Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PENIS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Quantitative somatosensory testing of the penis: optimizing the clinical neurological examination.

PURPOSE: Quantitative somatosensory testing, including vibration, pressure, spatial perception and thermal thresholds of the penis, has demonstrated neuropathy in patients with a history of erectile dysfunction of all etiologies. We evaluated which measurement of neurological function of the penis was best at predicting erectile dysfunction and examined the impact of location on the penis for quantitative somatosensory testing measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 107 patients were evaluated. All patients were required to complete the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire, of whom 24 had no complaints of erectile dysfunction and scored within the "normal" range on the IIEF. Patients were subsequently tested on ventral middle penile shaft, proximal dorsal midline penile shaft and glans penis (with foreskin retracted) for vibration, pressure, spatial perception, and warm and cold thermal thresholds. RESULTS: Mixed models repeated measures analysis of variance controlling for age, diabetes and hypertension revealed that method of measurement (quantitative somatosensory testing) was predictive of IIEF score (F = 209, df = 4,1315, p <0.001), while site of measurement on the penis was not. To determine the best method of measurement, we used hierarchical regression, which revealed that warm temperature was the best predictor of erectile dysfunction with pseudo R(2) = 0.19, p <0.0007. There was no significant improvement in predicting erectile dysfunction when another test was added. Using 37C and greater as the warm thermal threshold yielded a sensitivity of 88.5%, specificity 70.0% and positive predictive value 85.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative somatosensory testing using warm thermal threshold measurements taken at the glans penis can be used alone to assess the neurological status of the penis. Warm thermal thresholds alone offer a quick, noninvasive accurate method of evaluating penile neuropathy in an office setting.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Rat penis as a replantation model.

The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of rat penile replantation as a new microsurgical training model. The study was performed in 2 parts. ANATOMIC STUDIES: Fifteen Wistar albino rats were used to study and document the penile vascular anatomy. In 5 rats, dissections were performed after colored silicone injections, while 5 rats were operated under anesthesia to develop the strategy of flap elevation. In the remaining 5 rats, microangiographic study was performed with silicone-lead oxide mixture. FLAP STUDIES: As flap studies in 5 rats, penis were elevated based on right-side internal pudendal artery and internal pudendal vein and resutured. In 6 rats, penis were elevated as free flaps, and in 3 rats the penis were implanted in right thigh of the rats being the femoral artery and vein recipient. In the remaining 3 rats, penis were resutured in their original place, with saphenous artery and vein being the recipient and rerouted to the pubic region. At postoperative fifth day, the penis were examined for viability, and selected ones were histologically examined. Rat penis has a dual blood supply from bilateral internal pudendal arteries. Venous drainage is via both crural veins and dorsal vein. One side of the internal pudendal artery and anastomotic vein (branch of pudendal plexus) may be used as the vascular pedicle of the flap. Rat penis may be successfully elevated as a free flap and also may be replanted in its original place.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Dysmorphic penis image perception: the root of Koro vulnerability. A longitudinal study.

Koro is an acute anxiety reaction in which the perception of decreased penis length because of hyperinvolution from intra-abdominal traction is the main feature. In an earlier study the author reported that, despite having an average length penis, Koro patients perceived smaller penis length, in both the flaccid and extended state, than did normal subjects. To examine the influence of response bias on the dysmorphic penis length perception, a longitudinal study was undertaken, in which the Draw-a-penis Test, a graphomotor projective test, was administered on the same Koro patients 3 times over 2 years. The patients showed a remarkable constancy in their perception of penis length. The dysmorphic quality of own-penis perception is discussed in relation to Koro vulnerability.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Penis-root perception of Koro patients.

Koro is an acute anxiety reaction in which the perception of decreased penis length because of intra-abdominal traction is the main feature. This study attempts to explore the penis-root perception of the Koro patients by a graphomotor projective test--the Draw-a-penis Test (DAPT). This controlled DAPT investigation shows that Koro patients perceived the penis as a detached organ with root-boundary definiteness as evidenced from their close penis-root perception. They also displayed reduced volumetric perception of penis-root than the normal subjects. These perceptual deviations in penis-root image are discussed in relation to their Koro vulnerability.

Body Image↗
PubMed2005

Construction of neoglans penis: a new sculpturing technique from rectus abdominis myofascial flap.

INTRODUCTION: Construction of a neoglans penis may be required following glans amputation at circumcision, strangulation by a hair coil, or self-mutilation, among other indications. It may also be combined with phalloplasty to imitate the natural appearance and to support a penile prosthesis. AIM: This is a report on a novel technique of neoglans construction for a patient with an amputated glans penis as a result of circumcision injury. METHODS: A rectus abdominis myofascial flap was used. The flap was designed to be a 12 x 4 cm segment of the infraumbilical portion of the muscle, based on the inferior epigastric vessels. The flap was harvested through a paramedian incision. The penis was partially degloved through a circumferential incision 1 cm below its summit. The distal penile skin was utilized to elongate the urethra, so that the urethral meatus would be at the tip of the neoglans. The flap was reflected and tunneled underneath the mons veneris and alongside the penis, to emerge distal to the summit of the penis. The flap was fashioned into the shape of a glans and secured in place around the neourethra. The impression of a corona was achieved by tucking the proximal edge of the flap to its undersurface. RESULT: Six months following surgery, the patient had a neoglans penis, a corona, and a urethral meatus at the very tip. The neoglans had similar consistency, color, and shape to the normal glans. CONCLUSION: Construction of a neoglans penis is possible using the described sculpturing techniques, with satisfactory cosmetic results.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Experimental and clinical study on functional restoration of the penis with large partial defect].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effective restoration method in penile partial defect. METHODS: To measure the thickness of suspensory ligaments on cadavers; To find the relationship between inferior pubic ramus and corpora cavernosa crus through corpora cavernosa angiography and ultrasonic scanning. The procedure of restoration was based on the use of dissection of the suspensory ligaments and part of crus, and the local fat flap had been transferred to fill the front space of symphysis ossium pubi. Various flaps were designed as coverage material. Penis residual stump was advanced to anterior portion of the newly restoration penile body as "glans"; To take full layer skin of penis from post-operating patients to observe neurofibril regeneration by light microscopy, electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy; To determine sensation recovery by physical examination; To check erectile function with NEVA System. RESULTS: The whole suspensory ligaments thickness was 7.66 cm in average on 30 cadavers (60 sides). The crus were attached to bilateral inferior pubic ramus respectively, and distal reached the middle of inferior pubic ramus by corpora cavernosa angiography. In 14 health men by ultrasonic scanning, 6.60 cm in average from root of external penis to location of deep artery penis entered corpora cavernosa. Forty patients had been operated with the above methods. In the cases, the length of the penis varied from 0.5-4.0 cm in the flaccid, 2.0-6.0 cm in erect state before operation to 5.0-8.5 cm in the flaccid, 7.0-12.5 cm in erect state after operation. Twenty-eight cases had been followed up for more than one year, and 23 patients married with acceptable sexual life, eighteen men had successfully produced their next generations. The regenerative neurofibril could be seen under light microscope, immunohistochemistry marker, scanning and transmission electron microscope. The penis presented normal pain and touch feeling in the post-operating cases. The results showed that there was similar erectile ability of a normal male in the follow-up patients. CONCLUSION: With these basic and clinical researches, the restoration of penis tends to have a better appearance and function. It's a more optimal method compared with conventional procedures. The results have also provided valuable data for further study in related fields.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Severe hypospadias repair: reconstructing penis, scrotum and urethra].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the surgical technic of re-shape penis and scrotum, as well as construct urethra in severe hypospadias patients. METHODS: Twenty-two cases of perineal hypospadias with abnormal penis and scrotum were involved in operative repair. All the patients underwent two-stage of repair technic. The penis sponge were completely stretched out and uprighted in the first-stage. Foreskin and partial penis back skin was transferred into the ventral of penis and scrotum crack. At second-stage, urethroplasty was performed using bladder mucosa folded into half tube that sutured with urothra plate to reconstruct the urothra. The scrotum were re-shaped using foreskin and skinflap. RESULTS: The operation's successful rate was 68% (15/22). There were 7 cases (32%) suffered from urethrocutaneous fistula and recovered after repair. Five cases (23%) occurred stricture of urethra and were treated by urethra dilatation. The appearance of penis and scrotum in 22 cases were satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: The operative methods should be made according to the type of hypospadias and of scrotum. The technic were effective on severe hypospadias with abnormal scrotum, even for the patients who need more than 10 cm urethra construct. The appearance of penis and scrotum were satisfied after following up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[NMR Tomography of the penis].

The magnetic resonance tomogram visualises the corpus spongiosum, the corpora cavernosa, the fascia penis profunda, the septum and the dorsal vein of the penis. These structures can be separated from the skin and from the glans penis. Changes of shape are still the essential criteria of assessment. At present it does not seem possible to be able to differentiate between diseased and healthy areas if the connective tissue structures of the penis (e.g. in induratio penis plastica) do not show any change of shape. Compared with other imaging methods, imaging on different levels offers advantages, and so does the simultaneous imaging of the structures of the penis, of its environment and of the adjacent organs. We can assume that the magnetic resonance tomogram will supply essential additional information for clinical diagnosis and practice in conditions like induratio penis plastica, intersexuality, tumours of the prostate gland, and in postoperative follow-up, for example after surgery for priapism.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Effect of local anesthesia of the penis and dorsal penile neurectomy on the mating ability of bulls.

Eleven bulls were used to study the effect of the loss of nerve sensitivity in the free portion of the penis and glans penis on their ability to copulate. The loss of sensitivity was induced by topical anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia, and dorsal penile neurectomy. Topical anesthesia of the glans penis reduced the ability of the bulls to search for and to locate the vagina and to complete copulation; however, all bulls eventually copulated. Topical anesthesia of the free portion of the penis and glans penis blocked the ability of all bulls to copulate. Infiltration of the glans penis with lidocaine resulted in bulls failing to ejaculate, indicating the need for input from deep nerve receptors. Ten of the eleven bulls with unilateral neurectomy were able to copulate, but a longer time was required. In the one bull that failed to complete intromission and ejaculation, the sectioned nerve made up 75% of the nerve mass to the distal end of the penis, leaving only a small number of functional fibers. With this small number of fibers, there may have been insufficient sensory input to elicit the thrusting responses and to cause the animal to ejaculate. Bulls with bilateral neurectomy were unable to copulate.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1993

[Revascularization of the penis].

Revascularization of the penis is indicated in those patients in whom peripheral arterial occlusion of the internal pudendal artery alone or in combination with the venous incompetence of the penis, was detected to be the cause of erectile dysfunction. The authors present the results of penile revascularization in 12 patients impotent after crushing pelvic fracture associated with urethral rupture. Revascularization of the dorsal artery of the penis by the inferior epigastric artery was used as the method of surgical treatment. Satisfactory functional results were achieved in 58% of patients. In other 8 patients with combined arteriogenic and venogenic impotence, arterialization of the venous system of the penis was utilized. In 6 patients the method of "triple" anastomosis of the inferior epigastric artery, dorsal artery of the penis, and penile deep dorsal vein was used. In 2 cases the deep dorsal vein of the penis was arterialized by the inferior epigastric artery. The cumulative success rate of venous arterialization of the penis was 62.5%. (Fig. 5, Ref. 15.)

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Innervation of pelvic viscera in the rat. Evoked potentials in nerves to bladder and penis (clitoris).

In 29 rats, responses evoked by pelvic and hypogastric nerve stimulation were recorded from postganglionic nerves to bladder and penis (clitoris). Responses to pelvic nerve stimulation had nonsynapsing and synapsing components. The nonsynapsing component was relatively large in main nerve to penis and small in lateral nerve to penis and nerves to bladder. Pelvic nerve fiber synapsing on pelvic ganglion neurons to bladder had a large subliminal fringe, while fibers synapsing on neurons supplying penis (clitoris) had a small subliminal fringe. Recruitment was greater in nerves to bladder and lateral nerve to penis (clitoris) compared to main nerve to penis (clitoris), indicating more synapsing fibers in the former nerves. Almost all hypogastric fibers to bladder were direct. A small subliminal fringe was demonstrated for hypogastric fibers synapsing on neurons supplying penis. No subliminal fringe was evident for the bladder. Pelvic and hypogastric nerve interaction on pelvic ganglion neurons could not be demonstrated with either single shock or tetanic trains of conditioning stimuli. With antidromic stimulation, conduction velocities of afferent fibers in pelvic nerve ranged from 0.15 m per sec to 2.9 m per sec. In hypogastric nerve they ranged from 0.35 m per sec to 2.8 m per sec.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Penis conserving treatment for T1 and T2 penile carcinoma: clinical implications of a local recurrence.

PURPOSE: We evaluated our experience with primary tumor treatment for T1 and T2 penile squamous cell carcinoma and discussed the clinical implications of a local recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The primary tumor treatment and clinical course of 257 patients with T1 or T2 penile carcinoma were evaluated. Primary tumor treatment consisted of penis preservation in 157 and (partial) amputation in 100 patients. Median followup was 106 months (range 16 to 541). RESULTS: The 5-year local recurrence-free estimate after penis preservation was similar for T1 and T2 tumors (log rank test p = 0.1) and overall 63% (CI: 54%-72%) compared to 88% (CI: 81%-95%) for partial amputation (log rank test p = 0.0003). In case of a local recurrence after penis preserving treatment, local control could be achieved in 94% (51 of 54) of cases. Of patients with T1 tumors treated with penis preservation, regional recurrence developed in 33% (7 of 21) of patients with local recurrence compared to only 6% (3 of 47) of patients without local recurrences (Fisher's exact test p = 0.005). Of the patients with T2 tumors treated with penis preservation, regional recurrence developed in 27% (9 of 33) of patients with local recurrence compared to 27% (12 of 45) of patients without local recurrence (chi-square test p = 0.96). Of 10 patients with a local recurrence after partial amputation of the penis, 9 died of disease. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of local recurrence increases with penis preservation but can be treated accurately in most cases. Local recurrences can signify lymphatic regional spread. A local recurrence after penile amputation carries a poor prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Immunohistochemical analysis of human milk fat globulin 1 and cytokeratin expression in median raphe cyst of the penis.

Because median raphe cyst of the penis shares histological findings with apocrine cystadenoma, some cases were thought to be erroneously reported as apocrine cystadenoma of the penis. Further, there is some controversy as to whether the entity, apocrine cystadenoma of the penis, exists or not. Nine cases of median raphe cyst which were clinically unequivocal from their location on the ventral aspects of the penis, were analysed immunohistochemically by using an antibody against human milk fat globulin 1 (HMFG) and a panel of monoclonal anti-cytokeratin antibodies. HMFG expression was not observed in eight out of nine cases of median raphe cyst of the penis, and the remaining case showed a faint expression of HMFG focally in its luminal surface, while conventional apocrine cystadenoma in extra-genital area expressed HMFG definitively in our previous study. Our results suggest a possibility that apocrine cystadenoma of the penis is very rare or not present. Therefore, we thought that HMFG expression should be examined in the cases in which apocrine cystadenoma on the penis is reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of localized carcinoma of the penis: a survey of current practice in the UK.

Consensus opinion from published reports on the management of localized carcinoma of the penis recommends that patients with small, distal, non-poorly differentiated lesions should be offered penis-conserving treatment, while those with larger or more advanced lesions should be considered for amputative surgery. A questionnaire survey was sent to 289 urologists and 237 oncologists in the UK to assess their practice for the treatment of localized carcinoma of the penis. Consultants were asked to choose between penis-conserving surgery, amputation or radiotherapy as their preferred treatment for four examples of localized disease. Oncologists were also asked to indicate their preferred radiation modality (external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy). For treating a small lesion situated distally on the glans penis, 56.7% of urologists and 94.5% of oncologists preferred penis-conserving methods; 28.8% of urologists and one oncologist preferred partial or total amputation. In total, 43.2% of urologists would consider amputative surgery for this lesion compared with only 5.5% of oncologists. Only 23.3% of oncologists considered using brachytherapy. For a 4 cm lesion situated distally, the majority of urologists surveyed (82.0%) preferred amputative surgery, while the majority of oncologists (68.5%) preferred conservative treatment. For a 1.5 cm lesion extending on to the penile shaft, 68.5% of urologists preferred amputative surgery while 85.0% of oncologists preferred penis-conserving options. For a 4 cm lesion extending on to the shaft, the vast majority of urologists (86.5%) preferred amputation as treatment compared with only 36.9% of oncologists. The results of the survey suggested that clinicians tended to favour the treatment modality of which they have most experience. As such, urologists tended to prefer surgery while clinical oncologists tended to prefer radiotherapy, irrespective of the size and position of the primary tumour or consensus opinion. These results emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary clinics and site specialization, so that both clinicians and patients can make informed choices about optimal treatment, based on the knowledge of all available treatment options.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Penoplasty for buried penis in children: report of 50 cases.

PURPOSE: The authors report their experience with a large number of children with buried penis and describe their surgical technique. METHODS: Fifty consecutive cases of buried penis that occurred between 1993 and 1999 were analyzed by chart review. Age at the time of surgery was 11 months to 13 years. Each patient underwent elective surgical repair utilizing a surgical technique not described previously. The authors' technique avoids a circumferential incision at the base of the penis, decreasing postoperative edema. The authors also utilize a unique through and through vertical mattress suture at the base of the penis that firmly attaches the shaft skin to the underlying corpora. RESULTS: All patients had a good to excellent outcome with a low postoperative complication rate. One patient fell during the postoperative period and developed a wound dehiscence. Early in the series 3 patients underwent additional procedures for recurrent retraction (6%). All patients experienced some postoperative discomfort as expected. Edema, when present, was mild and resolved within an acceptable period of time. All patients had a good cosmetic result with increased visualization of the penile shaft. CONCLUSIONS: A surgical approach to the buried penis is warranted in most circumstances. There are psychological benefits to both the patients and the parents. Although the authors perform the procedure as early as 11 months, it can be performed safely at 3 months. The procedure reported here provides immediate excellent cosmetic results with a low complication rate. The authors do not recommend suprapubic lipectomy either alone or in combination with the buried penis procedure. Circumcision should be avoided in an infant with a definite diagnosis of buried penis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The vasculature of the rat penis: a scanning electron microscopic and histologic study.

As a basis for understanding the mechanism of erection in an animal model frequently used in research in reproductive biology, the angioarchitecture of the penis of the rat has been described using scanning electron microscopy. Study of the penile vasculature of the rat indicates that the corpora cavernosa penis and the corpus spongiosum are independent erectile tissues, each with its own arterial and venous vessels. The large vascular spaces and abundant smooth muscle of the penile crura are compatible with its role in regulating blood flow to more distal penile tissues. Helicine arteries of the crura, but not the parent deep penile artery or arteries elsewhere, have muscular cushions in their walls. The venous drainage of the penile crura is via subtunical veins which are thought to be compressed during erection to elevate pressure within the penis. Large, paired cavernous veins drain the shaft of the penis. A unique method for inhibiting blood flow from the penis is indicated by the division of the cavernous veins into smaller channels prior to joining the subtunical venous plexus. Erectile tissue in the bifid origins of the corpus spongiosum has abundant cavernous muscle, while in the remainder of the corpus spongiosum little smooth muscle lines the cavernous spaces. The cavernous spaces on either side of the urethra coalesce to form vessels, each of which communicates with cavernous spaces in the glans. In addition, a bypass of the glans is effected by communication of these vessels directly with the deep dorsal vein. The apparent absence of muscular pads in vessels of the spongiosum, the relative paucity of cavernous smooth muscle, and the ample venous drainage provided by the deep dorsal vein may account for the lack of a venous occlusive mechanism similar to that of the corpora cavernosa penis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The suspensory ligament of the penis: an anatomic and radiologic description.

The suspensory system of the penis acquires clinical importance in reparative surgery, traumatology and through its role in erection. The aim of this study was to identify the different anatomic structures constituting the suspensory ligament by dissection and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten unembalmed male subjects were used for dissection of the region of the base of the penis. Ten volunteer patients underwent MRI of the penis before and after the injection of prostaglandin (PGE1). The suspensory apparatus consisted of separate ligamentous structures: the fundiform ligament, which is lateral, superficial and not adherent to the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa; the suspensory ligament properly so-called, further back, stretching between the pubis and the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa and consisting of two lateral, circumferential, and one median bundles, which circumscribed the dorsal vein of the penis. These structures were identifiable in MRI and their supporting role was evidenced during tests of erection. The suspensory ligament seemed to maintain the base of the penis in front of the pubis and to behave as a major point of support for the mobile portion of the penis during erection.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

High levels of polysaccharides in Aplysia hepatopancreas and penis: differential effects of nutrition and development.

1. Carbohydrate levels in tissues of Aplysia californica were measured. In animals maintained in the laboratory without feeding for 1-2 weeks, the penis contained the highest concentration of glycogen. 2. Blood glucose ranged between 2.5 and 4.8 mg/dl and averaged 3.2 +/- 0.2 mg/dl. 3. Fed animals had significantly greater tissue glycogen levels than starved animals. The penis exhibited the smallest per cent increase in glycogen concentration in response to feeding. 4. In contrast, the hepatopancreas exhibited a large increase, attaining glycogen concentrations near that of the penis. 5. Most of the increase in total tissue glycogen in fed animals occurred in the hepatopancreas. 6. Starved and fed animals did not differ significantly in blood glucose concentration, thus indicating that blood glucose is regulated and excess glucose is stored. 7. The hepatopancreas is the major mobile glucose store. 8. The high concentrations of glycogen found in the penis were not affected by mating activity. 9. However, penis glycogen concentration increased greatly with reproductive maturation of Aplysia; in contrast, hepatopancreas glycogen concentration was relatively unaffected by development. 10. A structural role by carbohydrates in the penis is suggested.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗