP) were compared with regard to psychopathologic characteristics, personality traits, and social and occupational functioning. Fifteen persons with discrete social phobia without any personality disorder (DSP), 28 persons with generalized social phobia (GSP) without any personality disorder, 24 persons with GSP with a single diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder (APD), and 23 persons with GSP with more than one PD were included in the present study. APD had higher levels of social phobic avoidance, depressive symptoms, neuroticism, introversion, and social and occupational impairment as compared with GSP. DSP was found to be the least severe condition. OPD was the most impaired on nearly all variables. Logistic regression analyses revealed that introversion and depressive symptoms were able to predict correctly the presence or absence of an APD in 85% of those with social phobia. These findings are discussed in the light of the severity continuum hypothesis of social phobia and APD and recommendations for future research are given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder.

We discuss the relation between personality factors and two adult forms of disinhibitory psychopathology--alcohol abuse or dependence and antisocial personality disorder. First, we briefly review various methodological issues relevant to research in this area. Next, we review empirical findings relating three broad-band personality trait dimensions neuroticism/emotionality, impulsivity/disinhibition, extraversion/sociability) to both alcohol abuse and dependence and antisocial personality disorder. Finally, theoretical models of the relationship between personality and each of these two disorders are presented. We conclude that although no single personality description is likely to be both a sensitive and specific indicator of either alcoholism or antisocial personality disorder, personality variables are important components of etiological models of these disorders.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1981

Are prejudices against disabled persons determined by personality characteristics? Reviewing a theoretical approach on the basis of empirical research findings.

Taking as point of departure the results obtained from research on prejudice, many authors believe that the quality of attitudes toward disabled persons is influenced by the personality structure of the nondisabled. In order to verify this assumption, a secondary analysis of 67 empirical studies was undertaken. These studies referred to different personality variables such as authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, dogmatism, rigidity, intolerance of ambiguity, cognitive simplicity, anxiety, ego-weakness, self-concept, body-concept, aggressiveness, empathy, intelligence, etc. The results can be summarized as follows: Statistical criteria show that single personality traits have relatively little influence on the attitudes towards disabled persons. An adequate evaluation of the research findings is complicated by, at times, considerable methodological problems which arise when applying the proper test instruments to non-clinical populations. Marked correlations are to be found in particular in the case of authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, intolerance of ambiguity, anxiety, and ego-weakness. The intercorrelations, however, between most of the personality variables are rather high, which by cumulation of "extreme" factors may, in fact, sometimes result in particularly unfavorable attitudes toward the disabled. Thus, personality-related research findings to provide certain valuable explanations. Special attention should be devoted to the multiple connections between personality structure and social structure.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

Avoidant personality disorder and taijin kyoufu: sociocultural implications of the WHO/ADAMHA International Study of Personality Disorders in Japan.

This paper discusses the characteristics of avoidant personality disorder in a cultural context based on the Japanese concept of taijin kyoufu as well as that of DSM-III-R and DSM-IV social phobia. Sixty-six patients were given the International Personality Disorder Examination and questionnaires including the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Among the 23 DSM-III-R personality disorder patients, 8 patients were diagnosed as having avoidant personality disorder. Six of them were suffering from taijin kyoufu symptoms. Among 27 ICD personality disorder patients, 22 patients were diagnosed as having ICD anxious personality disorder. All DSM avoidant patients were included in the ICD anxious group. These findings suggest that patients with avoidant personality disorder have had a long history of difficulties and share common personality problems with a milder form of taijin kyoufu, which is conceptually different from social phobia.

Adolescent↗